Morrissey
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Website | morrisseycentral |
Steven Patrick Morrissey (/ˈmɒrɪsi/ MORR-iss-ee; born 22 May 1959), known mononymously as Morrissey, is an English singer and songwriter. He came to prominence as the frontman and lyricist of rock band the Smiths, who were active from 1982 to 1987. Since then, he has pursued a successful solo career. Morrissey's music is characterised by his baritone voice and distinctive lyrics with recurring themes of emotional isolation, sexual longing, self-deprecating and dark humour, and anti-establishment stances.
Morrissey was born to working-class Irish immigrants in
In 1988, Morrissey launched his solo career with
Highly influential, Morrissey has been credited as a seminal figure in the emergence of indie pop, indie rock, and Britpop. In a 2006 poll for the BBC's Culture Show, Morrissey was voted the second-greatest living British cultural icon.[6] His work has been the subject of academic study.[7][8] He has been a controversial figure throughout his music career due to his forthright opinions and outspoken nature, endorsing vegetarianism and animal rights and criticising royalty and prominent politicians. He has also supported far-right activism with regard to British heritage, and defended a particular vision of national identity while critiquing the effects of immigration on the UK.[9]
Early life
Childhood: 1959–1976
I lost myself in music at a very early age, and I remained there . . . I did fall in love with the voices I heard, whether they were male or female. I loved those people. I really, really did love those people. For what it was worth, I gave them my life . . . my youth. Beyond the perimeter of pop music there was a drop at the end of the world.
— Morrissey, 1991.[10]
Steven Patrick Morrissey was born on 22 May 1959
Following a primary education at St Wilfred's Primary School,[20] Morrissey failed his 11-plus exam[21] and proceeded to St Mary's Secondary Modern School, an experience he found unpleasant.[22] He excelled at athletics,[23] though he was an unpopular loner at the school.[24] He has been critical of his formal education, later stating, "The education I received was so basically evil and brutal. All I learnt was to have no self-esteem and to feel ashamed without knowing why."[23] He left school in 1975, having received no formal qualifications.[25] He continued his education at Stretford Technical College,[25] where he gained three O-Levels in English literature, sociology, and the General Paper.[26] In 1975, he travelled to the U.S. to visit an aunt who lived in Staten Island.[5] The relationship between his parents was strained, and they ultimately separated in December 1976, with his father moving out of the family home.[27]
Morrissey's librarian mother encouraged her son's interest in reading.[28] He took an interest in feminist literature,[29] and particularly liked the Irish author Oscar Wilde, whom he came to idolise.[30] The young Morrissey was a fan of the television soap opera Coronation Street, which focused on working-class communities in Manchester; he sent proposed scripts and storylines to the show's production company, Granada Television, although all were rejected.[31] He was also a fan of Shelagh Delaney's A Taste of Honey and its 1961 film adaptation, which was a drama focusing on working-class life in Salford.[32] Many of his later songs directly quoted A Taste of Honey.[33]
Of his youth, Morrissey has said, "Pop music was all I ever had, and it was completely entwined with the image of the pop star. I remember feeling the person singing was actually with me and understood me and my predicament."
Early bands and published books: 1977–1981
Having left formal education, Morrissey proceeded through a series of jobs, as a clerk for the civil service and then the Inland Revenue,[42] as a salesperson in a record store, and as a hospital porter, before abandoning employment and claiming unemployment benefits.[43] He used much of the money from these jobs to purchase tickets for gigs, attending performances by Talking Heads, the Ramones, and Blondie.[44] He regularly attended concerts, having a particular interest in the alternative and post-punk music scene.[45] Having met the guitarist Billy Duffy in November 1977, Morrissey agreed to become the vocalist for Duffy's punk band the Nosebleeds.[46] Morrissey co-wrote a number of songs with the band[47]—"Peppermint Heaven", "I Get Nervous" and "I Think I'm Ready for the Electric Chair"[46]—and performed with them in support slots for Jilted John and then Magazine.[40] The band soon disbanded.[48]
After the Nosebleeds' break-up, Morrissey followed Duffy to join
Wanting to become a professional writer,[53] Morrissey considered a career in music journalism. He frequently wrote letters to the music press and was eventually hired by the weekly music review publication Record Mirror.[45] He wrote several short books for local publishing company Babylon Books: in 1981 it released a 24-page booklet he had written on the New York Dolls, which sold 3000 copies.[54] This was followed by James Dean is Not Dead, about the late American film star James Dean.[45] Morrissey had developed a love of Dean and had covered his bedroom with pictures of the dead film star.[55]
The Smiths
Establishing the Smiths: 1982–1984
In August 1978, Morrissey was briefly introduced to the 14-year old
Alongside developing their own songs, they also developed a cover of the Cookies' "I Want a Boy for My Birthday", the latter reflecting their deliberate desire to transgress established norms of gender and sexuality in rock in a manner inspired by the New York Dolls.[66] In August 1982, they recorded their first demo at Manchester's Decibel Studios,[67] and Morrissey took the demo recording to Factory Records, but they weren't interested.[68] In late summer 1982, Mike Joyce was adopted as the band's drummer after a successful audition.[69] In October 1982, they then gave their first public performance, as a support act for Blue Rondo à la Turk at Manchester's The Ritz.[70] Hibbert however was unhappy with what he perceived as the band's gay aesthetic; in turn, Morrissey and Marr were unhappy with his bass playing, and so he was removed from the band and replaced by Marr's old school friend Andy Rourke.[71]
After the record company EMI turned them down,[72] Morrissey and Marr visited London to hand a cassette of their recordings to Geoff Travis of the independent record label Rough Trade Records.[73] Although not signing them to a contract straight away, he agreed to cut their song "Hand in Glove" as a single.[74] Morrissey chose a homoerotic cover design in the form of a Jim French photograph.[75] It was released in May 1983. The band soon generated controversy when Garry Bushell of tabloid newspaper The Sun alleged that their B-side "Handsome Devil" was an endorsement of paedophilia.[76] The band denied this, with Morrissey stating that the song "has nothing to do with children, and certainly nothing to do with child molesting".[77] In the wake of their single, the band performed their first significant London gig, gained radio airplay with a John Peel session, and obtained their first interviews in music magazines NME and Sounds.[78]
The follow-up singles "This Charming Man" and "What Difference Does It Make?" fared better when they reached numbers 25 and 12 respectively on the UK Singles Chart.[79] Aided by praise from the music press and a series of studio sessions for Peel and David Jensen at BBC Radio 1, the Smiths began to acquire a dedicated fan base. In February 1984 they released their debut album, The Smiths, which reached number 2 on the UK Albums Chart.[79]
As frontman of the Smiths, Morrissey—described as "lanky, soft-spoken, bequiffed and bespectacled"[80]—subverted many of the norms that were associated with pop and rock music.[81] The band's aesthetic simplicity was a reaction to the excess personified by the New Romantics,[82] and while Morrissey adopted an androgynous appearance like the New Romantics or earlier glam rockers, his was far more subtle and understated.[83] According to one commentator, "he was bookish; he wore NHS spectacles and a hearing aid on stage; he was celibate. Worst of all, he was sincere", with his music being "so intoxicatingly melancholic, so dangerously thoughtful, so seductively funny that it lured its listeners . . . into a relationship with him and his music instead of the world."[84] In an academic paper on the band, Julian Stringer characterised the Smiths as "one of Britain's most overtly political groups",[85] while in his study of their work, Andrew Warns termed them "this most anti-capitalist of bands".[86] Morrissey had been particularly vocal in his criticism of then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; after the October 1984 Brighton hotel bombing, he commented that "the only sorrow" of it was "that Thatcher escaped unscathed".[87] In 1988, he stated that Section 28 "embodies Thatcher's very nature and her quite natural hatred".[87]
The Smiths' growing success: 1984–1987
The Smiths brought realism to their romance, and tempered their angst with the lightest of touches. The times were personified in their frontman: rejecting all taints of rock n' roll machismo, he played up the social awkwardness of the misfit and the outsider, his gently haunting vocals whooping suddenly upward into a falsetto, clothed in outsize women's shirts, sporting National Health specs or a huge Johnny Ray-style hearing aid. This charming young man was, in the vernacular of the time, the very antithesis of a "rockist"—always knowingly closer to the gentle ironicist Alan Bennett, or self-lacerating diarist Kenneth Williams, than a licentious Mick Jagger or drugged-out Jim Morrison.
