Morus (plant)
Mulberry | |
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Morus nigra | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Moraceae |
Tribe: | Moreae |
Genus: | Morus L. |
Species | |
See text. |
Morus, a
The closely related genus Broussonetia is also commonly known as mulberry, notably the paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera).[6]
Despite their similar appearance, mulberries are not closely related to
, and other fruits).Description
Mulberries are fast-growing when young, and can grow to 24 metres (79 feet) tall.
The mulberry fruit is a multiple, about 2–3 centimetres (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 inches) long.[2][5] Immature fruits are white, green, or pale yellow.[5] The fruit turns from pink to red while ripening, then dark purple or black, and has a sweet flavor when fully ripe.[2][5]
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Clusters (inflorescences) of unopened male flower buds
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Female catkins
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Young mulberry fruit clusters
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Immature fruit
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Unripe white mulberries
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Berries on branches in Eastern Oklahoma
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Mulberry in southern Brazil
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Long mulberry
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Semi-ripe mulberries on a mulberry leaf
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Autumn foliage
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of Morus is complex and disputed. Fossils of Morus appear in the Pliocene record of the Netherlands.[7] Over 150 species names have been published, and although differing sources may cite different selections of accepted names, less than 20 are accepted by the vast majority of botanical authorities. Morus classification is even further complicated by widespread hybridisation, wherein the hybrids are fertile.[citation needed]
The following species are accepted:[8]
- Morus alba L. – white mulberry (China, Korea, Japan)
- Morus australis Poir. – East and South-East Asia
- Morus boninensis Koidz.
- Morus cathayana Hemsl. – China, Japan, Korea
- Morus celtidifolia Kunth – Texas mulberry (southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, South America)
- Morus indica L. – India, Southeast Asia
- Morus insignisBureau – Central and South America
- Morus koordersiana J.-F.Leroy
- Morus liboensis S.S.Chang – Guizhou Province in China
- Morus macroura Miq. – long mulberry (Tibet, Himalayas, Indochina)
- Morus mesozygiaStapf – African mulberry (south and central Africa)
- Morus microphyllaBuckley
- Morus miyabeana Hotta
- Morus mongolica (Bureau) C.K.Schneid.
- Morus nigra L. - black mulberry (Iran, Caucasus, Levant)
- Morus notabilis C.K.Schneid. – Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces in China
- Morus rubra L. – red mulberry (eastern North America)
- Morus serrata Roxb. – Tibet, Nepal, northwestern India
- Morus trilobata (S.S.Chang) Z.Y.Cao – Guizhou Province in China
- Morus wittiorum Hand.-Mazz. – southern China
In southern Brazil, the mulberry is known as amorinha.[9]
Distribution
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2018) |
Black, red, and white mulberries are widespread in
Cultivation
Mulberries can be grown from seed, and this is often advised, as seedling-grown trees are generally of better shape and health. Mulberry trees grown from seed can take up to ten years to bear fruit. Mulberries are most often planted from large cuttings, which root readily. The mulberry plants allowed to grow tall have a
Some North American cities have banned the planting of mulberries because of the large amounts of pollen they produce, posing a potential health hazard for some
Mulberry tree
Toxicity
All parts of the plant besides the ripe fruit contain a toxic milky sap.[15] Eating too many berries may have a laxative effect. Additionally, unripe green fruit may cause nausea, cramps, and a hallucinogenic effect.[16]
Uses
Nutrition
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
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Energy | 180 kJ (43 kcal) |
9.8 | |
Sugars | 8.1 |
Dietary fiber | 1.7 |
0.39 | |
1.44 | |
Niacin (B3) | 4% 0.62 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 4% 0.05 mg |
Folate (B9) | 2% 6 μg |
Vitamin C | 44% 36.4 mg |
Vitamin E | 6% 0.87 mg |
Vitamin K | 7% 7.8 μg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 4% 39 mg |
Iron | 14% 1.85 mg |
Magnesium | 5% 18 mg |
Phosphorus | 5% 38 mg |
Potassium | 6% 194 mg |
Sodium | 1% 10 mg |
Zinc | 1% 0.12 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 87.68 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults.[17] |
Raw mulberries are 88% water, 10%
are insignificant in quantity.Culinary
As the fruit matures, mulberries change in texture and color, becoming succulent, plump, and juicy, resembling a blackberry.[5] The color of the fruit does not distinguish the mulberry species, as mulberries may be white, lavender or black in color. White mulberry fruits are typically sweet, but not tart, while red mulberries are usually deep red, sweet, and juicy. Black mulberries are large and juicy, with balanced sweetness and tartness.[5]
