Mormonism
Mormonism is the theology and religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity started by Joseph Smith in Western New York in the 1820s and 1830s. As a label, Mormonism has been applied to various aspects of the Latter Day Saint movement, although there has been a recent push from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to distance themselves from this label. A historian, Sydney E. Ahlstrom, wrote in 1982 that, depending on the context, the term Mormonism could refer to “a sect, a mystery cult, a new religion, a church, a people, a nation, or an American subculture; indeed, at different times and places it is all of these."[1][2]
A prominent feature of Mormon theology is the
The theology itself is not uniform; as early as 1831, and most significantly after
Historical overview
The doctrines of Mormonism began with the farmboy Joseph Smith in the 1820s in
Joseph Smith said the Book of Mormon was translated into English from writings he found on golden plates in a reformed Egyptian language; they were translated with the assistance of the Urim and Thummim and seer stones. He said an angel first showed him the location of the plates in 1823; they were buried in a nearby hill. With the assistance of Martin Harris, an early follower, Smith began dictating the text of the Book of Mormon on April 12, 1828. Despite interruption of translation work by persecution, Smith's continued employment in order to support his family, and Harris's loss of 116 pages, the Book of Mormon manuscript was finished in June 1829.[14] Smith said the plates were returned to the angel after he finished the translation. During the time Smith said he possessed the plates, 15 people were allowed to witness their existence.
The Book of Mormon claims to be a chronicle of early Israelites who left the Near East and traveled to the Americas. The book begins c. 600 BC with the departure from Jerusalem of the family of the prophet Lehi at the urging of God, and their sailing c. 589 BC to the Americas. It tells of people in the Americas (i.e., First Nations Americans) with a belief in Christ hundreds of years before his birth; their witnessing his personal visitation to them after his resurrection; and of their eventually losing Christianity after generations of wars and apostasy. The Book of Mormon and continuing revelations would be the means of establishing correct doctrine for the restored church. Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and other early followers began baptizing new converts in 1829, and formally organized in 1830 as the Church of Christ.[15] Smith was seen by his followers as a modern-day prophet.[16]
The largest group of Mormons followed
Due to this formal abolition of plural marriage, several smaller groups broke with the LDS Church and formed denominations following what they called Mormon fundamentalism.[24] However, the LDS Church has experienced the most growth out of any of the churches following Mormonism, with a current membership of over 16 million.[25]
Theology
Nature of God
In orthodox Mormonism, the term God generally refers to the biblical God the Father, whom Latter Day Saints refer to as Elohim,[26][27][28] and the term Godhead refers to a council of three distinct divine persons consisting of God the Father, Jesus Christ (his firstborn Son, whom Latter Day Saints refer to as Jehovah), and the Holy Ghost.[26][28] Latter Day Saints believe that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are three distinct beings, and that the Father and Jesus have perfected, glorified, physical bodies, while the Holy Ghost is a spirit without a physical body.[26][29][30] Latter Day Saints also believe that there are other gods and goddesses outside the Godhead, such as a Heavenly Mother—who is the wife of God the Father—and that faithful Latter-day Saints may attain godhood in the afterlife.[31] Joseph Smith taught that God was once a man on another planet before being exalted to Godhood.[32]
This conception differs from the traditional Christian
This description of God represents the Mormon orthodoxy, formalized in 1915 based on earlier teachings. Other currently existing and historical branches of Mormonism have adopted different views of god, such as the Adam–God doctrine and Trinitarianism.
Restoration
Mormonism describes itself as falling within
Mormons believe that God re-established the
Cosmology
Smith's cosmology is laid out mostly in Smith's later revelations and sermons, but particularly the
In Mormonism, the central part of God's plan is the
According to Mormon scripture, the Earth's creation was not
America
Mormon theology teaches that the
In
Joseph Smith argued that the
Although officially shunned by the LDS Church, fundamentalist Mormons believe in the White Horse Prophecy, which argues that Mormons will be called upon to preserve the Constitution as it hangs "by a thread".[56][57]
Ordinances
In Mormonism, an
Saving ordinances (or ordinances viewed as necessary for salvation) include:
Mormons also perform other ordinances, which include the
In Mormonism, the saving ordinances are seen as necessary for salvation, but they are not sufficient in and of themselves. For example, baptism is required for exaltation, but simply having been baptized does not guarantee any eternal reward. The baptized person is expected to be obedient to God's commandments, to repent of any sinful conduct subsequent to baptism, and to receive the other saving ordinances.