— Paul A. Woods, 2007.[88]
In 1984, the band released two non-album singles: "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now" (their first UK top-ten hit) and "William, It Was Really Nothing". The year ended with the compilation album Hatful of Hollow. This collected singles, B-sides and the versions of songs that had been recorded throughout the previous year for the Peel and Jensen shows. Early in 1985, the band released their second album, Meat Is Murder, which was their only studio album to top the UK charts. The single-only release "Shakespeare's Sister" reached number 26 on the UK Singles Chart, though the only single taken from the album, "That Joke Isn't Funny Anymore", was less successful, barely making the top 50.[79] "How Soon Is Now?" was originally a B-side of "William, It Was Really Nothing", and was subsequently featured on Hatful of Hollow and the American, Canadian, Australian and Warner UK editions of Meat Is Murder. Belatedly released as a single in the UK in 1985, "How Soon Is Now?" reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart.
During 1985, the band undertook lengthy tours of the UK and the US while recording the next studio record, The Queen Is Dead. The album was released in June 1986, shortly after the single "Bigmouth Strikes Again". The record reached number 2 in the UK charts.[79] All was not well within the band. A legal dispute with Rough Trade had delayed the album by almost seven months (it had been completed in November 1985), and Marr was beginning to feel the stress of the band's exhausting touring and recording schedule.[89] Meanwhile, Rourke was fired in early 1986 for his use of heroin.[90] Rourke was temporarily replaced on bass guitar by Craig Gannon, but he was reinstated after only a fortnight. Gannon stayed in the band, switching to rhythm guitar. This five-piece recorded the singles "Panic" and "Ask" (with Kirsty MacColl on backing vocals) which reached numbers 11 and 14 respectively on the UK Singles Chart,[79] and toured the UK. After the tour ended in October 1986, Gannon left the band. The band had become frustrated with Rough Trade and sought a record deal with a major label, ultimately signing with EMI, which drew criticism from some of the band's fanbase.[89]
In early 1987, the single "Shoplifters of the World Unite" was released and reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart.[79] It was followed by a second compilation album, The World Won't Listen, which reached number 2 in the charts[79]—and the single "Sheila Take a Bow", the band's second (and last during the band's lifetime) UK top-10 hit.[79] Despite their continued success, personal differences within the band—including the increasingly strained relationship between Morrissey and Marr—saw them on the verge of breaking up. In July 1987, Marr left the band and auditions to find a replacement proved fruitless.
By the time that the band's fourth album
Solo career
Early solo work: 1988–1991
Several months before the Smiths dissolved, Morrissey enlisted
Morrissey's first solo performance took place at
With Winstanley and Langer he began work on his first compilation album,
Adopting
The early 1990s were described by biographer David Bret as the "black phase" in Morrissey's relationship with the British music press, which was increasingly hostile and critical of him.[119] In some cases, this involved the press spreading misinformation, such as the claim that he and Phranc were recording a cover of "Don't Go Breaking My Heart";[120] others, such as those of Barbara Ellen in NME, were closer to personal attack than musical review.[121] NME claimed that his cancelled performances reflected a disrespect towards his fans.[122] He became increasingly reticent in talking to British music journalists,[123] expressing frustration at how they constantly compared his solo work with that of the Smiths; "my past is almost denying me a future".[124] He told one interviewer that the band he was then working with were technically better musicians than the Smiths had ever been.[124]
Changing image: 1992–1995
In July 1992, Morrissey released the album
By the release of Your Arsenal, Morrissey's image had changed; according to Simpson, the singer had converted "from the aesthete interested in rough lads into a rough lad interested in aestheticism (and rough lads)".[135] According to Woods, Morrissey developed an air of "quietly assured masculinity", representing "a more robust, burlier, beefier version of himself",[136] while the poet and Morrissey fan Simon Armitage described the transition as being one from that of "stick-thin, knock-me-over-with-a-feather campness" to that of a "mobster and bare-knuckle boxer image".[137] This new image was reflected in the cover art for Your Arsenal; a photograph taken by Sterling, it featured Morrissey onstage with his shirt open, displaying a muscular torso beneath.[135]
In mid-1993, Morrissey co-wrote his fifth album,
That year, he also released a non-album single, "Interlude", a duet with Siouxsie Sioux: the track was a cover of a Timi Yuro song. The record was published under the banner "Morrissey & Siouxsie"; due to record company issues, "Interlude" was only available on import outside Europe.[145]
In the autumn of 1994, Morrissey recorded five songs at South London's
Move to Los Angeles: 1995–2003
After his contract with EMI expired, Morrissey signed to
In December 1996, a legal case against Morrissey and Marr brought by Smiths' drummer Mike Joyce arrived at the High Court. Joyce alleged that he had not received his fair share of recording and performance royalties from his time with the band, calling for at least £1 million in damages and 25% of all future Smiths album sales. After a seven-day hearing, the judge ruled in favour of Joyce.[158][159] In summing up the case, Judge Justice Weeks referred to Morrissey as "devious, truculent and unreliable when his own interests were at stake", with the words "devious" and "truculent" being widely used in press coverage of the ruling.[160] Marr paid the money legally owed to Joyce but Morrissey launched an appeal against the ruling.[161] He said that the judge had been biased against him from the start of the proceedings because of his public criticisms of Thatcher and her government.[162] Morrissey lost his appeal in July 1998, although he launched another soon after;[162] this too was unsuccessful.[163] In a November 2005 statement, Morrissey said that Joyce had cost him £600,000 in legal fees alone and approximately £1,515,000 in total.[164]
Morrissey returned on Island Records in 1997, releasing the single "Alma Matters" in July,[citation needed] followed by his next album Maladjusted in August.[165] The album peaked at number 8 in the UK album charts. Its further two singles, "Roy's Keen" and "Satan Rejected My Soul", both peaked outside the top 30 on the UK singles chart.[112] Having been unhappy with the cover design for Southpaw Grammar, Morrissey left control of cover art of Maladjusted to his record company, but again was unsatisfied with the result.[166]
The England that I have loved, and I have sung about, and whose death I have sung about, I felt had finally slipped away. And so I was no longer saying, "England is dying." I was beginning to say, "Well, yes, it has died and here's the carcass"—so why hang around?
