Moroccans
Moroccans (
In addition to the approximately 37 million residents of Morocco, there is a large Moroccan diaspora. Considerable Moroccan populations can be found in France, Spain, Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands; with smaller notable concentrations in other Arab states as well as Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.[34]
Ethnic groups
Moroccans are primarily of
The Arab population of Morocco is a result of the inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from the
The Berber population mainly inhabits the mountainous regions of Morocco where some preserve Berber culture, and are split into three groups;
History
Early Arab era (670–1031)
In 670 AD, the first Arab conquest of the North African coastal plain took place under Uqba ibn Nafi, a general serving under the Umayyad Caliphate, marking the first wave of Arab migration to Morocco. Arab tribes such as Banu Muzaina migrated, and the Arab Muslims in the region had more impact on the culture of the Maghreb than the region's conquerors before and after them.[49] The Umayyads brought their language, their system of government, and Islam to Morocco and many Berbers converted to Islam. The first independent state in the area of modern Morocco was the Emirate of Nekor, an Arab emirate in north Morocco ruling as a client state of the Umayyad Caliphate.[50] It was founded by the Himyarite descendant Salih ibn Mansur in 710.[50] After the outbreak of the Berber Revolt in 739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the Emirate of Sijilmasa and the Barghawata Confederation.[51]
After the Battle of Fakhkh in 786, Idris ibn Abdallah, who traced his ancestry back to Ali ibn Abi Talib, fled from the Arabian Peninsula to Morocco.[52] He first went to Tangier before going to Walili and founding the Arab Idrisid dynasty in 788, ruling most of Morocco. The Idrisids established Fes as their capital and Morocco became a centre of Muslim learning and a major regional power. The Idrisids were ousted in 927 by the Fatimid Caliphate and their Miknasa allies. After Miknasa broke off relations with the Fatimids in 932, they were removed from power by the Maghrawa of Sijilmasa in 980.[53] In 973, the Caliphate of Cordoba under the Umayyads took over parts of Morocco.[54]
Berber dynasties (1053–1549)
From the 11th century onwards, a series of dynasties of
Arab dynasties (1549–present)
The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, along with others, were sent by the Fatimids to defeat a Berber rebellion and then settle in the Maghreb.[40] These tribes advanced in large numbers all the way to Morocco, contributing to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization in the region.[42] The Arab tribes of Maqil migrated to the Maghreb a century later and even immigrated southwards to Mauritania.
From 1549, a series of
Under the Saadian dynasty, the country repulsed
In 1666, Morocco was reunited by the Arab
Morocco was the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation in 1777.
Genetic composition
Population | Language | n | E | G |
I |
J1 | L |
N |
R1 | T |
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morocco | AA (Semitic) | 51 | 73 | — | — | 20 | — | — | 4 | — | Onofri et al. 2008[71] |
Arabs (Morocco) | AA (Semitic) | 87 | 52.8 | — | — | 26.4 | — | — | — | — | Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2013[72] |
Arabs (Morocco) | AA (Semitic) | 28 | 14.3 | — | 3.6 | 60.7 | — | — | 17.8 | — | Underhill et al. 2000[73] |
Arabs (Morocco) | AA (Semitic) | 49 | 72.7 | — | 0.0 | 20.4 | — | — | 0 | — | Semino et al. 2004[74] |
Berbers (North Morocco) | AA (Berber) | 63 | 87 | — | — | 11.1 | — | — | — | — | Bosch et al. 2001[75] |
Berbers (Marrakesh) | AA (Berber) | 29 | 92.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Semino et al. 2000[76] |
Berbers (Middle Atlas) | AA (Berber) | 69 | 87.1 | — | — | 5.8 | — | — | — | — | Cruciani et al. 2004[77] |
Berbers (South Morocco) | AA (Berber) | 62 | 98.5 | — | 0 | 10.0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 | Bosch et al. 2001[75] |
Berbers (Central Morocco )
|
AA (Berber) | 40 | 93.8 | — | 0 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 | Bosch et al. 2001[75] |
better source needed ]
|
AA (Berber) | 54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Dugoujon 2005[78] |
Sahrawi (Morocco )
|
AA (Semitic) | 89 | 59.5 | — | — | 20.2 | — | — | — | — | Fregel et al. 2009[79] |
Jews (Morocco) | AA (Semitic) | 19 | 21.1 | 26.3 | — | 31.5 | — | — | 10.5 | — | Francalacci et al. 2008[80] |
Culture
The culture of Morocco is a blend of Arab, Berber, Jewish, and Western European cultures.[81] Through Moroccan history, the country had many cultural influences (Europe, Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa). The culture of Morocco shares similar traits with those of neighboring countries, particularly Algeria and Tunisia and to a certain extent Spain.[82]
Each region possesses its own uniqueness, contributing to the national culture. Morocco has set among its top priorities the protection of its diversity and the preservation of its cultural heritage.
