Motility

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Cell division. All cells can be considered motile for having the ability to divide into two new daughter cells.[1]

Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.

Definitions

Motility, the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy,[2][3] can be contrasted with sessility, the state of organisms that do not possess a means of self-locomotion and are normally immobile. Motility differs from mobility, the ability of an object to be moved. The term vagility encompasses both motility and mobility; sessile organisms including plants and fungi often have vagile parts such as fruits, seeds, or spores which may be dispersed by other agents such as wind, water, or other organisms.[4]

Motility is

genetically determined,[5] but may be affected by environmental factors such as toxins. The nervous system and musculoskeletal system provide the majority of mammalian motility.[6][7][8]

In addition to

parasitic organisms are called free-living.[12]

Motility includes an organism's ability to move food through its digestive tract. There are two types of intestinal motility – peristalsis and segmentation.[13] This motility is brought about by the contraction of smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract which mix the luminal contents with various secretions (segmentation) and move contents through the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus (peristalsis).[14]

Cellular level

Eukaryotic cytoskeletons induce cells to move through liquid and over surfaces, divide into new cells, and the cytoskeleton guides the transport of organelles within the cell. This video captures stained cytoskeletons from the cross section of a leaf of Arabidopsis thaliana.[15]

At the cellular level, different modes of movement exist:

Many cells are not motile, for example Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella, or under specific circumstances such as Yersinia pestis at 37 °C.[citation needed]

Movements

Events perceived as movements can be directed:

  • along a chemical gradient (see chemotaxis)
  • along a temperature gradient (see thermotaxis)
  • along a light gradient (see phototaxis)
  • along a magnetic field line (see magnetotaxis)
  • along an electric field (see
    galvanotaxis
    )
  • along the direction of the gravitational force (see gravitaxis)
  • along a rigidity gradient (see durotaxis)
  • along a gradient of cell adhesion sites (see haptotaxis)
  • along other cells or biopolymers

See also

References

  1. . Division of the cytoplasm, known as cytokinesis, follows telophase. During division, cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts become distributed evenly between the cells. In animal cells, division is by in-tucking of the plasma membrane at the equator of the spindle, 'pinching' the cytoplasm in half (Figure 3.15). In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus forms vesicles of new cell wall materials which collect along the line of the equator of the spindle, known as the cell plate. Here, the vesicles coalesce forming the new plasma membranes and cell walls between the two cells (Figure 3.17).
  2. ^ "Motility" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  3. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". "capacity of movement," 1827, from French motilité (1827), from Latin mot-, stem of movere "to move" (see move (v.)).
  4. ^ "Botanical Nerd Word: Vagile". torontobotanicalgarden.ca/. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  5. . During development, any change in cell shape is preceded by a change in gene activity. The cell's origin and environment that determine which transcription factors are active within a cell, and, hence, which genes are turned on, and which proteins are produced.
  6. .
  7. .
  8. .
  9. .
  10. . We encourage the continued development and refinement of devices for monitoring the activity and energetics of free-swimming fish
  11. PMID 4145757. Acoustic telemetry was used to monitor ambient water temperature and tissue temperature in free-swimming bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus Linneaus [sic
    ], 1758) over periods ranging from a few hours to several days.
  12. ^ "About Parasites". Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved 29 September 2020. Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic in nature.
  13. ^ -overview Intestinal Motility Disorders at eMedicine
  14. ^ Wildmarier, Eric P.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2016). Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function (14th ed). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. p. 528.
  15. . For cells to function properly, they must organize themselves in space and interact mechanically with their environment... Eucaryotic cells have developed... the cytoskeleton... pulls the chromosomes apart at mitosis and then splits the dividing cell into two... drives and guides intracellular traffic of organelles... enables cells such as sperm to swim and others, such as fibroblasts and white blood cells, to crawl across surfaces. It exhibits wide range of movement
  16. .
  17. .
  18. .
  19. . Skeletal muscle is the type of muscle you use to move, e.g. the bicep and triceps move the lower arm. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Ligaments attach bones to other bones, to hold them together. Skeletal muscles contract and relax to move bones at a joint.
  20. . The muscle mass is not just concerned with locomotion. It assists in the circulation of blood and protects and confines the visceral organs. It also provides the main shaping component of the human form.