— Morrissey, on his move to Los Angeles.[169]
Leaving Britain, Morrissey purchased a house in Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles. It had formerly been the residence of Carole Lombard and had been re-designed by William Haines.[170] Over the next few years he rarely returned to Britain.[170] In 2002, Morrissey returned with a world tour, culminating in two sold-out nights at the Royal Albert Hall, during which he played as-yet unreleased songs.[171] Outside the US and Europe, concerts also took place in Australia and Japan.[172] During this time, Channel 4 filmed The Importance of Being Morrissey, a documentary which aired in 2003; it was Morrissey's first major screen interview to appear on British television.[173][174] He told interviewers that he was working on an autobiography,[175] and expressed criticism of reality television music shows like Pop Idol which were then in their infancy.[176]
Comeback: 2004–2009
In 2003, Morrissey signed to
To promote the album, Morrissey embarked on a world tour from April to November.[185] He marked his 45th birthday with a concert at the Manchester Arena, supported by Franz Ferdinand;[186] it was recorded for release as the DVD Who Put the M in Manchester?.[citation needed] Morrissey was also invited to curate that year's
Morrissey's eighth studio album, Ringleader of the Tormentors, was recorded in Rome and released in April 2006. It debuted at number 1 in the UK album charts and number 27 in the US.[190][191] The album yielded four singles: "You Have Killed Me", "The Youngest Was the Most Loved", "In the Future When All's Well", and "I Just Want to See the Boy Happy".[citation needed] The album was produced by Tony Visconti; Morrissey called the album "the most beautiful—perhaps the most gentle—so far". Billboard described the album as showcasing "a thicker, more rock-driven sound".[192]
In December 2007, Morrissey signed a new deal with
His ninth studio album,
In October 2009, Swords, a B-sides collection of material released between 2004 and 2009, was released.[202] It peaked at 55 on the UK albums chart, and Morrissey later called it "a meek disaster".[203] On the second date of the UK tour to promote Swords, Morrissey collapsed onstage in Swindon,[204] and was briefly hospitalised.[205] Following the Swords tour, Morrissey had fulfilled his contractual obligation to Universal Records and was without a record company.[206]
Further albums and literary work: 2010–2019
In April 2011, EMI issued a new compilation, Very Best of Morrissey, for which the singer had chosen the track list and artwork.[207] In March 2011, Morrissey took Ron Laffitte as his manager.[208] In June and July 2011, Morrissey played a UK tour;[209] during his 2011 performance at Glastonbury Festival, Morrissey criticised UK Prime Minister David Cameron for attempting to prevent a ban on wild animals performing in circuses, calling him a "silly twit".[210] This was followed by several dates elsewhere in Europe.[211] Morrissey's 2012 tour started in South America and continued through Asia and North America. Morrissey played concerts in Belgium, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Portugal, England, and Scotland. In late September, while visiting Strand Bookstore in Manhattan, he saved an elderly lady who had fainted beside him.[212] Between January and March 2013, Morrissey toured 32 North American cities, beginning in Greenvale, New York and ending in Portland, Oregon.[213] Patti Smith and her band were special guests at the Staples Center concert in Los Angeles, and Kristeen Young opened on all nights.[214]
In January 2013, Morrissey was diagnosed with a bleeding ulcer and several engagements were re-scheduled.[215] On 7 March, Morrissey was hospitalised again, this time with pneumonia in both lungs.[216] One week later, the rest of the tour was cancelled.[217] During his rehabilitation he spent time in Ireland, where he watched the country's football team play a match against Austria in the company of his cousin Robbie Keane.[218][219]
In April, EMI reissued the single "The Last of the Famous International Playboys", backed by three new songs: "People Are the Same Everywhere", "Action Is My Middle Name", and "The Kid's a Looker", all recorded live in 2011.[220] Starting in June, Morrissey performed in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Chile.[221] In August, Morrissey's concert at Hollywood High School on 2 March 2013, had a worldwide cinema release.[clarification needed] Morrissey: 25 Live marks Morrissey's 25th year as a solo artist, and was the first authorised live Morrissey DVD in nine years.[222] In July, Morrisey cancelled the South American leg of his tour due to a "lack of funding", saying it was "the last of many final straws".[223]
In October 2013, Morrissey's autobiography, titled
In January 2014, Morrissey signed a two-record deal with Capitol Music.[233] His tenth studio album, World Peace Is None of Your Business, was released in July.[234] Prior to its release, he embarked on a US tour in May,[235] but was hospitalised in Boston in early June, cancelling the remaining nine tour dates.[236] After finishing a six date tour in the UK, he did a US tour during June and July, including a concert in New York with special guest Blondie at Madison Square Garden.[237] In July 2015, he publicly claimed that an airport security guard had groped him at San Francisco International Airport. He filed a sexual assault complaint; the Transportation Security Administration found no supporting evidence to act on the allegation.[238] In August, Capitol Music and Harvest Records ended their contracts with Morrissey.[239] In October, he disclosed he had received treatment for Barrett's oesophageal cancer.[240][238]
In September 2015, Penguin Books published Morrissey's first novel, List of the Lost.[241][242]
In November 2017, his eleventh studio album,
In November 2018, Morrissey released a cover of
Two more albums, unreleased album and Without Music The World Dies: 2020–Present
Morrissey released an 11-track album I Am Not a Dog on a Chain in late March 2020. The lead single, "Bobby, Don't You Think They Know?" featuring Motown soul singer Thelma Houston, was also made available on streaming sites.[255]
In November 2020, Morrissey's deal with BMG expired and was not renewed.[256] Morrissey completed a Las Vegas residency in July 2022 titled "Viva Moz Vegas" for the second year in a row.[257] He completed tour dates in the UK and Ireland.[258][259]
On 29 October 2022, it was announced that Morrissey would be releasing his fourteenth solo album Bonfire of Teenagers in February 2023 on Capitol Records in the US, although he did not sign with a label for a UK release.[260] The album has eleven songs produced by Andrew Watt and features Red Hot Chili Peppers members Chad Smith and Flea alongside their former bandmate Josh Klinghoffer. Guests also included singers Miley Cyrus and Iggy Pop who contributed backing vocals.[261] In addition, Capitol planned to re-issue several of Morrissey's albums released between 1995 and 2014, with the exception of Maladjusted.[262] On 15 November, it was announced that Bonfire of Teenagers was no longer scheduled to release in February, with Morrissey saying that the fate of the album was exclusively in the hands of the label.[263]
On 25 November 2022, the album's lead single, "Rebels Without Applause", was released by Capitol Records worldwide.[264] On 23 and 24 December, Morrissey announced that he had voluntarily parted ways with his current management companies, Maverick and Quest, withdrew any association with Capitol Records, and revealed that Cyrus requested to have her vocals removed from the album, which still remains under the control of Capitol and would no longer be releasing it.[265][266][267][268] He later confirmed in February 2023 that Capitol, while still maintaining control of the album, will not release Bonfire of Teenagers; he also suggested that the album had been "sabotaged" by Capitol.[269]
On 8 December 2022, Morrissey announced that in January and February 2023, he would record a new album, titled
In 2024, "Interlude", Morrissey's duet with Siouxsie, will be re-released on 12-inch gold vinyl for Record Store Day on 20 April 2024; it will be available in the UK and Europe only.[272]
Artistry
Lyrics
Mark Simpson characterised Morrissey as "the anti-pop idol", representing "the last, greatest and most gravely worrying product of an era when pop music was all there was".[273] Music journalist and biographer Johnny Rogan stated that Morrissey's œuvre seems based on "endlessly re-examining a lost, painful past".[274] Morrissey's lyrics have been described as "dramatic, bleak, funny vignettes about doomed relationships, lonely nightclubs, the burden of the past and the prison of the home".[275] According to Mark Simpson, there is a common feeling that his music's emphasis on the sadness of life is depressing.[276]
His lyrics are characterised by their usage of black humour, self-deprecation, and the pop vernacular.[277]
Many of his lyrics avoid mentioning the gender of the narrator, and thus provide both male and female listeners with multiple points of identification.