The traditional dress for men and women is called djellaba (جلابة), a long, loose, hooded garment with full sleeves. For special occasions, men also wear a red cap called a bernousse, more commonly known as a fez. Women wear kaftans decorated with ornaments. Nearly all men, and most women, wear balgha (بلغة). These are soft leather slippers with no heel, often dyed yellow. Women also wear high-heeled sandals, often with silver or gold tinsel.
Moroccan style is a new trend in decoration, which takes its roots from
The music of Morocco ranges and differs according to the various areas of the country. Moroccan music has a variety of styles from complex sophisticated orchestral music to simple music involving only voice and drums. There are three varieties of folk music: village and ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. Chaabi (الشعبي) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. Gnawa is a form of music that is mystical. It was gradually brought to Morocco by the Gnawa and later became part of the Moroccan tradition. Sufi brotherhoods (tariqas) are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a trance state which inspires mystical ecstasy.
Languages
Morocco's official languages are Modern Standard Arabic and Berber.[83]
The majority of the population speaks Moroccan Arabic, spoken by 92.2% of the population, 37.3 million people.[84] 8.8 million[85] Moroccans speak Berber varieties which make 26% of the population of Morocco,[86] either as a first language or bilingually with Arabic. Three different Berber dialects are spoken: Tarifit, spoken by 1.27 million mostly in the Rif mountains, Shilha, spoken by 3 to 4.5 million mostly in the Anti-Atlas mountains, and Central Atlas Tamazight, spoken by 2.3 million mostly in the Middle Atlas.[86]
Hassaniya Arabic is spoken in the southern part of the country, spoken by over 200,000 people.[87] Morocco has recently included the protection of Hassaniya in the constitution as part of the July 2011 reforms.
French is taught universally and still serves as Morocco's primary language of commerce and economics; it is also used in education, sciences, government and most education fields.
Spanish is also spoken in the northern and southern parts of the country as a secondary foreign language after French. Meanwhile, English is increasingly becoming more popular among the educated, particularly in the science fields.
See also
- Moroccan diaspora
- Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula
- Expulsion of the Moriscos
- List of Moroccans
- Moroccan Americans
- Media related to People of Morocco at Wikimedia Commons
References
- HCP. 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Présentation du Maroc".
- ^ Répartition des étrangers par nationalité en 2011. Paris: INSEE. 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ^ "Répartition des étrangers par nationalité". INSEE. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ^ "Être né en France d'un parent immigré". INSEE. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ^ Fiches thématiques - Population immigrée - Immigrés - Insee Références - Édition 2012, Insee 2012
- ^ "Población por comunidades y provincias, país de nacimiento, edad (Grupos quinquenales) y sexo".
- ^ "Les Marocains, 1ère communauté hors UE affiliée à la sécurité sociale espagnole". Lemag.ma. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ^ "90 secondes pour comprendre pourquoi beaucoup de Marocains sont venus s'installer en Belgique dès 1964". Rtl.be. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- S2CID 229244954
- ^ "Marocchini in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione".
- ^ "The Moroccan Community" (PDF). 2016.
- ^ "הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה - cbs.gov.il". www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- ^ "Statistical Abstract of Israel 2009 - No. 60 Subject 2 - Table No. 24". 13 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "CBS StatLine - Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari". statline.cbs.nl. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^ "Population in private households by migrant background in the wider sense and by selected countries of birth, selected countries".
- ^ "Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ Statistics Canada. "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ Lamiaâ Khalloufi (23 November 2013). "Soirée artistique en l'honneur de la communauté marocaine". Le Matin. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c d e "Marocains à l'étrangeret etrangers au Maroc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "Chômage en Arabie Saoudite : Les MRE irréguliers sous menace d'expulsion". Yabiladi.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^ "Folkmängden efter födelseland, ålder och kön. År 2000 - 2020".