Because Mormons believe that everyone must receive certain ordinances to be saved, Mormons perform ordinances on behalf of deceased persons.[60] These ordinances are performed vicariously or by "proxy" on behalf of the dead. In accordance with their belief in each individual's "free agency", living or dead, Mormons believe that the deceased may accept or reject the offered ordinance in the spirit world, just as all spirits decided to accept or reject God's plan originally. In addition, these "conditional" ordinances on behalf of the dead are performed only when a deceased person's genealogical information has been submitted to a temple and correctly processed there before the ordinance ritual is performed. Only ordinances for salvation are performed on behalf of deceased persons.
Scripture
Mormons believe in the
The Mormon scriptural canon also includes a collection of revelations and writings contained in the Doctrine and Covenants which contains doctrine and prophecy and the Pearl of Great Price which addresses briefly Genesis to Exodus. These books, as well as the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible, have varying degrees of acceptance as divine scripture among different denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement.
Revelation
In Mormonism,
God said, "Thou shalt not kill"; at another time he said, "Thou shalt utterly destroy." This is the principle on which the government of heaven is conducted, by revelation adapted to the circumstances in which the children of the Kingdom are placed. Whatever God requires is right, no matter what it is, although we may not see the reason thereof till long after the events transpire.[65]
Mormons believe that Smith and subsequent church leaders could speak scripture "when moved upon by the Holy Ghost."
Mormons are encouraged to develop a personal relationship with the Holy Ghost and receive personal revelation for their own direction and that of their family.[66] The Latter Day Saint concept of revelation includes the belief that revelation from God is available to all those who earnestly seek it with the intent of doing good. It also teaches that everyone is entitled to personal revelation with respect to his or her stewardship (leadership responsibility). Thus, parents may receive inspiration from God in raising their families, individuals can receive divine inspiration to help them meet personal challenges, church officers may receive revelation for those whom they serve.
The important consequence of this is that each person may receive confirmation that particular doctrines taught by a prophet are true, as well as gain divine insight in using those truths for their own benefit and eternal progress. In the church, personal revelation is expected and encouraged, and many converts believe that personal revelation from God was instrumental in their conversion.[68]
Relationship with other faiths
Relationship with mainstream Christianity
Mormonism categorizes itself within
Since its beginnings, the faith has proclaimed itself to be Christ's Church
Mormons believe in Jesus Christ as the literal
Some notable differences with mainstream Christianity include a belief that Jesus began his
Much of the Mormon belief system is geographically oriented around the
Relationship with Judaism
Although Mormons do not claim to be part of
Smith hired Joseph Seixas, son of Gershom Mendes Seixas and Hebrew school teacher at Congregation Shearith Israel, to teach Mormon leaders Hebrew. Smith himself attended some of these classes and went on to use his basic Hebrew in teachings. For example, Smith named the largest Mormon settlement he founded Nauvoo, which means "beautiful" (pl.) in Biblical Hebrew. Brigham Young named a tributary of the Great Salt Lake the Jordan River. The LDS Church has a Jerusalem Center in Israel, where students focus their study on Near Eastern history, culture, language, and the Bible.[87]
There has been some controversy involving Jewish groups who see the actions of some elements of Mormonism as offensive. In the 1990s, Jewish groups vocally opposed the LDS practice of baptism for the dead on behalf of Jewish victims of the Holocaust and Jews in general. According to LDS Church general authority Monte J. Brough, "Mormons who baptized 380,000 Holocaust victims posthumously were motivated by love and compassion and did not understand their gesture might offend Jews ... they did not realize that what they intended as a 'Christian act of service' was 'misguided and insensitive'".[88] Mormons believe that when the dead are baptized through proxy, they have the option of accepting or rejecting the ordinance.
