Moshe Dayan
Moshe Dayan | |
---|---|
Chief of General Staff | |
1952 | GOC Northern Command |
1949–1951 | Head of Southern Command |
Personal details | |
Born | |
Battles/wars | Arab Revolt in Palestine World War II 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis Six-Day War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War |
Moshe Dayan (
In the 1930s, Dayan joined the Haganah, the pre-state Jewish defense force of Mandatory Palestine. He served in the Special Night Squads under Orde Wingate during the Arab revolt in Palestine and later lost an eye to a sniper in a raid on Vichy forces in Lebanon during World War II. Dayan was close to David Ben-Gurion and joined him in leaving the Mapai party and setting up the Rafi party in 1965 with Shimon Peres. Dayan became Defence Minister just before the 1967 Six-Day War. After the Yom Kippur War of 1973, during which Dayan served as Defense Minister, he was blamed for the lack of preparedness; after some time he resigned. In 1977, following the election of Menachem Begin as Prime Minister, Dayan was expelled from the Israeli Labor Party because he joined the Likud-led government as Foreign Minister, playing an important part in negotiating the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.
Early life
Moshe Dayan was born on 20 May 1915 in
Dayan was the second child born at Degania, after Gideon Baratz (1913–1988).[3][4][5] He was named Moshe after Moshe Barsky, the first member of Degania to be killed in an Arab attack, who died getting medication for Dayan's father.[6] Soon afterward, Dayan's parents moved to Nahalal, the first moshav, or farming cooperative, to be established. Dayan attended the agricultural school there.[citation needed]
Dayan was a
.Military
At the age of 14, Dayan joined the Jewish defence force
Dayan was assigned to a small Australian-led reconnaissance task force, which also included fellow
Eye patch
On 7 June 1941, the night before the invasion of the
Letters from this time revealed that despite losing his left eye and suffering serious injuries to the area where the eye was located, Dayan still pleaded with Wilson to be reenlisted in combat.[11] He also underwent eye surgery in 1947 at a hospital in Paris, which proved to be unsuccessful.[11]
In the years immediately following, the disability caused him some psychological pain.[12] Dayan wrote in his autobiography: "I reflected with considerable misgivings on my future as a cripple without a skill, trade, or profession to provide for my family." He added that he was "ready to make any effort and stand any suffering, if only I could get rid of my black eyepatch. The attention it drew was intolerable to me. I preferred to shut myself up at home, doing anything, rather than encounter the reactions of people wherever I went."[13]
Military career
In 1947, Dayan was appointed to the Haganah General Staff working on Arab affairs, in particular recruiting agents to gain information about irregular Arab forces in Palestine.[14] On 14 April 1948, his brother, Zorik, was killed in fighting. On 22 April, Dayan was put in charge of abandoned Arab property in newly conquered Haifa. To put a stop to the out-of-control looting, he ordered that anything that could be used by the army be stored in Haganah warehouses and the rest be distributed amongst Jewish agricultural settlements.[15] On 18 May, Dayan was given command of the Jordan Valley sector. In a nine-hour battle, his troops stopped the Syrian advance south of the Sea of Galilee.[16]
89th Battalion
In June, he became the first commander of the
Jerusalem
On 23 July 1948, on David Ben-Gurion's insistence over General Staff opposition, Dayan was appointed military commander of Jewish-controlled areas of Jerusalem.[19] In this post, he launched two military offensives. Both were night-time operations and both failed. On 17 August, he sent two companies to attempt to occupy the hillsides around Government House, but they retreated suffering casualties.[20] On the night of 20 October 1948, to coincide with the end of Operation Yoav further south, Operation Wine Press was launched. Its objective was to capture Bethlehem via Beit Jala. Six companies set out but were pinned down by machine-gun fire in the wadi below Beit Jala and were forced to withdraw.[21]
Following the 17 September 1948 assassination of Count
On 20 October 1948, Dayan commanded the 800-strong
In the autumn of 1948, he was involved in negotiations with
Southern Command
On 25 October 1949, he was promoted to major general and appointed commander of the Southern Command. Most of the staff officers resigned in protest of his replacement of