The fruit of the East Asian white mulberry – a species extensively naturalized in urban regions of eastern North America – has a different flavor, sometimes characterized as refreshing and a little tart, with a bit of gumminess to it and a hint of vanilla.[18] In North America, the white mulberry is considered an invasive exotic and has taken over extensive tracts from native plant species, including the red mulberry.[2][19]
Mulberries are used in pies, tarts, wines,
The tender twigs are semisweet and can be eaten raw or cooked.[20]
Supplement
The fruit and leaves are sold in various forms as dietary supplements.[citation needed]
Silk industry
Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the white mulberry, are ecologically important as the sole food source of the
The Ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated the mulberry for silkworms; at least as early as 220 AD, Emperor Elagabalus wore a silk robe.[26] English clergy wore silk vestments from about 1500 onwards.[26] Mulberry and the silk industry played a role in colonial Virginia.[26]
Pigment
Mulberry fruit color derives from
A cheap and industrially feasible method has been developed to extract anthocyanins from mulberry fruit that could be used as a fabric dye or food colorant of high
Mulberry germplasm resources may be used for:[3][2][29]
- exploration and collection of fruit yielding mulberry species
- their characterization, cataloging, and evaluation for anthocyanin content by using traditional, as well as modern, means and biotechnology tools
- developing an information system about these cultivars and varieties
- training and global coordination of genetic stocks
- evolving suitable breeding strategies to improve the anthocyanin content in potential breeds by collaboration with various research stations in the field of sericulture, plant genetics, and breeding, biotechnology and pharmacology
Paper
During the Angkorian age of the
Tengujo is the thinnest paper in the world. It is produced in Japan and made with kozo (stems of mulberry trees).[31]
Wood
The wood of mulberry trees is used for
Culture
A
The nursery rhyme "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush" uses the tree in the refrain, as do some contemporary American versions of the nursery rhyme "Pop Goes the Weasel".[citation needed]
Vincent van Gogh featured the mulberry tree in some of his paintings, notably Mulberry Tree (Mûrier, 1889, now in Pasadena's Norton Simon Museum). He painted it after a stay at an asylum, and he considered it a technical success.[33]
References
- ^ J.M. Suttie (2002). "Morus alba L." United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Morus nigra (black mulberry)". CABI. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d James A. Duke (1983). "Morus alba L., Moraceae: White mulberry, Russian mulberry, Silkworm mulberry, Moral blanco". Handbook of Energy Crops. Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Morus L." World Flora Online. World Flora Online Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Mulberry". California Rare Fruit Growers. 1997. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ Wunderlin, Richard P. (1997). "Broussonetia papyrifera". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- .
- ^ "Morus L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ "Rubus brasiliensis - Amorinha". FloraSBS (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-05-18.
- ^ City of El Paso (July 10, 2007). "Agenda item department head's summary form" (PDF). Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- ^ ISBN 1580081665.
- ^ Wilson, Charles L. "Tree pollen and hay fever". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ISBN 1580083145.
- ^ Phipps, Nikki. "Can Grafted Trees Revert to Their Rootstock?". Gardening Know How. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ^ "White mulberry – Morus alba". Ohio Perennial and Biennial Weed Guide. The Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 2012-04-12. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- )
- ^ United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service (2019). "FoodData Central". Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ a b "which mulberry to buy. advise me!". The Cloudforest Gardener. Archived from the original on 2013-06-08.
- ^ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 153.
- OCLC 799792.
- ^ Ombrello, T. "The mulberry tree and its silkworm connection". Plant of the Week. Cranford, NJ: Union County College. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
- ^ "Mulberry silk". Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles - Govt of India. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- PMID 24258720.
- S2CID 2414559.
- PMID 27153095.
- ^ OCLC 560560606.
- ^ .
- ^ PMID 15577197.
- ^ "Morus alba L." US Department of Agriculture, National Plant Germplasm System. 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ Chhem KR, Antelme MR (2004). "A Khmer Medical Text The Treatment of the Four Diseases Manuscript". Siksācakr, Journal of Cambodia Research. 6: 33–42.
- ^ Whang, Oliver (May 5, 2020). "The Thinnest Paper in the World". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ ISBN 9780851996387.
- ^ Gogh, Vincent van (1889). "Mulberry Tree". van Gogh Collection. Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
External links
- Flora of China: Morus
- Flora of North America: Morus
- Sorting Morus names (University of Melbourne)
- Propagation (growing) by vegetative method
- Propagation (growing) by seed method
- photo of 300-year-old Japanese mulberry
- Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India
- Replant a mulberry tree: article from The Times of India
- The Morus Londinium project - Mulberry tree heritage in London, UK