Mount Berlin
Mount Berlin | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Elevation | 3,478 m (11,411 ft) |
Coordinates | 76°03′18″S 135°49′30″W / 76.055°S 135.825°W[1] |
Geography | |
Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica | |
Geology | |
BCE |
Mount Berlin is a
The volcano began erupting during the
Geography and geomorphology
Mount Berlin lies in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica,[3] 100 kilometres (62 mi) inland[4] from the Hobbs Coast of the Amundsen Sea.[5] The volcano was studied during field trips in December 1940, November 1967, November–December 1977[6] and 1994–1995.[7] It is named after Leonard M. Berlin, who led the 1940 research visit to the mountain.[6]
Mount Berlin reaches a height of 3,478 metres (11,411 ft) above sea level,
The volcano is covered by
Geology
The
Activity in the Marie Byrd Land Volcanic Province began during the middle
The volcanic province is related to the
Local deposits
Two[16] pyroclastic fallout deposits crop out in the crater rim, reaching thicknesses of 150 metres (490 ft). Other outcrops of fallout deposits occur at Merrem Peak.[15] The Mount Berlin deposits reach thicknesses of more than 70 metres (230 ft) close to the crater, diminishing to 1 metre (3 ft) at Merrem Peak. They were formed by pyroclastic fallout during eruptions, which mantled the topography. As eruption characteristics changed, these processes generated distinct deposits. Tuff deposits containing lapilli and volcanic ash-rich pyroclastic deposits in the crater rim were erupted during hydromagmatic events.[25]
Some lava flows feature
Composition
Most volcanic rocks of Mount Berlin define a trachyte suite, which features both comendite and pantellerite. Phonolite is less common.[25] Mafic rocks have been reported from flank vents,[41] basanite and hawaiite from Mefford Knoll,[15] benmoreite from the southeastern flank[19] at Wedemeyer Rocks,[10] phonotephrite from Brandenberger Bluff,[39] and mugearite without any particular locality.[1]
The magma erupted from Mount Berlin appears to have originated in the form of discrete small batches[45] rather than in one large magma chamber.[24] The composition of volcanic rocks varied between eruptions[25] and probably also during different phases of the same eruption.[46] Phonolite was erupted early during volcanic evolution and followed by trachyte during the Quaternary.[47] A long-term trend in iron and sulfur of the tephras may indicate a tendency towards more primitive magma[c] compositions.[49]
Eruption history
Mount Berlin was active from the Pliocene into the Holocene.[1] The oldest parts are found at Wedemeyer Rocks[10] and Brandenberger Bluff and are 2.7 million years old. Activity then took place at Merrem Peak between 571,000 and 141,000 years ago; during this phase eruptions also occurred on the flanks of Mount Berlin. After 25,500 years ago activity shifted to Mount Berlin proper[19] and the volcano grew by more than 400 metres (1,300 ft).[44] Over time, volcanic activity on Mount Berlin has moved in a south-southeast direction.[39]
Eruptions of Berlin include both
The eruption history of Mount Berlin is recorded in outcrops on the volcano, in a
Chronology
Among eruptions recorded at Mount Berlin are:
- 492,400±9,700 years ago, recorded at Mount Moulton.[19] A 443,000±52,000 years old lava at Merrem Peak may correlate to this eruption.[58]
- Tephras in the Vostok Station ice cores of East Antarctica deposited 406,000 years ago may have came from Mount Berlin.[71]
- Potassium-argon dating there and at Kraut Rocks has yielded ages of 630,000±30,000 and 620,000±50,000 years, respectively.[10]
- 141,600±7,500 years ago, recorded at Mount Moulton.[19] It may correspond to a 141,400±5,400 years old deposit at Merrem Peak.[58] A 141,700-year-old tephra layer at Vostok has been related to this Mount Moulton tephra.[50]
- The Marine Tephra B, which has been identified in marine marine isotope stages 6 and 5.[72]
- 118,700±2,500 years ago, recorded at Mount Moulton[19] and potentially also at Talos Dome.[73] Correlated deposits at Siple Ice Dome indicate that this eruption was intense and deposited tephra over large areas.[46]
- 106,300±2,400 years ago, recorded at Mount Moulton.[19]
- 92,500±2,000 and 92,200±900 years ago, as dated by argon-argon dating of its deposits around Mount Berlin.trachytic tephra layer indicates that it was produced during an intense, multiphase eruption[74] which may have led to compositional differences between deposits emplaced close and these emplaced far from the volcano.[59] Deposits from this eruption have also been found in the Amundsen Sea, the Bellingshausen Sea,[76] at a Vostok ice core and in marine sediments of the continental margin of West Antarctica ("tephra A"[77][78]).[56]
- A 28,500-year-old tephra layer at Mount Erebus and in two ice cores of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.[79]
- 27,300±2,300 years ago, recorded at Mount Moulton.[19]
- Ages of 25,500±2,000 years ago have been obtained from two lower welded pyroclastic units[38] that crop out within Mount Berlin crater.[44]
- Unwelded obsidian fallout units that crop out in Mount Berlin crater have been dated to be 18,200±5,800 years old.[38]
- 14,500±3,800 years ago, recorded at Mount Moulton.[19]