During 1950, Dayan also developed a policy of punitive cross-border reprisal raids in response to fedayeen attacks on Israelis. IDF squads were sent into the Gaza Strip to lay mines.[36] The first retaliation raid on a village occurred 20 March 1950 when six Arabs were killed at Khirbet Jamrura.[37] On 18 June 1950, Dayan explained his thinking to the Mapai faction in the Knesset:
[Retaliation is] the only method that [has] proved effective, not justified or moral but effective, when Arabs plants mines on our side. If we try to search for that Arab, it has no value. But if we harass the nearby village... then the population there comes out against the [infiltrators]... and the Egyptian Government and the Transjordanian government are [driven] to prevent such incidents, because their prestige is [at stake], as the Jews have opened fire, and they are unready to begin a war... The method of collective punishment so far has proved effective... There are no other effective methods.[38]
In 1950, Moshe Dayan also ordered the Israeli army in 1950 to destroy the Shrine of Husayn's Head, more than a year after hostilities ended. It is thought that the demolition was related to Dayan's efforts to expel the remaining Palestinian Arabs from the region.[39]
On 8 March 1951, 18 were killed at
At the end of 1951, Dayan attended a course at the British Army's Senior Officers' School in Devizes, England. In May 1952, he was appointed operational commander of the Northern Command.[43]
Chief of Staff
The year 1952 was a time of economic crisis for the new state. Faced with demands of a 20% cut in budget and the discharge of 6,000 IDF members, Yigael Yadin resigned as chief of staff in November 1952, and was replaced by Mordechai Maklef. In December 1952, Dayan was promoted to chief of the Operations (G) Branch, the second most senior General Staff post.[44] One of Dayan's actions in this post was to commence work on the canal diverting water from the River Jordan, September 1953.[45]
During 1953, Prime Minister and Defence Minister David Ben-Gurion began to make preparations for his retirement. His choice for defence minister was Pinhas Lavon, who became acting MoD in the autumn of 1953. Lavon and Maklef were unable to work together and Maklef resigned. Dayan was immediately appointed CoS on 7 December 1953.[46] This appointment was Ben-Gurion's last act as prime minister before his replacement by acting Prime Minister Moshe Sharett.
On taking command, based on Ben-Gurion's three-year defence programme, Dayan carried out a major reorganisation of the Israeli army, which, among others, included:[47]
- Strengthened combat units at the expense of the administrative "tail".
- Raising the Intelligence and Training Branches of the Israeli Army.
- Surrendering the activities of stores and procurement to the civilian Defence Ministry.
- Revamping the mobilisation scheme and ensuring earmarking for adequate equipment.
- Starting a military academy for officers of the rank of major and above.
- Emphasised strike forces (Air Force, Armour) and on training of commando battalions.
- Developed GADNA, a youth wing for military training.
In May 1955, Dayan attended a meeting convened by Ben-Gurion. Ben-Gurion raised the issue of a possible invasion of Iraq into Syria, and how this could be used to bring about change in Lebanon. Dayan proposed that:
All that is required is to find an officer, even a captain would do, to win his heart or buy him with money to get him to agree to declare himself the savior of the Maronite population. Then the Israeli army will enter Lebanon, occupy the necessary territory, and create a Christian regime that will ally itself with Israel. The territory from the Litani southward will be totally annexed to Israel, and everything will fall into place.[48]
Prime Minister Moshe Sharett, shocked by the officers' indifference to neighbouring Lebanon, turned down the plan as divorced from reality.
Cross-border operations
In July 1953, whilst on the General staff, Dayan was party to the setting up of Unit 101, which was to specialise in night-time cross-border retaliation raids.[49] He was initially opposed to setting up such a group because he argued it would undermine his attempts to prepare the IDF for an offensive war.[50] Unit 101's first official operation was to attack, on 28 August 1953, the Bureij Refugee Camp, during which they killed 20 refugees and suffered 2 wounded.[51]
By October 1953, Dayan was closely involved with 101. He was one of the main architects of the
Dayan had a difficult relationship with MoD Lavon. There were issues over spending priorities and over Lavon's dealings with senior IDF members behind Dayan's back. This ended with Lavon's resignation over who ordered the sabotage operation in Egypt, which led to the trial of a number of Egyptian Jews, two of whom were executed.