His lyrics have expressed disdain for many elements of British society, including the government, church, education system, royal family, meat-eating, money, gender, discos, fame, and relationships.[281] In his lyrics for the Smiths, Morrissey avoided explicit descriptions of the consummation of sex; rather, he sings about the anticipation, frustration, aversion, or final disappointment with sex.[282] Stringer suggested that this deliberate avoidance of sex was a reflection of the band's 'Englishness' because it invoked English cultures' "lack of emotional expression, the way in which feelings, and especially sexual feelings, cannot be expressed directly through casual touch, body contact and so on".[283] Male homoerotic elements can be found in many of the Smiths' lyrics,[284] but these also included sexualised descriptions featuring women.[285]
Morrissey has described having "a macabre fascination" with violence.
Performance style
Morrissey's vocals have been cited as having a particularly distinctive quality.[288] Simpson believed that Morrissey's work embodied and personified that of the "Northern Women", speaking in styles of vernacular language that would be common to many women living in northern England.[289] In this he was strongly influenced by the Northern singer Cilla Black, who had a successful career as a pop music singer in the 1960s,[290] as well as Viv Nicholson, who similarly earned fame during that decade.[290] Other female singers from that decade who have been cited as an influence on Morrissey have been the Scottish Lulu,[290] and the Essexer Sandie Shaw.[291] However, Stringer noted that rather than expressly singing in a Mancunian working-class accent, Morrissey adopted a "very clipped, precise enunciation" and sang in "clear English diction".[292] He is also noted for his unusual baritone vocal style (though he sometimes uses falsetto).[293]
When performing onstage, he often whips his microphone cord about, particularly during his up-tempo tracks.[294] Simpson believed that Morrissey often gave "slyly aggressive gestures" while onstage; he cited two instances from Top of the Pops, one in which Morrissey used hand gestures in order to pretend shooting at the audience during "Shoplifters of the World Unite" and another in which he turned his microphone cord into a hangman's noose while repeating the lyrics "Hang the DJ, hang the DJ" in the song "Panic".[295] Rogan claimed that Morrissey exhibited "a power onstage which I have seldom seen from any other artiste of his generation", and that while performing he "oozes charisma, offering that peculiar combination of gauche vulnerability and athleticism".[274]
On various occasions, Morrissey has expressed anger when he believes that bouncers and the security teams at his concerts have treated the audience poorly. For instance, at his San Antonio concert as part of the Your Arsenal tour he stopped his performance to rebuke bouncers for hitting fans.[296]
On 12 November 2022, while playing a live show in Los Angeles at the Greek Theater, he finished the set just after 9 songs and left without notice, upsetting many fans.[297] The bandmates hung around for over 10 minutes before realizing he was not coming back and it was announced that the show was being cancelled for "unforseen circumstances." It was speculated by some fans that the weather may have been too cold for him.[298]
Personal life
Throughout his career, Morrissey has retained an intensely private personal life.[299] A longtime resident of Los Angeles in the US, he also has homes in Italy, Switzerland and the UK.[300] In 2017, Los Angeles declared 10 November "Morrissey Day".[301] Friends refer to him as "Morrissey",[302] and he dislikes the nickname "Moz", telling one interviewer that "it's like something you'd squirt on the kitchen floor".[302] His mother, Elizabeth Anne Dwyer, died in August 2020 at the age of 82 from gallbladder cancer.[303]
Morrissey has described himself a
Public image
Julian Stringer has characterised Morrissey as a man with various contradictory traits, being "an ordinary, working-class 'anti-star' who nevertheless loves to hog the spotlight, a nice man who says the nastiest things about other people, a shy man who is also an outrageous narcissist".[85] He further suggested that part of Morrissey's appeal was that he conveyed the image of a "cultivated English gentleman (and being every inch the typically English 'gent' he is perfectly representative of that type's loathing for cant and hypocrisy, and his fragile, quasi-gay sexuality)".[310] Similarly, Morrissey biographer David Bret described him as being "quintessentially English",[299] while Mark Simpson termed him a Little Englander.[311] Morrissey is known for his criticism of the British music press, royalty, politicians and people who eat meat.[312] According to Bret, his "withering attacks" on those he disliked are typically delivered in a "laid-back" manner.[173]
During the 1980s, interviewer Paul Morley stated that Morrissey "sets out to be a decent man and he succeeds because that is what he is".[313] Eddie Sanderson, who interviewed Morrissey for The Mail on Sunday in 1992, said that "underneath all the rock star flim-flam, Morrissey is actually a very nice chap, excellent company, perfectly willing and able to talk about any subject one cared to throw at him".[314] Having photographed him in 2004, Mischa Richter described Morrissey as "genuinely lovely".[315]
Animal rights advocacy
A vocal advocate of
Morrissey is a supporter of
In January 2006, Morrissey attracted criticism when he stated that he accepts the motives behind the militant tactics of the Animal Rights Militia, saying, "I understand why fur-farmers and so-called laboratory scientists are repaid with violence—it is because they deal in violence themselves and it's the only language they understand."[323] He has criticised people who are involved in the promotion of eating meat, including Jamie Oliver[324] and Clarissa Dickson Wright.[325] The latter had already been targeted by some animal rights activists for her stance on fox hunting. In response, Dickson Wright stated, "Morrissey is encouraging people to commit acts of violence and I am constantly aware that something might very well happen to me."[326] Conservative MP David Davis criticised Morrissey's comments, saying that "any incitement to violence is obviously wrong in a civilised society and should be investigated by the police".[327] Morrissey has also criticised the British royal family for their involvement in fox hunting.[312]
In 2006, Morrissey refused to include Canada in his world tour that year and supported a boycott of Canadian goods in protest against the country's annual seal hunt, which he described as a "barbaric and cruel slaughter".[328] In 2018, he changed his approach, feeling that his previous "stance was ultimately of no use and helped no one", and pledged to donate to animal protection groups in the cities where he would perform. He also invited those groups to set up stalls at his concerts.[329]
During an interview with Simon Armitage in 2010, Morrissey said that "you can't help but feel that the Chinese are a subspecies" due to their "horrific" treatment of animals.[330] Armitage said: "He must have known it would make waves, he's not daft. But clearly, when it comes to animal rights and animal welfare, he's absolutely unshakable in his beliefs. In his view, if you treat an animal badly, you are less than human."[331]
At a concert in
In February 2013, after much speculation,
In 2014, Morrissey stated that he believed there is "no difference between eating animals and paedophilia. They are both rape, violence, murder."