- ^ Snoj, Jure (7 December 2014). "Population of Qatar by nationality". bq magazine. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
- ^ "Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Alue, Taustamaa, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot".
- ^ "مجلس الجالية المغربية بالخارج - إفطار جماعي مغربي في لشبونة البرتغالية".
- ^ https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html
- ^ Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011). Refworld.org. Retrieved on 12 June 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-2415-8.
- ^ "'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret – VICE News". 23 March 2015.
Converted Moroccans — most of them secret worshippers, of whom there are estimated to be anywhere between 5,000 and 40,000 —
- ISBN 9781475903423.
. In all an estimated 40,000 Moroccans have converted to Christianity
- ^ a b "Morocco - The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Moroccan Arabs of Morocco". peoplegroups.org. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- S2CID 229244954
- ^ a b c d "Morocco - Climate | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "Morocco Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Bosch, Elena et al. "Genetic structure of north-west Africa revealed by STR analysis." European Journal of Human Genetics (2000) 8, 360–366. Pg. 365
- ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4.
- ^ Project, Joshua. "Arab, Moroccan in Morocco". joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-62894-349-8. Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
- ^ . Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ a b c Nelson, Harold D. (1985). Morocco, a Country Study. Headquarters, Department of the Army. p. 14. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
- ^ Aguade, Jordi; Cressier, Patrice; Vicente, Angeles, eds. (1998). Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb occidental : dialectologie et histoire. Zaragoza: Casa de Velazquez.
- ^ "Morocco - University of Texas Libraries GeoData". geodata.lib.utexas.edu. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Berber | Definition, People, Languages, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers" 236–245, at 237, in General History of Africa, v.II Ancient Civilizations of Africa (UNESCO 1990).
- ^ Mário Curtis Giordani, História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos (Petrópolis, Brasil: Editora Vozes 1985) at 42–43, 77–78. Giordani references Bousquet, Les Berbères (Paris 1961).
- ^ "Demographics of Morocco". Morocco.com. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-62894-349-8. Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-674-66046-5.
- ISBN 2702828655)
- ^ Idris I, D. Eustache, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III, ed. B.Lewis, V. L. Menage, C. Pellat and J. Schact, (Brill, 1986), 1031.
- ISSN 1873-9830.
The Idrīsids (al-Adārisa) were an ʿAlid dynasty—that is, descendants of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661)—that reigned in the western part of the north Maghrib from 172/788 to 375/985 (although only intermittently in the fourth/tenth century).
- ISBN 0521337674.
- ISBN 978-81-269-0775-5.
- ^ "Almoravides". Universalis Encyclopedia.
- ^ "Marīnid dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "The Maghrib under the Almoravids and the Almohads". Britannica.com. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ "Morocco – History". Britannica.com. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ISBN 0-521-45599-5
- OCLC 1002916874.
- ISBN 978-2-262-02388-1.
- ^ ISBN 9781780742083.
- ^ "Morocco (Page 8 of 9)". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 2009-11-01.
- National Archives.
- ISBN 9780739760000.
- ^ "Defense Department News".
- ^ Kozaryn, Linda D. "Cohen Renews U.S.-Morocco Ties". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ISBN 093422398X.
- ^ "Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
- ISSN 1875-1768.
- PMID 24312208.
- S2CID 12893406.
- PMID 15069642.
- ^ PMID 11254456.
- PMID 11073453.
- PMID 15042509.
- ^ J.-M. Dugoujon and G. Philippson (2005) The Berbers. Linguistic and genetic diversity Archived 18 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. CNRS.
- PMID 19650893.
- PMID 19934469. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 November 2021.
- ^ "Morocco: a rich blend of cultures". The Times & The Sunday Times. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ^ "Return to Morocco". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ 2011 Constitution of Morocco Full text of the 2011 Constitution (French) Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "2014 General Population and Habitat Census". rgphentableaux.hcp.ma. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- ^ "Y a-t-il un " vote tachelhit " ? – Tafra" (in French). Retrieved 27 September 2022.
- ^ a b "RGPH 2014". rgphentableaux.hcp.ma. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- ^ "Hassaniyya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 April 2022.