Dayan believed in the value of punitive cross-border retaliation raids:
We cannot save each water pipe from explosion or each tree from being uprooted. We cannot prevent the murder of workers in orange groves or of families in their beds. But we can put a very high price on their blood, a price so high that it will no longer be worthwhile for the Arabs, the Arab armies, for the Arab states to pay it.[54][55]
Prime Minister Sharett was an advocate of restraint and was not as confident in the attacks' effectiveness. When seeking approval for operations, Dayan downplayed the scale of the raids to get approval. There were fewer large-scale cross-border raids in 1954.
Armaments
Between 1955 and 1956, Dayan and
By the beginning of November 1956, the Israeli army had 380 tanks.[61]
Escalation up to the Suez Crisis
Following the
On the night of 27 October 1955, an IDF battalion attacked an Egyptian army post at
A Cabinet meeting on 15 December 1955 voted against further provocations and ruled that any retaliation attacks must have full Cabinet approval.[65] The raids ceased for six months. There was one exception: On 5 April 1956, following two earlier incidents along the border with the Gaza Strip in which four Israeli soldiers were killed, the IDF shelled the centre of Gaza City with 120 mm mortars. Fifty-eight civilians were killed, including 10 children. 4 Egyptian soldiers were also killed. It is not clear whether Dayan had Ben-Gurion's approval to shell the city. Egypt responded by resuming fedayeen attacks across the border, killing 14 Israelis during the period 11–17 April.[66]
During September–October 1956, as plans began to mature for the invasion of the Sinai Peninsula, Dayan ordered a series of large-scale cross-border raids. On the night of 25 September, following a number of incidents including the machine-gunning of large gathering at Ramat Rachel in which four Israelis were killed, and the murder of a girl southwest of Jerusalem, the 890th Battalion attacked the Husan police station and nearby Arab Legion positions close to the armistice lines. Thirty-seven Legionnaires and National Guardsmen were killed as well as two civilians. Nine or ten paratroopers were killed, several in a road accident after the attack.[67]
Following the killing of two workers near
As
- "Early yesterday morning Roi was murdered. The quiet of the spring morning dazzled him and he did not see those waiting in ambush for him, at the edge of the furrow. Let us not cast the blame on the murderers today. Why should we declare their burning hatred for us? For eight years they have been sitting in the refugee camps in Gaza, and before their eyes we have been transforming the lands and the villages, where they and their fathers dwelt, into our estate. It is not among the Arabs in Gaza, but in our own midst that we must seek Roi's blood. How did we shut our eyes and refuse to look squarely at our fate, and see, in all its brutality, the destiny of our generation? Have we forgotten that this group of young people dwelling at Nahal Oz is bearing the heavy gates of Gaza on its shoulders? Beyond the furrow of the border, a sea of hatred and desire for revenge is swelling, awaiting the day when serenity will dull our path, for the day when we will heed the ambassadors of malevolent hypocrisy who call upon us to lay down our arms. Roi's blood is crying out to us and only to us from his torn body. Although we have sworn a thousandfold that our blood shall not flow in vain, yesterday again we were tempted, we listened, we believed.