Morrissey came under controversy in 2019 when he banned all meat products from a venue he was performing at in
Sexuality
Morrissey's sexuality has been the subject of much speculation and coverage in the British press during his career,[299] with claims varyingly being made that he was celibate, a frustrated heterosexual, or bisexual.[304] In a 1980 letter he described both himself and his "girlfriend" as bisexual, although adding that he "hate[d] sex".[347] The Encyclopædia Britannica states that he created a "compellingly conflicted persona (loudly proclaimed celibacy offset by coy hints of closeted homosexuality)" that has "made him a peculiar heartthrob".[348] Speculation was further fuelled by the frequent references to gay subculture and slang in his lyrics. In 2006 Liz Hoggard from The Independent said: "Only 15 years after homosexuality had been decriminalised, his lyrics flirted with every kind of gay subculture."[349]
During his years with the Smiths, Morrissey professed to being celibate, which stood out at a time when much of pop music was dominated by visible sexuality.
In 1997, Morrissey said that he had abandoned celibacy and that he had a relationship with a Cockney boxer.[356] That person was revealed in his autobiography to be Jake Walters. Their relationship began in 1994, and they lived together until 1996.[357] In a March 2013 interview, Walters said, "Morrissey and I have been friends for a long time, probably around 20 years."[358] Morrissey was later attached to Tina Dehghani. He discussed having a child with Dehghani, with whom he described having an "uncluttered commitment".[357][359] In his autobiography Morrissey also mentions a relationship with a younger Italian man, known only as "Gelato", with whom he sought to buy a house in around 2006.[360][361]
In a 2015 interview, Morrissey stated: "I don't fit into any sexual category at all so I don't feel people see it as being sexual, but as being intimate."[362]
Political opinions
British politics
In an
Morrissey has exhibited enduring anti-royalist views from his teenage years and has fiercely criticised the British monarchy.[364] In a 1985 interview with Simon Garfield, he stated that he had always "despised royalty" and that royalist sentiment is a "false devotion".[365] In a 2011 interview, he publicly identified as a republican, stating that he regarded the British royal family as "benefit scroungers and nothing else".[366] In a 2012 interview with Stephen Colbert, he spoke out against the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, stating: "It was a celebration of what? 60 years of dictatorship. She's not [my Queen]. I'm not a subject."[367]
Morrissey's first solo album, Viva Hate, included a track entitled "Margaret on the Guillotine", a jab at Margaret Thatcher. The London Metropolitan Police investigated Morrissey as a result of the song's lyrics.[368] Following her death in 2013, Morrissey called her "a terror without an atom of humanity" and said "every move she made was charged by negativity".[369] He described Thatcher's successor, John Major, as "no one's idea of a Prime Minister . . . a terrible human mistake".[370] During the Iraq War, he described George W. Bush and Tony Blair as "insufferable, egotistical insane despots".[173] In February 2006, Morrissey stated he had been interviewed by the FBI and by British intelligence after speaking out against the American and British governments. He said: "They were trying to determine if I was a threat to the government . . . it didn't take them long to realise that I'm not".[371] In 2010, he endorsed Marr's statement that Prime Minister David Cameron was forbidden to like the Smiths, criticising the Prime Minister's hobby of stag hunting.[372] In response to the Manchester Arena bombing in May 2017, Morrissey criticised Prime Minister Theresa May, Mayor of London Sadiq Khan, Mayor of Greater Manchester Andy Burnham, and Elizabeth II for their statements regarding the bombing.[373][374]
European Union
In 2013, Morrissey said that he "nearly voted" for the UK Independence Party, expressing his admiration for party leader Nigel Farage and endorsing Farage's Euroscepticism regarding UK membership of the European Union.[375][376] In 2019, Morrissey said: "It's obvious that "he [Farage] would make a good prime minister—if any of us can actually remember what a good prime minister is."[377]
In October 2016, he praised the UK's referendum on EU membership as "magnificent" and said the BBC had "persistently denigrated" supporters of the Leave campaign.[378] In 2019, he argued that the result of the EU referendum should be respected, stating "My view has always been that the result of the referendum must be carried through. If the vote had been remain there would be absolutely no question that we would remain. In the interest of true democracy, you cannot argue against the wish of the people" and added that he found "absolutely nothing attractive about the EU."[377]
Race and support for Anne Marie Waters
Morrissey has faced ongoing accusations of racism since the early 1990s from media and commentators around the globe,[9][379][380] which were prompted by his comments, actions, and recorded material. He has constantly rejected accusations of racism, and won a libel action forcing an apology from NME, a British music magazine, saying: "We do not believe [Morrissey] is a racist."[381]
The ones who listen to the entire song, the way I sing it, and my vocal expression know only too well that I'm no racist and glorifier of xenophobia. The phrase "England for the English" [used in the song] is in quotes, so those who call the song racist are not listening. The song tells of the sadness and regret that I feel for anyone joining such a movement [as the far-right National Front].