Relationship with UFOlogy
Many Mormons are believers, experiencers, or promotors of UFOs as an interstellar or non-human phenomenon. Matthew Bowman, scholar of Mormon Studies, writes that while some people use this to try to make Mormonism look silly, "a good number of Latter-day Saints" have welcomed being associated with UFOs. "Latter-day Saints have pointed to the phenomenon as either entirely consistent with their faith or even proof of it. ... These folks are the heirs to a strain of theology going back to Brigham Young that peaked with the early 20th-century writings of church leaders like B.H. Roberts or John Widtsoe."[89]
Theological divisions
Mormon theology includes three main movements. By far the largest of these is "mainstream Mormonism", defined by the leadership of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The two broad movements outside mainstream Mormonism are Mormon fundamentalism, and liberal reformist Mormonism.
Mainstream Mormon theology
Mainstream Mormonism is defined by the leadership of the LDS Church which identifies itself as Christian.[71] Members of the LDS Church consider their top leaders to be prophets and apostles, and are encouraged to accept their positions on matters of theology, while seeking confirmation of them through personal study of the Book of Mormon and the Bible. Personal prayer is encouraged as well. The LDS Church is by far the largest branch of Mormonism. It has continuously existed since the succession crisis of 1844 that split the Latter Day Saint movement after the death of founder Joseph Smith, Jr.
The LDS Church seeks to distance itself from other branches of Mormonism, particularly those that practice polygamy.[90] The church maintains a degree of orthodoxy by excommunicating or disciplining its members who take positions or engage in practices viewed as apostasy. For example, the LDS Church excommunicates members who practice polygamy or who adopt the beliefs and practices of Mormon fundamentalism.
Mormon fundamentalism
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
One way Mormon fundamentalism distinguishes itself from mainstream Mormonism is through the practice of
In distinction with the LDS Church, Mormon fundamentalists also often believe in a number of other doctrines taught and practiced by Brigham Young in the 19th century, which the LDS Church has either abandoned, repudiated, or put in abeyance. These include:
- the law of consecration also known as the United Order (put in abeyance by the LDS Church in the 19th century);
- the Adam–God teachingstaught by Brigham Young and other early leaders of the LDS Church (repudiated by the LDS Church in the mid-20th century);
- the principle of blood atonement (repudiated by the LDS Church in the mid-19th century); and
- the exclusion of black men from the priesthood (abandoned by the LDS Church in 1978).
Mormon fundamentalists believe that these principles were wrongly abandoned or changed by the LDS Church, in large part due to the desire of its leadership and members to assimilate into mainstream American society and avoid the persecutions and conflict that had characterized the church throughout its early years. Others believe that it was a necessity at some point for "a restoration of all things"[This quote needs a citation] to be a truly restored Church.
Liberal reformist theology
Some LDS Church members have worked towards a more liberal reform of the church. Others have left the LDS Church and still consider themselves to be
Criticism
As the largest denomination within Mormonism, the LDS Church has been the subject of criticism since it was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830.
Perhaps the most controversial, and a key contributing factor for Smith's murder, is the claim that
More recent criticism has concerned questions of
See also
- Anti-Mormonism
- Black people and Mormonism
- Black people and early Mormonism
- Black people and Mormon priesthood
- Encyclopedia of Mormonism
- List of articles about Mormonism
- List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement
- Mormonism and Pacific Islanders
- Native American people and Mormonism
- Outline of Joseph Smith
- Outline of the Book of Mormon
- The Joseph Smith Papers
References
Citations
- JSTOR 2936335.