- We will make our reckoning with ourselves today; we are a generation that settles the land and without the steel helmet and the cannon's maw, we will not be able to plant a tree and build a home. Let us not be deterred from seeing the loathing that is inflaming and filling the lives of the hundreds of thousands of Arabs who live around us. Let us not avert our eyes lest our arms weaken. This is the fate of our generation. This is our life's choice - to be prepared and armed, strong and determined, lest the sword be stricken from our fist and our lives cut down. The young Roi who left Tel Aviv to build his home at the gates of Gaza to be a wall for us was blinded by the light in his heart and he did not see the flash of the sword. The yearning for peace deafened his ears and he did not hear the voice of murder waiting in ambush. The gates of Gaza weighed too heavily on his shoulders and overcame him."[69]
Political career
In 1959, a year after he retired from the IDF, Dayan joined
Despite his military background, Dayan advocated for the integration of the Palestinian Arabs in an eventual One-state solution.[70][failed verification]
1967 Six-Day War
Moshe Dayan was covering the
Dayan's contention was denied by Muky Tsur, a longtime leader of the United Kibbutz Movement who said "For sure there were discussions about going up the Golan Heights or not going up the Golan Heights, but the discussions were about security for the kibbutzim in Galilee," he said. "I think that Dayan himself didn't want to go to the Golan Heights. This is something we've known for many years. But no kibbutz got any land from conquering the Golan Heights. People who went there went on their own. It's cynicism to say the kibbutzim wanted land."[72]
About Dayan's comments, Israeli ambassador to the United States Michael Oren has said[73]
There is an element of truth to Dayan's claim, but it is important to note that Israel regarded the de-militarized zones in the north as part of their sovereign territory and reserved the right to cultivate them—a right that the Syrians consistently resisted with force. Syria also worked to benefit from the Jordan river before it flowed into Israel, aiming to get use of it as a water source; Syria also actively supported Palestinian terrorist attacks against Israel. Israel occasionally exploited incidents in the de-militarized zones to strike at the Syrian water diversion project and to punish the Syrians for their support of terror. Dayan's remarks must also be taken in context of the fact that he was a member of the opposition at the time. His attitude toward the Syrians changed dramatically once he became defense minister. Indeed, on June 8, 1967, Dayan bypassed both the Prime Minister and the Chief of staff in ordering the Israeli army to attack and capture the Golan.
USS Liberty incident
During the
Many Liberty survivors and their supporters maintain that Dayan personally ordered the attack, and this is supported by a
One of the prevailing theories for the motivation for the attack is that the Israelis wished to keep secret their pending invasion of the Golan Heights, and they feared that the signals intelligence collection ship might have collected intelligence about the pending invasion.[82][83][84][85]
1973 Yom Kippur War
After Golda Meir became prime minister in 1969 following the death of Levi Eshkol, Dayan remained defense minister.
He was still in that post when the Yom Kippur War began catastrophically for Israel on 6 October 1973. As the highest-ranking official responsible for military planning, Dayan may bear part of the responsibility for the Israeli leadership having missed the signs for the upcoming war.[86] In the hours preceding the war, Dayan chose not to order a full mobilization or a preemptive strike against the Egyptians and Syrians.[86] He assumed that Israel would be able to win easily even if the Arabs attacked and, more importantly, did not want Israel to appear as the aggressor, as it would have undoubtedly cost it the invaluable support of the United States (who would later mount a massive airlift to rearm Israel).
Following the heavy defeats of the first two days, Dayan's views changed radically; he was close to announcing 'the downfall of the "
Dayan suggested options at the beginning of the war, including a plan to withdraw to the Mitleh Mountains in Sinai and a complete withdrawal from the Golan Heights to carry the battle over the Jordan, abandoning the core strategic principles of
Foreign Minister
According to those who knew him, the war deeply depressed Dayan. He went into political eclipse for a time. In 1977, despite having been
Family
Ruth Dayan, his first wife, divorced Moshe in 1971 after 36 years of marriage due to his numerous extramarital affairs. In the Israeli best-selling book that followed the divorce, Or Did I Dream the Dream?, Ruth Dayan wrote a chapter about "Moshe's bad taste in women".[87] In 1973, two years after the divorce, Dayan married Rachel Korem in a simple ceremony performed by Rabbi Mordechai Piron, IDF chief chaplain, at the Pirons' home. The wedding was not announced in advance and Piron had to recruit neighbors to complete a minyan (the 10-man quorum required for a religious ceremony). Dayan humorously told well-wishers that he had no trouble getting a marriage license. "She is divorced and I am divorced. I am no Cohen (priest) and no mamzer (bastard) so there was no trouble." Neither Dayan's daughter and two sons nor Korem's two daughters attended.[88] When he died, Dayan left almost his entire estate to his second wife, Rachel. [citation needed]
Moshe's and Ruth's daughter,
Death and legacy
The
Dayan was a complex character; his opinions were never strictly black and white. He had few close friends; his mental brilliance and charismatic manner were combined with cynicism and lack of restraint. Ariel Sharon noted about Dayan:
He would wake up with a hundred ideas. Of them ninety-five were dangerous; three more had to be rejected; the remaining two, however, were brilliant.