— Morrissey, on "The National Front Disco" (quoted in 2004).[382]
Various sources accused Morrissey of racism for making reference to the
Morrissey sued NME for
Morrissey's 2010 statement in which he described the Chinese as a "subspecies" in reference to their treatment of animals was criticised as racist by multiple sources.[393][394]
In October 2017, he expressed the view that the
In June 2019, Morrissey rejected further accusations of racism against him, saying, "The word is meaningless now. Everyone ultimately prefers their own race—does this make everyone racist?"[404] In response to his recent political comments, fellow singer-songwriter Billy Bragg accused Morrissey of dragging the legacy of Johnny Marr and the Smiths "through the dirt".[405] Nick Cave wrote an open letter defending Morrissey's right to freedom of speech to voice his beliefs, as well as arguing that his musical legacy should be kept separate from his political opinions.[406]
In January 2023, in response to rumours that Miley Cyrus had decided to pull her vocals from the song "I Am Veronica" from his album Bonfire of Teenagers over his political views, Morrissey published a statement on his website rejecting claims that he was far-right, and further clarified his political stance;[407][408]
My politics are straightforward: I recognize realities. Some realities horrify me, and some do not, but I accept that I was not created so that others might gratify me and delight me with all that they think and do – what a turgid life that would be. I've been offended all of my life, and it has strengthened me, and I am glad. I wouldn't have the journey any other way. Only by hearing the opinions of others can we form truly rational views, and therefore we must never accept a beehive society that refuses to reflect a variety of views.
American politics
At a Dublin concert in June 2004, Morrissey commented on the death of Ronald Reagan, saying that he would have preferred if George W. Bush had died instead.[409] Morrissey openly criticized the War on Terror and condemned Bush as "the world's most famous active terrorist, as he bizarrely bombs the innocent people of Iraq out of existence in the name of freedom and democracy" in his autobiography.[410]
During a January 2008 concert, Morrissey remarked "God Bless
Impact and legacy
Biographer David Bret has characterised him as an artist who divides opinion among those who love him and those who loathe him, with little space for compromise between the two.[299] The press termed him the "Pope of Mope".[299]
Fandom
Simpson stated that Morrissey had a global fan following that was unrivalled in its devotion to the singer, characterising this as "the kind of devotion that only dead stars command" normally.
Soon after achieving national fame, Morrissey became a
Morrissey also has a significant Hispanic fanbase, particularly in Mexico and amongst Mexican Americans (Chicanos) in the western United States.[424] His music has resonated with these communities because of its similarities to the traditional Mexican music genre of ranchera, which revolves around romance, morose metaphors and slow ballads.[425] Morrissey's popularity among Hispanics became widespread knowledge after he toured Latin America for the first time in 2000.[426] Chuck Klosterman, in a 2002 profile for Spin that analyzed Morrissey's relationship with the Latino community, theorized that Morrissey's rockabilly influences were seen as a nod to the greaser culture popular among Latinos and that his status as the son of Irish immigrants in England resonated with immigrant families in Los Angeles.[427]
On numerous occasions, Morrissey has acknowledged his Mexican fanbase. During a 1999 concert in California, he said, "I wish I was born Mexican, but it's too late for that now." He released the song "Mexico" in 2004, which contained lyrics that condemned white privilege.[428] The film 25 Live evidences a particularly strong following amongst the singer's Latino/Chicano fans.[429] A tribute band named Mexrrissey performs Morrissey covers live translated in Spanish.[430] The 2018 Marvel film Ant-Man and the Wasp contains a scene in which the character Luis discusses how his grandmother owned a jukebox that "only played Morrissey" because of Latinos' love for his music. Director Peyton Reed noted that it was a "funny, really specific true-to-life detail".[431]
Several Morrissey fansites exist. In the early 2000s Morrissey issued a "cease and desist" notification against the fan website Morrissey-Solo for publishing claims, never proven, that Morrissey had failed to pay members of his touring personnel.[432] In 2011, he issued a lifetime concert ban against the site owner who, it was claimed, had caused "intentional distress to Morrissey and Morrissey's band" over many years.[433] Another fansite, True-To-You, enjoys a close relationship with Morrissey and functioned as his official website for statements until May 2017.[434] In April 2018, Morrissey launched his own website, Morrissey Central.[435]
Influence
Bookish, reclusive-but-pugnacious—avowedly celibate—with an almost Puritan disdain for cheap glamour and armed with a deeply unhealthy interest in language, wit and ideas Morrissey succeeded in perverting pop music for a while and making it that most absurd of things, literary. Some were moved to talk of how much Morrissey owed that blousy Anglo-Irish nineteenth-century torch-singer and stand-up comedian Oscar Wilde, the "first pop star". Arguably, poor Oscar was merely an early failed and somewhat overweight prototype for Morrissey.
— Mark Simpson, 2004.[416]
Morrissey is routinely referred to as an influential artist, both in his solo career and with the Smiths. The BBC has referred to him as "one of the most influential figures in the history of British pop",[436] and NME named the Smiths the "most influential artist ever" in a 2002 poll, even topping the Beatles.[437] Rolling Stone, naming him one of the greatest singers of all time in a 2014 poll, noted that his "rejection of convention" in his vocal style and lyrics is the reason "why he redefined the sound of British rock for the past quarter-century".[293] Morrissey's enduring influence has been ascribed to his wit, the "infinite capacity for interpretation" in his lyrics,[275] and his appeal to the "constant navel gazing, reflection, solipsism" of generations of "disenfranchised youth", offering unusually intimate "companionship" to broad demographics.[438] Paul A. Woods described Morrissey as "Britain's unlikeliest rock 'n' roll star in several decades", noting that at the same time he was also "its most essential".[88] Bret described him as "probably the most intellectually gifted and imaginative lyricist of his generation",[439] listing him alongside Leonard Cohen, Bob Dylan, and Jacques Brel as being one of "the monstres sacrés".[440]
Journalist Mark Simpson calls Morrissey "one of the greatest pop lyricists—and probably the greatest-ever lyricist of desire—that has ever moaned" and observes that "he is fully present in his songs as few other artists are, in a way that fans of most other performers . . . wouldn't tolerate for a moment."[441] Simpson also argues that "After Morrissey there could be no more pop stars. His was an impossible act to follow . . . [his] unrivalled knowledge of the pop canon, his unequaled imagination of what it might mean to be a pop star, and his breathtakingly perverse ambition to turn it into great art, could only exhaust the form forever".[442]
In 2006, Morrissey was voted the second greatest living British icon in a poll held by the BBC's
In November 2008, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Morrissey as 92nd of "The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time". The list was compiled from ballots cast by a panel of 179 "music experts", such as Bruce Springsteen, Alicia Keys and Bono, who were asked to name their 20 favourite vocalists.[293]