- ^ "Mormonism, An Independent Interpretation - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism". eom.byu.edu. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ a b "Introduction". churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ "Schisms and Sects". patheos.com. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ "LDS splinter groups growing". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 16, 2021.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Basic Beliefs". Community of Christ. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Meinig, D. W. "The Mormon Culture Region: Strategies and Patterns in the Geography of the American West, 1847-1964." Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 55, no. 2, 1965, pp. 191–220. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2561754. Accessed 14 Jan. 2023.
- ^ "'Cultural Mormons' Adjust The Lifestyle But Keep The Label". NPR.org. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ LDS365 (January 30, 2019). "States with the Highest Percentage of Church Members | LDS365: Resources from the Church & Latter-day Saints worldwide". lds365.com. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Bushman (2008, p. 1); Shipps (1985, p. 36); Remini (2002, p. 1).
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 16)
- ^ Smith's 1838 written account of this vision was later canonized in a book called The Pearl of Great Price. (See: Joseph Smith–History 1:19)
- ^ "The Restoration of the Fulness of the Gospel of Jesus Christ: A Bicentennial Proclamation to the World". ChurchOfJesusChrist.org. April 5, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 22)
- ^ Remini (2002, pp. 63, 79)
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 8)
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 10)
- ^ Remini (2002, p. 135)
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 11)
- ^ Bushman (2008, pp. 12–14)
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 13)
- ^ Groberg, Joseph (Spring 1976). "The Mormon Disfranchisements of 1882 to 1892". Brigham Young University Studies. 16 (3): 400.
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 2); "Official Declaration 1". churchofjesuschrist.org.
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 14)
- ^ "LDS Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership". mormonnewsroom.org. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ S2CID 146238056.
- ^ First Presidency; Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (April 2002). "Gospel Classics: The Father and the Son". Improvement Era. Intellectual Reserve, Inc. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
- ^
- ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8. Archivedfrom the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- ^ "Gospel Principles Chapter 47: Exaltation". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
- Apostle Paul, who knew that the Lord would not come again "except there come a falling away first" (see 2 Thessalonians 2:3)
- ISBN 0-87579-843-8
- ISBN 0-87747-161-4
- ISBN 0-87579-843-8
- ^ Eyring, Henry B. (May 2008), "The True and Living Church", Ensign, LDS Church: 20–24
- ^ Smith's restoration differed significantly from other restorationist movements of the era (for instance, that of Alexander Campbell). Instead of using Bible analysis, Smith claimed to write and interpret scripture as the biblical prophets did. Bushman (2008, p. 5)
- ^ See JSH 1:69,72 and Doctrine and Covenants 84:19-21
- ISBN 0-87579-647-8. ("Have the Presbyterians any truth? Yes. Have the Baptists, Methodists, etc., any truth? Yes. They all have a little truth mixed with error. We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them up, or we shall not come out true 'Mormons'.")
- ^ Palmer; Keller; Choi; Toronto (1997). Religions of the World: A Latter-day Saint View. Brigham Young University. (Mormons take an inclusivist position that their religion is correct and true but that other religions have genuine value).
- ^ Bushman (2008, pp. 64–71)
- ^ Mormons differ among themselves about the form of man in the beginning ... but Smith's intention was to assert that some essence of human personality has always existed. Bushman (2008, p. 72)
- ^ See King Follett discourse and Bushman (2008, p. 73)
- ^ According to the Book of Moses, Lucifer offered an alternate plan that would guarantee the salvation of all spirits, however, at the cost of their agency, essentially forcing them to be saved. God's plan allowed spirits the freedom of choice but left room for some to fall out of his presence into darkness. Bushman (2008, p. 73)
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 77)
- ^ Nineteenth century Mormonism defined itself against Calvinistic religions that asserted humans' incapacity and utter dependence on the grace of God. Early Mormon preachers emphasized good works and moral obligation; however in the late twentieth century, Mormons pulled back from an "entrenched aversion" to the doctrines of grace, and today have an attitude of trusting in the grace of Christ while trying their best to do good works. Bushman (2008, p. 76)
- ^ ISBN 978-3-11-087441-9.
- ^ S2CID 145547250.
