Moscow Conference (1945)
Moscow Conference | |
---|---|
Host country | Soviet Union |
Date | December 16 – 26, 1945 |
Cities | Moscow, Soviet Union |
Participants | Vyacheslav Molotov Ernest Bevin James F. Byrnes |
Follows | Potsdam Conference |
The Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers, also known as the Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers, was held in
James F. Byrnes represented the United States, Ernest Bevin the United Kingdom, and Vyacheslav Molotov the Soviet Union. They issued a communiqué after the conference on December 27, 1945.
The conference was one of a number of other Allied World War II conferences, including those at Cairo, Yalta and Potsdam.
Articles
The result of the conference was the Soviet-Anglo-American Communiqué, which had the following articles:[1][2]
- Preparation of peace treaties with Hungary and Finland.
- Far Eastern Commission and Allied Council for Japan.
- Far Eastern Commission
- Allied Council for Japan
- Korea
- China
- Romania
- Bulgaria
- The establishment by the United Nations of a commission for the control of atomic energy
Aftermath
The Moscow Conference has been seen as advantageous for the Soviet Union. The conference was proposed by Byrnes, without an invitation offered to France or China and without first consulting with the United Kingdom. This was aligned with the goal the Soviet Union had previously wanted - that France and China would be excluded from peace settlements regarding the minor axis powers in Europe - and created a rift between the United Kingdom and United States. The conference also recognised the pro-Soviet governments in Romania and Bulgaria, granted the Soviet Union a role in post-war Japan, established international control of atomic energy, and achieved an agreement on a trusteeship in Korea - all were viewed as successes by the Soviet Union.[3] Veteran American diplomat George F. Kennan, who was then serving in the US embassy in Moscow, observed the proceedings first hand, and wrote in his diary on US Secretary of State Byrnes: "The realities behind this agreement, since they concern only such people as Koreans, Rumanians, and Iranians, about whom he knows nothing, do not concern him. He wants an agreement for its political effect at home. The Russians know this. They will see that for this superficial success he pays a heavy price in the things that are real."[4]: 287–288
Writing in 1947, the
Europe
The 1947 Paris Peace Treaties were the final peace settlement for Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Finland.
Japan
The Moscow Conference established the
Korea
On December 25, 1945, prior to the announcement of the final decision of the conference, the United Press reported that "Secretary of State Byrnes went to Russia reportedly with instructions to urge immediate independence as opposed to the Russian thesis of trusteeship."[7] Domestic media adopted the story on December 27. The communiqué was officially announced in Korea on December 28.
The section on Korea consisted of four paragraphs. The third paragraph called for the establishment of a Joint Commission, under the control of a consortium of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and China, including the decision that a four-power trusteeship of up to five years would be needed before Korea attained independence.[8][9]: 34 Both the political left and political right of Korea opposed this trusteeship plan, with it being suggested that such a plan made Korea a vassal of the four powers.[10]: 26
Protests against the trusteeship plan, which had also occurred on December 27, intensified on December 28. On the right, these protests were led by
By January 23, unrest against the trusteeship plan had quietened somewhat, and right wing political groups stopped advocating for violence and for non-cooperation against military government.: 34
The anti-trusteeship victory protests are celebrated in South Korea annually on December 28.[12]
Atomic energy
The United Nations Atomic Energy Commission was founded on January 24, 1946, by the very first resolution of the United Nations General Assembly.
Outstanding issues
The conference did not address outstanding issues regarding Iran, Spain, Greece, Libya, or the Dardanelles.[15][16] The Soviet Union was unwilling to withdraw from Iran, citing the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship and claiming their presence was legal to protect Baku.[17] As a counter to Anglo-American demands for their withdrawal from Iran, the Soviet Union pressed for British withdrawal from Greece. Reiterating their position previously voiced at the Potsdam and London conferences, the Soviet Union once again made demands for a military base in the Dardanelles.[18]
See also
- Council of Foreign Ministers
- Moscow Conference (disambiguation)
- Potsdam Conference and the Potsdam Agreement of which the first article was the "establishment of a Council of Foreign Ministers to do the necessary preparatory work for the peace settlements".
Footnotes
- ^ "SOVIET-ANGLO-AMERICAN COMMUNIQUÉ". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ^ "Avalon Project - A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941-1949 - Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers, Moscow". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4039-8301-5, retrieved April 10, 2021
- ^ Kennan, George F. (1967). Memoirs, 1925-1950. Boston: Little, Brown.
- S2CID 154480718.
- ^ "RECORDS OF THE FAR EASTERN COMMISSION, 1945-1952" (PDF). GALE. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ "Independence of Korea is being urged". UPI. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ^ "우리역사넷". contents.history.go.kr. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ^ LCCN 62-10975.
- ^ "[광복 5년사 쟁점 재조명]<1부>(17)삼상회의 보도". DongA. December 12, 2004. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ^ a b "[모스크바 3상회의 60주년]좌익 '찬탁돌변' 남북분단 불러". DongA. December 29, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East, Volume VIII - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ^ "우리역사넷". contents.history.go.kr. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ^ "DECISION IN MOSCOW ACCLAIMED". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954). December 29, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ "FAR REACHING DECISIONS MADE AT MOSCOW CONFERENCE". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). December 29, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ PIERPOINT, DAVID (December 1, 1999). "British Policy in Iran and Relations with the Soviet Union, 1945-46" (PDF). CORE. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- S2CID 161542583.