Other scholars have responded favourably to Morrissey's work, including academic symposia at various universities including University of Limerick[449] and Manchester Metropolitan University.[450] Gavin Hopps, a research fellow and literary scholar at the University of St Andrews, wrote a full-length academic study of Morrissey's work, calling him comparable to Oscar Wilde, John Betjeman, and Philip Larkin, and noting similarities between Morrissey and Samuel Beckett.[451]
The British Food Journal featured an article in 2008 that applied Morrissey's lyrics to building positive business relationships.[452] A book of academic essays edited by Eoin Devereux, Aileen Dillane and Martin Power, Morrissey: Fandom, Representations and Identities, which focuses on Morrissey's solo career, was published in 2011.[453]
He is regarded as an important innovator in the
Colin Meloy of the Decemberists, who recorded a 2005 EP of Morrissey covers titled Colin Meloy Sings Morrissey, acknowledged Morrissey's influence on his songwriting: "You could either bask in that glow of fatalistic narcissism, or you could think it was funny. I always thought that was an interesting dynamic in his songwriting, and I can only aspire to have that kind of dynamic in my songs".[459] Brandon Flowers of the American rock band The Killers has revealed his admiration for Morrissey on several occasions and admits that his interest for writing songs about murder such as "Jenny Was a Friend of Mine" and "Midnight Show" traces back to Morrissey singing about loving "the romance of crime" in the song "Sister I'm a Poet". Flowers was quoted as saying, "I studied that line a lot. And it's kind of embedded in me".[460] Noel Gallagher called Morrissey "the best lyricist I've ever heard".[461]
A 2017 biopic of Morrissey's early years, titled
In an April 2021 episode of The Simpsons titled "Panic on the Streets of Springfield", Morrissey inspired the parody character of Quilloughby. Voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch, Quilloughby is portrayed as a romantic figment of Lisa Simpson's imagination. She has her dream shattered when she finds out that he has aged into a grey, meat-eating overweight frontman with anti-immigrant views. The episode was criticised by Morrissey as based on "complete ignorance".[465][466]
Awards and nominations
Brit Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
1995
|
Himself | Best British Male | Nominated |
2005
|
Nominated |
GAFFA Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
2005 | Himself | Årets Udenlandske Sanger | Won |
2007 | Nominated |
Grammy Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
1993
|
Your Arsenal | Best Alternative Music Album | Nominated |
Ivor Novello Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
1998 | Himself | Outstanding Contribution to British Music | Won |
Lunas del Auditorio
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
2007 | Himself | Best Foreign Rock Artist | Nominated |
MOJO Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
2004 | Himself | Icon Award | Won |
2005 | Inspiration Award | Nominated |
Meteor Music Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
2005 | Himself | Best International Male | Won |
2010 | Nominated |
NME Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
1984 | Himself | Best Songwriter | Won |
1985 | Won | ||
Best Dressed | Won | ||
Best Haircut | Won | ||
Best Male Singer | Won | ||
1986 | Won | ||
Most Wonderful Human Being | Won | ||
1987 | Won | ||
Best Male Singer | Won | ||
Safe Sex | Won | ||
1988 | Favourite NME Cover Of 1988 | Won | |
Most Wonderful Human Being | Won | ||
Best Solo Artist | Won | ||
1989 | Won | ||
1990 | Won | ||
1991 | Won | ||
1992 | Won | ||
2005 | Nominated | ||
Hero of the Year | Nominated | ||
Hottest Man | Nominated | ||
2006 | Morrissey: Who Put the M in Manchester | Best Music DVD | Nominated |
PLUG Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
2006 | Morrissey: Who Put the M in Manchester | Best Music DVD of the Year | Nominated |
Pollstar Concert Industry Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1987 | The Smiths | Small Hall Tour Of The Year | Nominated | [467] |
Q Awards
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
1994 | Himself | Q Songwriter Award | Won |
2004 | "Irish Blood, English Heart" | Best Track | Nominated |
Rober Awards Music Poll
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
2013 | "Satellite of Love" | Best Cover Version | Nominated |
2014 | Himself | Comeback of the Year | Won |
Personnel
Current members
- Carmen Vandenberg – guitar, backing vocals (2023–present)
- Jesse Tobias – guitar (2004–present)
- Brendan Buckley – drums (2021–present)
- Camila Grey – keyboards (2023–present)
- Juan Galeano – bass guitar (2022–present)
Discography
The Smiths
- The Smiths (1984)
- Meat Is Murder (1985)
- The Queen Is Dead (1986)
- Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)
Solo
- Viva Hate (1988)
- Kill Uncle (1991)
- Your Arsenal (1992)
- Vauxhall and I (1994)
- Southpaw Grammar (1995)
- Maladjusted (1997)
- You Are the Quarry (2004)
- Ringleader of the Tormentors (2006)
- Years of Refusal (2009)
- World Peace Is None of Your Business (2014)
- Low in High School (2017)
- California Son (2019)
- I Am Not a Dog on a Chain (2020)
- Without Music the World Dies (TBA)[468]
- Bonfire of Teenagers (unreleased)
Publications
Publications by Morrissey
- The New York Dolls. by Steven Patrick Morrissey.
- Manchester: Babylon, 1981.
- Reprint. Manchester: Babylon, 1995. ISBN 978-0-907188-50-6.
- James Dean Is Not Dead, Manchester: Babylon, 1983. ISBN 978-0-907188-06-3. By Steven Patrick Morrissey.
- Exit Smiling, Manchester: Babylon, 1998. ISBN 978-0-907188-47-6. Edition of 1000 copies. By Steven Patrick Morrissey.
- Morrissey (2013). ISBN 978-0-14-139481-7..
- ISBN 978-0-14-198296-0.
Publications with contributions by Morrissey
- Marc Bolan: Wilderness of the Mind. London: Xanadu, 1992. ISBN 978-1-85480-155-5. By John Willans and Caron Thomas. With an introduction by Morrissey. About Marc Bolan.
- Cockney Reject. John Black, 2005. Gary Bushell. With a foreword by Morrissey. About Cockney Rejects.
- The Autobiography: Bowie, Bolan and the Brooklyn Boy. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. ISBN 978-0-00-722945-1. By Tony Visconti. With a foreword by Morrissey.
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Huey, Steve. "Morrissey". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ Hughes, Josiah (3 January 2014). "Morrissey Working on New Album and Novel". Exclaim!. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ Timberg, Scott (14 April 2009). "Morrissey and The Smiths' influence is apparent". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Morrissey—Your Arsenal". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ )
- ^ "Morrissey is second most iconic Brit". Manchester Evening News. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
- ^ Benedictus, Leo (30 March 2005). "Morrissey: a suitable subject for academia". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "Morrissey's lyrics are up there with Wilde and Larkin, claims academic". The Scotsman. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ a b Jonze, Tim (30 May 2019). "Bigmouth strikes again and again: why Morrissey fans feel so betrayed". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 13; Simpson 2004, p. 35.
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- ^ Holden, Stephen (17 July 1991). "The Pop Life: Out of the Mainstream". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- ^ Simpson 2004, p. 35; Goddard 2006, p. 10.
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- ^ a b Goddard 2006, p. 12.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 23; Goddard 2006, p. 12.
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- ^ Simpson 2004, p. 77.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 25–26; Goddard 2006, p. 11.
- ^ Simpson 2004, pp. 82–85.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 32; Goddard 2006, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Goddard 2006, p. 16.
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- ^ "Desert Island Discs with Morrissey". Desert Island Discs. 29 November 2009. BBC. Radio 4.
- ^ Goddard 2006, p. 17.