He had courage amounting to insanity, as well as displays of a lack of responsibility. I would not say the same about his civil courage. Once Ben Gurion had asked me—what do I think of the decision to appoint Dayan as the Minister of Agriculture in his government. I said that it is important that Dayan sits in every government because of his brilliant mind—but never as prime minister. Ben Gurion asked: "why not as prime minister?". I replied then: "because he does not accept responsibility".[95]
In 1969, during an address to the students at Technion University in Haifa, Dayan regretted the fact that students are unfamiliar with the Arab villages that once inhabited the land:[96] "We came to this country which was already populated by Arabs, and we are establishing... a Jewish state here. In considerable areas of the country we bought the lands from the Arabs. Jewish villages were built in the place of Arab villages. You do not even know the names of these Arab villages, and I do not blame you, because these geography books no longer exist; not only do the books not exist, the Arab villages are not there either. Nahalal arose in the place of Mahalul, Gevat - in the place of Jibta, Sarid - in the place of Haneifs and Kefar Yehoshua - in the place of Tell Shaman. There is no one place built in this country that did not have a former Arab population."[97]
Dayan combined a
Dayan was an author and described himself as an amateur
American science-fiction writer Poul Anderson published his novel Ensign Flandry at the time when Moshe Dayan's international renown and admiration for him in Israel were at their highest. The far-future Galactic Empire described in the book includes a planet called "Dayan", inhabited by Jews.
Awards and decorations
War of Independence Ribbon |
Operation Kadesh Ribbon
|
Legion of Honour (Grand Officer)
|
Published works
- Diary of the Sinai Campaign, 1967 (paperback reprint: ISBN 978-0-306-80451-9)
- Living with the Bible: A Warrior's Relationship with the Land of His Forebears, Steimatzky's Agency Ltd, 1978, ASIN B0021OXHOO1978
- Story of My Life, ISBN 978-0-688-03076-6
- Breakthrough: A Personal Account of the Egypt-Israel Peace Negotiations, ISBN 978-0-394-51225-9
- Mapah Hadasha -- Yehassim Acherim (A New Map -- A Different Relationship), 1968/1969.
References
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Even atheist and socialist Israelis like David Ben-Gurion, Moshe Dayan, and Golda Meir were marked by the stories and legends of King David and the prophets. In other words, their lives had been shaped by Hebron.
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Ben-Gurion and Moshe Dayan were self-proclaimed atheists.
- ISBN 0-7043-1080-5. Pages 124–36.
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- ^ Story of My Life, pages 88, 89. Moshe Montag received me courteously but with little enthusiasm.
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- ISBN 0-19-827850-0. Page 130. February – July 1950: 26 in Israel, 11 in no-man's-land, 23 on Jordanian side of the border.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars, Page 126. "Every stranger found ... will be shot without interrogation." 4 June 1949.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars, Page 191. possibly due to pilots having fun, "more likely" authorized by Dayan.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars. UNTSO estimated 4,000, another over 6,000. Teddy Kollek has 2–3,000.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars, 109.
- ^ Teveth. Page 213. "1950 was an uneventful year."
- ^ Morris, Border Wars, Pages 157, 158. From a prison camp at Qatra
- ^ Morris, Border Wars, Page 197. Page 133 lists 7 incidents around Kibbutz Erez, January – June 1950, in which 13 Arabs were killed.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars. Page 189.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars. Page 177.
- ^ Talmon-Heller, Kedar & Reiter 2016.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars. Pages 190, 201/2, 203.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars. Pages 193–194
- ^ "עמותת סיירת שקד 424 - סיירת שקד". Archived from the original on 14 July 2006.
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- ^ Teveth. Pages 225, 226.
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- ^ Teveth, Ben-Gurion's Spy. Page 66.
- ^ Lau-Levie, Moshe Dayan – A Biography, pg 38.
- ^ [1] Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall, quoted by CafeTelAviv
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- ^ Morris Border Wars. Page 424.
