Mount Agung
Mount Agung | |
---|---|
Ultra Ribu | |
Coordinates | 8°20′27″S 115°30′12″E / 8.34083°S 115.50333°E[1] |
Naming | |
Native name | ᬕᬦ ᬆᬕ (Balinese) |
English translation | Paramount, The Great Mountain |
Geography | |
Geology | |
Mountain type | Stratovolcano |
Last eruption | 2019[3] |
Climbing | |
Easiest route | Besakih Temple |
Mount Agung (Indonesian: Gunung Agung; Balinese: ᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂᬅᬕᬸᬂ) is an active volcano in Bali, Indonesia, southeast of Mount Batur volcano, also in Bali.[4] It is the highest point on Bali, and dominates the surrounding area, influencing the climate, especially rainfall patterns. From a distance, the mountain appears to be perfectly conical. From the peak of the mountain, it is possible to see the peak of Mount Rinjani on the nearby island of Lombok, to the east, although both mountains are frequently covered in clouds. Agung is a stratovolcano, with a large and deep crater. Its most recent eruptions occurred from 2017–2019.[3]
History of eruptions
1843 eruption
Agung erupted in 1843,[5] as recorded in a report by Heinrich Zollinger:
"After having been dormant for a long time, this year the mountain began to be alive again. In the first days of the activity earthquake shocks were felt after which followed the emission of ash, sand and stones."[6]
1963–64 eruption
The eruption of 1963 was one of the largest and most devastating eruptions in Indonesia's history.
On February 18, 1963, local residents heard loud explosions and saw clouds rising from the crater of Mount Agung. On February 24,
The lava flows missed, sometimes by mere metres, the
During the eruptions and earthquakes, the wreck of the US transport ship, USAT Liberty, which had been grounded at nearby Tulamben during World War II after being torpedoed by a Japanese submarine, slipped off the beach and settled totally underwater.
Andesite was the dominant lava type with some samples mafic enough to be classified as basaltic andesite.[11] The eruption had global effects on temperatures.[12] [13]
2017–2019 seismic activity and eruption
In late 2017, the area experienced 844 volcanic earthquakes, peaking at 300 to 400 earthquakes on 26 September. The frequency and intensity of these quakes caused much alarm among seismologists, as similar volcanoes have historically been known to erupt with even fewer warning signs.
Evacuees gathered in sports halls and other community buildings around
On 21 November, activity increased once again. A
Australia's Bureau of Meteorology reported on 27 November that ash from the eruption had been observed at an altitude of 9,144 m.[25] By the beginning of December, the eruption reduced to minor emissions of steam and smoke. On 12 December, a picture of the crater was taken showing a steadily growing lava dome occupying approximately one third of the crater.[26]
In June 2018, Agung erupted with 2 km high plumes interrupting air traffic. On 3 July, a
Religious beliefs
See also
- List of Southeast Asian mountains
- List of ultras of the Malay Archipelago
- List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
- List of volcanoes in Indonesia
- Pura Besakih, a temple complex on Mount Agung
Notes
- ^ a b c "Mountains of the Indonesian Archipelago". Peaklist.org. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ "Parwata Agung, Indonesia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ a b "Agung". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
- PMID 30002471.
- ^ Anwari Dilmy (October 1965). "Pioneer Plants Found One Year After the 1963 Eruption of Agung in Bali" (PDF). Pacific Science, Vol. XIX. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ John Seach. "Agung Volcano". Volcano Live. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ "Geology of Mt. Agung". Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi – VSI. Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
- ^ a b Pichayada Promchertchoo (3 October 2017). "Once tremors detected, Bali volcano can erupt within hours: Volcanologist". CNA. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^
Zen, M. T.; Hadikusumo, Djajadi (December 1964). "Preliminary report on the 1963 eruption of Mt.Agung in Bali (Indonesia)". Bulletin Volcanologique. 27 (1). The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System: 269–299. S2CID 128691551.
- S2CID 134991685.
- ^ Self, S., and M.R. Rampino, 2012: The 1963–1964 eruption of Agung volcano (Bali, Indonesia). Bull. Vulcanol., 74, 1521–1536
- ISSN 1680-7316.
- ISSN 1680-7316.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
- ^ "Indonesian official: More than 120,000 flee Bali volcano". Fox News. 28 September 2017.
- ^ "Thousands evacuated as Bali volcano sparks fear". The Australian. 24 September 2017.
- ^ "Mount Agung: facts about Bali's imminent volcano eruption". UbudHood. September 23, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
- ^ "Volcano Observatory Notice For Aviation: Agung 20171121/0939Z". MAGMA Indonesia. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ "Bali's Mount Agung volcano erupts". BBC News. 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ a b "Gunung Agung volcano (Bali, Indonesia): eruption has begun". Volcano Discovery. 2017-11-25. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
- ^ "'Get out now' 100,000 people told as Bali volcano continues to spew ash". Metro. 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
- ^ Saifulbahri Ismail (27 Nov 2017). "Mount Agung eruption: Bali airport closed, flights cancelled". CNA. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ "Locals Watch As Lahars From Mount Agung Sweep Away Rice Fields". VIVA Indonesia (in Indonesian). 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
- ^ "Mount Agung: Bali volcano alert raised to highest level". BBC News. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ "Volcanic ash update for Mount Agung". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
- ^ "Agung volcano news & activity updates". Volcano Discovery. 2017-12-13.
- ^ "700 flee 'thunderous' explosions and lava as Mount Agung erupts again". ABC News. ABC News. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- ^ "Mount Agung: Flights resume after Bali volcano disruption". BBC News. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- ^ Pringle, pp. 4, 63
References
- Pringle, Robert (2004). A Short History of Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm. Short History of Asia Series. ISBN 1865088633.
External links
- "Agung". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- Agung on Volcano World
- Mount Agung travel guide from Wikivoyage
- "Gunung Agung, Indonesia" on Peakbagger
- A 5000-year record of multiple highly explosive mafic eruptions from Gunung Agung (Bali, Indonesia): implications for eruption frequency and volcanic hazards