- ^ Goddard 2006, pp. 19, 21.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 34; Simpson 2004, p. 42.
- ^ a b Goddard 2006, p. 21.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 34; Goddard 2006, p. 20.
- ^ Goddard 2006, p. 20.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 35; Goddard 2006, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 33; Goddard 2006, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Goddard 2006, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 35; Goddard 2006, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 34, 35; Goddard 2006, p. 27.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 36; Goddard 2006, pp. 27–30.
- ^ Goddard 2006, p. 31.
- ^ Goddard 2006, pp. 41–42.
- ^ Goddard 2006, p. 42.
- ^ Goddard 2006, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Simpson 2004, p. 108; Goddard 2006, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Goddard 2006, p. 37.
- ^ Goddard 2006, p. 43.
- ^ ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 32.
- ^ Simpson 2004, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Simpson 2004, p. 101.
- ^ Simpson 2004, p. 102.
- ^ Simpson 2004, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Stringer 1992, p. 16.
- ^ a b Warnes 2008, p. 143.
- ^ a b c Bret 2004, p. 111.
- ^ a b Woods 2007, p. 5.
- ^ a b Kelly, Danny. "Exile on Mainstream". NME. 14 February 1987.
- ^ Harris, John. "The Smiths—Trouble at Mill/The Queen Is Dead and beyond: part 3". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ ""Meat Is Murder" (from "Greenscene", 1989), page 4". Morrissey-solo.com. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ "Artist Chart History—The Smiths: Albums". Billboard. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 102.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 102–103.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 106.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 104.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 109.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 113–114.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 119.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 120.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 122–126.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 125.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 127.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 128.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 133–134.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 138.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 135.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 137–138.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, pp. 129–130.
- ^ a b c Bret 2004, p. 139.
- ^ ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 140.
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- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 146–147.
- ^ a b c Bret 2004, p. 156.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 159.
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- ^ Bret 2004, p. 145.
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- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 188–189.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 171.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, pp. 152–153.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 174.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 173.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 175.
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- ^ Bret 2004, p. 174; Simpson 2004, p. 144.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 172.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 177.
- ISBN 978-1-84772-987-3.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 190–191, 199.
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- ^ a b Simpson 2004, p. 144.
- ^ Woods 2007, p. 7.
- ^ Simon Armitage (3 September 2010). "Morrissey interview: Big mouth strikes again". The Guardian.
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- ^ Bret 2004, p. 205.
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- ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 216.
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- ^ Bret 2004, p. 224.
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- ^ a b c Bret 2004, p. 226.
- ^ Simpson 2004, p. 159.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 233.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 237–238.
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- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 243–244; Simpson 2004, pp. 161–162.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 244; Simpson 2004, p. 162.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 245.
- ^ "Joyce vs. Morrissey and Others" (http). England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions. 1998. Retrieved 16 February 2007.
- ^ Morrissey (30 November 2005). "Statement from Morrissey". True To You. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
In legal fees alone, Joyce has cost me 600 thousand pounds—this is quite apart from any payments made to him, and is quite apart from any money seized by him. In total, Joyce has cost me 1 million, 515 thousand pounds. This is an approximate figure—it could even be higher.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 247.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 275.
- ^ Simpson, Dave. "Manshester's Answer to the H-BomB". Uncut (August 1998).
- ^ Bracewell, Michael. "Interview". The Times Magazine (6 November 1999).
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 5.
- ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 256.
- ^ "And Don't Forget The Songs ...". City Life (2–9 July 2003).
- ^ David Tseng (2 November 2002). "Morrissey-solo News Archive—2002". Morrissey-solo.com. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
- ^ a b c Bret 2004, p. 116.
- ^ ""The Importance of Being Morrissey" (documentary aired on Channel 4, June 8, 2003)—reports". Morrissey-solo. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 258.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 256, 257.
- ^ Bret 2004, p. 259.
- ^ Vasagar, Jeevan (7 June 2003). "Misfit Morrissey finds new niche by signing with reggae label". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 November 2007.
- ^ Bret 2004, pp. 264, 278.
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Sources
- Bannister, Matthew (2006). "'Loaded': Indie Guitar Rock, Canonism, White Masculinities". Popular Music. 25 (1): 77–95. S2CID 192182923.
- Bret, David (2004). Morrissey: Scandal and Passion. London: Robson Books. ISBN 978-1-86105-787-7.
- Goddard, Simon (2006). The Smiths: Songs That Saved Your Life (revised ed.). London: Reynolds and Hearn. ISBN 978-1-905287-96-3.
- Rogan, Johnny (1992). Morrissey and Marr: The Severed Alliance. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-1838-2.
- Simpson, Mark (2004). Saint Morrissey. London: SAF Publishing. ISBN 0-946719-65-9.
- Stringer, Julian (1992). "The Smiths: Repressed (But Remarkably Dressed)". Popular Music. 11 (1): 15–26. S2CID 194017413.
- Warnes, Andrew (2008). "Black, White and Blue: The Racial Antagonism of the Smiths' Record Sleeve". Popular Music. 27 (1): 135–149. S2CID 161956592.
- Woods, Paul A. (2007). "Morrissey Needs No Introduction". Morrissey in Conversation: The Essential Interviews. Paul A. Woods (ed.). London: Plexus. pp. 5–8. ISBN 978-0-85965-394-7.
Further reading
- Brown, Len, Meetings with Morrissey, Omnibus, 2008.
- Campbell, Sean and Coulter, Colin, eds., Why Pamper Life's Complexities? Essays on The Smiths, Manchester University Press, 2010.
- Devereux, Eoin; Dillane, Aileen; and Power, Martin J., eds., Morrissey: Fandom, Representations and Identities, Intellect Books, 2011.
- Goddard, Simon, Mozipedia: The Encyclopedia of Morrissey and The Smiths, Ebury Press, 2009.
- Greco, Nicholas P., Only If You Are Really Interested: Celebrity, Gender, Desire, and the World of MORRISSEY, McFarland and Co., 2011.
- Hingley, Martin; Leek, Sheena; Lindgreen, Adam, "Business relationships the Morrissey way", British Food Journal, Vol. 110, No. 1, pp. 128–143, 2008. .
- Hopps, Gavin, Morrissey: The Pageant of His Bleeding Heart, Continuum, 2009.
- Rogan, Johnny, Morrissey, self-published, 2007.
- Rogan, Johnny, Morrissey & Marr: The Severed Alliance, Omnibus, 1993.
- Sterling, Linder, "We Are Your Thoughts", Linda Works: 1976–2006, JRP Editions, 2006.
- Sørensen, Jesper, Alle dage er som søndag, Rosenkilde, 2009.
- Woronzoff, Elizabeth, "'Because the Music That They Constantly Play, It Says Nothing to Me About My Life:' An Analysis of Youth's Appropriation of Morrissey's Sexuality, Gender, and Identity", monograph, Simmons College of Arts and Sciences Graduate Studies, February 2009.