- ^ Morris Border Wars. Pages 293–323.
- ^ Morris Border Wars. Pages 324 – 327.
- ^ Morris, Border wars. Page 350.
- ISBN 0-85045-837-4. Page 10
- ^ a b Morris, Border Wars. Pages 283, 284.
- ^ Morris Border Wars. Page 279.
- ^ Morris Border Wars. Page 359.
- ^ Morris Border Wars. Page 360.
- ^ Morris Border Wars.Pages 280–282.
- ^ Morris Border Wars. Page 371, 393-396.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars. Page 396.
- ^ Morris, Border Wars. Pages 397–399. "brigade-sized assault by paratroops with armour and artillery support".
- ^ "Moshe Dayan's Eulogy for Roi Rutenberg - April 19, 1956". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- NY Times. 28 October 1979. Archived from the originalon 25 January 2023.
- ^ Video: Cease-Fire. Uneasy Truce In Mid-East, 1967/06/13 (1967). Universal Newsreel. 1960. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ "General's Words Shed a New Light on the Golan". The New York Times. 12 January 2000.
- ^ 5 Jun. 2007 Q&A with Michael Oren
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- ^ "USS Liberty Lawsuit Reveals US Gov't. Withholding Hundreds of Pages about Deadly 1967 Israeli Attack (Guest Post)". 8 August 2021.
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- ^ "Commentary—Remember the Liberty | Proceedings - June 2017 Vol. 143/6/1,372".
- ^ https://www.wrmea.org/2005-august/washingtons-fateful-cover-up-of-israels-attack-on-the-uss-liberty.html
- ^ "USS Liberty: CIA Report "Dayan Personally Ordered the Attack"". July 2017.
- ^ "Remember the USS Liberty? The US and Israel wish you didn't". 4 June 2014.
- ISBN 9780394505121.
- ^ "Israel's Assault on the USS Liberty".
- ^ "Fauquier man seeks truth of attack on USS Liberty 50 years ago". 10 May 2017.
- ^ https://www.usslibertyveterans.org/files/documentcenter/USS%20Liberty%20Document%20Center/usslibertydocumentcenter.org/doc/upload/MOSHE%20DAYAN%20AND%20THE%20ATTACK%20ON%20THE%20UNITED%20STATES%20SHIP5.pdf
- ^ a b Blum, H: The Eve of Destruction, Harper Collins Publishers, 2003
- ^ "ISRAEL: Life with Moshe". Time. 26 February 1973. Archived from the original on 14 April 2008.
- ^ JTA, 6/28/1973 Dayan Surprise Wedding Neighbors Recruited
- ISBN 978-0-297-78922-2
- Ha'aretz, 17 November 2009
- ^ Anchorage Daily News: 26 May 1982. "Dayan denounced by eldest son".
- ^ "Son dismisses father's talents" The New York Times, 28 May 1982
- ^ "Rebbe", Telushkin, Joseph. HarperCollins 2014, p. 135
- ^ "Moshe Dayan's eye patch on sale". BBC News. 25 July 2005.
- ^ Landau, E. (6 September 2002). "Libya is becoming the first country to attain weapons of mass destruction". Tel Aviv, pp. 45–51
- ^ נוימן, בעז (1 October 2001). "משה דיין, הכיבוש הנאור והתודעה". פנים - תרבות חברה וחינוך. 18.
- ISBN 9780099967804.
- ^ "Israel caught in a trap of its own making". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 26 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
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- ^ "PDF" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
Sources
- Talmon-Heller, Daniella; ISSN 1613-0928.
Further reading
- Bar-On, Mordechai. Moshe Dayan: Israel's Controversial Hero (Yale University Press; 2012) 247 pages
- Lau-Lavie, Napthali. Moshe Dayan – A Biography, ISBN 978-0-396-05976-9
External links
- Interview with Moshe Dayan in 1972
- David Ben-Gurion Letter on Moshe Dayan's Appointment as Minister of Defense Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- Moshe Dayan on the Knesset website
- "A Very General Archaeologist – Moshe Dayan and Israeli Archaeology" by Raz Kletter, Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Canada, 2003, 4.5