- LCCN 2006022880.
- ^ S2CID 159734267.
- ^ S2CID 99224315.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-8681-6. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
- ^ Quammen, Betsy Gaines (May 10, 2020). "COVID-19 and the White Horse Prophecy: The Theology of Ammon Bundy". History News Network. Columbian College of Arts and Sciences: The George Washington University. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
- ^ Duncan, Charles (February 6, 2020). "Did Mitt Romney fulfill a Mormon prophecy with vote to convict Trump?". Miami Herald. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
- ^ An ordinance is generally a physical act signifying a spiritual commitment or a covenant. Failure to honor that commitment results in the ordinance having no effect. However, sincere repentance can restore the blessings associated with the ordinance.
- ^ ""Ordinances," True to the Faith, (LDS Church, 2004) p. 109.
- ^ Bushman (2008, pp. 60–61)
- ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan 1992, pp. 106-107
- ^ Matthews, Robert J., A Bible! A Bible, Bookcraft, 1990, p. 13
- ^ Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Deseret Book, 1976 [1938], pp. 9–10, 327
- ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan 1992, pp. 111
- ^ Smith, Joseph (August 27, 1842). "History, 1838–1856, volume D-1 [1 August 1842–1 July 1843] [addenda], p.3 [addenda]". The Joseph Smith Papers. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
- ^ a b Bushman (2008, p. 26) See also: Doctrine and Covenants 68:4
- The Doctrine and Covenants Section 101:76–80
- ^ "Continuing Revelation". Mormon.org. Retrieved August 5, 2005.
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 8) ("As the name of the church ... suggests, Jesus Christ is the premier figure. Smith does not even play the role of the last and culminating prophet, as Muhammad does in Islam"); "What Mormons Believe About Jesus Christ". LDS Newsroom. Retrieved November 11, 2011.; In a 2011 Pew Survey a thousand Mormons were asked to volunteer the one word that best describes Mormons. The most common response from those surveyed was "Christian" or "Christ-centered".
- ^ "Mormonism in America". Pew Research Center. January 2012.
Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view.
- ^ a b Robinson, Stephanie (May 1998), "Are Mormons Christians?", New Era, LDS Church
- ^ According to Bruce R. McConkie, a general authority of the LDS Church, "Mormonism is indistinguishable from Christianity." Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, p. 513
- ^ For example, a 2007 poll conducted by the Pew Research Center found that one in three Americans surveyed do not consider Mormons to be Christian. See for example ReligionNewsblog.com
- ^ "It is sometimes said that Mormonism is to Christianity as Christianity is to Judaism. Both Mormonism and Christianity established themselves by reinterpreting a preceding faith. Christianity built on Judaism but emphasized the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ; Mormonism began with Christianity but accepted new revelation through a modern prophet." Bushman (2008, p. 62)
- ^ Examples of organizations that do not recognize Mormonism as Christian include:
• Luther Seminary (Granquist, Mark A. (March 7, 2011), "The New (and Old) Religions Around Us" (PDF), Luther Seminary, archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2014);
• Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary ("Is Mormonism Christian?", Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, October 20, 2011, archived from the original on August 29, 2013, retrieved May 11, 2013);
• Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (Mohler, Albert (n.d.), "Is Mormonism Christian?", christianity.com, Salem Web Network.
See also: Christian countercult movement - ^ Teaching that existing denominations "were believing in incorrect doctrines, and that none of them was acknowledged by God as his church and kingdom" Smith 1842a, p. 707 and "all their creeds were an abomination in his sight." Smith 1842c, p. 748
- plural marriage and the church's theocratic aspirations(both now discontinued by the mainstream faith),
- ^ For more information on historical conflicts, see History of the Latter Day Saint movement.
- ^ "What Mormons Believe About Jesus Christ—LDS Newsroom". Newsroom.lds.org. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
- ^ "Joseph Smith History 1:18-19". Scriptures.lds.org. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
- Deseret Book, p. 370
- ^ See, for instance, Thessalonians 2:2-3 and Acts 3:19-21
- ^ McConkie, Bruce R. (May 1985), "The Purifying Power of Gethsemane", Ensign: 9
- Christian views on Hell (Latter-day Saints)
- ^ Bushman (2008, p. 71)
- Foreign Policy, June 13, 2011.
- ^ "BYU Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies". Ce.byu.edu. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
- ^ Pyle, Richard. "Mormons, Jews sign agreement on baptizing Holocaust victims". Retrieved January 4, 2007. AP Newswire, May 5, 1995.
- ^ "Matthew Bowman: Why some Latter-day Saints believe in UFOs and why these alien travelers fit with their religion". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
- ^ The LDS Church encourages journalists not to use the word Mormon in reference to organizations or people that practice polygamy "Style Guide—LDS Newsroom". April 9, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2011.; The church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered Bushman (2008, p. 91); "Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects". NBC News. 2008.
- S2CID 172005470. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
- ^ "Skin Color in Mormon Scripture and Theology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
Cited and general sources
- ISBN 978-0-671-67997-2.
- Brooke, John L. (1994). The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 978-0-19-531030-6.
- Eliason, Eric Alden (2001). Mormons and Mormonism: an introduction to an American world religion. University of Illinois Press.
- ISBN 0-252-02071-5.
- ISBN 1-56085-135-X.
- ISBN 978-0-06-143295-8.
- ISBN 0-670-03083-X.
- Shipps, Jan (1985). Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01417-0..
- Smith, Joseph Jr. (March 1, 1842a). "Church History [Wentworth Letter]". Times and Seasons. 3 (9): 706–10 [707]..
- Smith, Joseph (April 1, 1842c). "History of Joseph Smith". Times and Seasons. 3 (11): 748–49.
- ISBN 978-0-231-13634-1.
- Toscano, Margaret; Toscano, Paul (1990). Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
- White, O. Kendall Jr. (1970). "The Transformation of Mormon Theology" (PDF). S2CID 254388331.
- White, O. Kendall Jr. (1987). Mormon Neo-Orthodoxy: A Crisis Theology. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 0941214-524. Archived from the originalon July 7, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
- Widmer, Kurt (2000). Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
Further reading
- Barnes, Jane (2012). "Post-Modern Joseph Smith: Faith and Irony". ISSN 1939-9774.
- ISBN 978-1-61039-313-3.
- Beckwith, Francis J.; Mosser, Carl; Owen, Paul, eds. (2002). The New Mormon Challenge: Responding to the Latest Defenses of a Fast-Growing Movement. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-23194-9.
- Brown, Samuel Morris (2012). In Heaven as It Is on Earth: Joseph Smith and the Early Mormon Conquest of Death. ISBN 978-0-19-993251-1.
- OCLC 28721262.
- Duffy, John-Charles (2006). "Just How "Scandalous" is the Golden Plates Story? Academic Discourse on the Origin of the Book of Mormon". JSTOR 43200239.
- Forsberg Jr., Clyde R. (2004). Equal Rites: The Book of Mormon, Masonry, Gender, and American Culture. ISBN 978-0-231-50746-2.
- ISBN 1-56085-157-0.
- Shields, Steven L. (1990). Divergent Paths of the Restoration: a History of the Latter Day Saint Movement (Fourth revised and enlarged ed.). Los Angeles: Restoration Research. ISBN 0-942284-00-3.
- S2CID 170900524– via eScholarship.
- Tobolowsky, Andrew (March 17, 2022). "Becoming Israel in America: The Mormons and the New Jerusalem". The Myth of the Twelve Tribes of Israel: New Identities Across Time and Space. ISBN 978-1-009-08913-5.
- ISBN 1560851791.
External links
- PBS: Frontline + American Experience: Mormons—PBS special on Mormon belief
- Patheos + Mormonism—Patheos.com. Mormonism Origins, Mormonism History, Mormonism Beliefs (archived 29 December 2010)
- "Religions: Mormonism"—BBC Religion