- A lava flow and tephra layers found both close to and away from Mount Berlin appear to have been produced during an extended eruption about 10,500±2,500 years ago.[80]
- 9,718 lava flow on Mount Berlin and tephras at Mount Moulton have a similar composition though no exact match has been found.[82]
Several tephra layers between 18,100 and 55,400 years old, found in Siple Dome ice cores, resemble those of Mount Berlin,
Last eruption and present-day activity
The date of the last eruption of Mount Berlin is unclear[87] but the Global Volcanism Program gives a date of 10,300±5,300 BP.[88] Because of its Holocene activity,[89] the volcano is considered active[90] and several volcano tectonic earthquakes have been recorded on Mount Berlin.[91]
Mount Berlin is
See also
- Berlin Crevasse Field
- List of volcanoes in Antarctica
Notes
- ^ Tephra are volcanic rocks formed from fragments generated during explosive eruptions.[2]
- ^ Which reaches an elevation of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) here[13] and piles up against the volcano, resulting in a 800 metres (2,600 ft) height difference between the northern and southern flanks of Mount Berlin.[14]
- ^ Primitive magmas are magmas that haven't undergone significant differentiation, e.g through the interaction with the crust, yet.[48]
- ^ A process facilitated by the low height of the tropopause over Antarctica.[52]
- ^ At Mount Moulton about 40 tephra layers linked to Mount Berlin have been identified[7] although some of these tephra layers may have been erupted by Mount Moulton.[41] Not all of these tephra layers correspond to known eruption deposits on Mount Berlin,[38] perhaps due to burial beneath younger eruptions; and not all eruptions of Mount Berlin are recorded at Mount Moulton, perhaps due to erosion by wind or due to winds transporting tephra elsewhere.[58]
- ^ Some of the tephra layers in the Byrd Station ice core were originally interpreted as being products of Mount Takahe.[60]
- anthropogenic global warming, as it has been hypothesised that this ice sheet collapsed during the marine isotope stage 5 interglacial; finding ice older than this in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet would falsify the hypothesis.[67]
References
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- ^ Hargitai & Kereszturi 2015, Tephra.
- ^ a b c Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1564.
- ^ a b Lemasurier & Rocchi 2005, p. 57.
- ^ LeMasurier et al. 2003, p. 1057.
- ^ a b c LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 233.
- ^ a b Dunbar & Kurbatov 2011, p. 1605.
- ^ a b c d Dunbar, McIntosh & Esser 2008, p. 797.
- ^ a b c d LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 229.
- ^ a b c d e f g LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 226.
- ^ Wilch, McIntosh & Panter 2021, p. 522.
- ^ Dunbar, McIntosh & Esser 2008, p. 796.
- ^ LeMasurier et al. 2003, p. 1060.
- ^ Swithinbank 1988, p. 127.
- ^ a b c d Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1567.
- ^ a b Dunbar et al. 2021, p. 761.
- ^ a b González-Ferrán & González-Bonorino 1972, p. 261.
- ^ a b Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1575.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1570.
- ^ Global Volcanism Program, Photo Gallery.
- ^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 4.
- ^ Lemasurier & Rocchi 2005, p. 59.
- ^ Smellie 2021, p. 34.
- ^ a b Dunbar, McIntosh & Esser 2008, p. 809.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1566.
- ^ a b Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1568.
- ^ a b LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 232.
- ^ Smellie 2021, p. 32.
- ^ Narcisi, Robert Petit & Tiepolo 2006, pp. 2684–2685.
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- ^ LeMasurier & Rex 1989, p. 7229.
- ^ LeMasurier & Rex 1989, p. 7225.
- ^ a b Narcisi, Robert Petit & Tiepolo 2006, p. 2684-2685.
- ^ a b c Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1565.
- ^ LeMasurier & Rex 1989, p. 7223.
- ^ LeMasurier & Rex 1989, p. 7224.
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- ^ a b c d e Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1572.
- ^ a b c d Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1569.
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- ^ a b Dunbar, McIntosh & Esser 2008, p. 808.
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- ^ Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, pp. 1565–1566.
- ^ a b c Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1571.
- ^ Dunbar, McIntosh & Esser 2008, p. 810.
- ^ a b Dunbar & Kurbatov 2011, p. 1611.
- ^ LeMasurier et al. 2011, p. 1178.
- ^ Schmincke 2004, p. 29.
- ^ a b Iverson et al. 2016, p. 1.
- ^ a b Hillenbrand et al. 2008, p. 533.
- ^ Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1576.
- ^ Hillenbrand et al. 2008, p. 519.
- ^ a b Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1577.
- ^ Dunbar et al. 2021, p. 780.
- ^ Dunbar et al. 2021, p. 779.
- ^ a b Dunbar & Kurbatov 2011, p. 1612.
- ^ Narcisi, Proposito & Frezzotti 2001, p. 179.
- ^ a b c Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1573.
- ^ a b c d Narcisi, Robert Petit & Tiepolo 2006, p. 2685.
- ^ Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, pp. 1577–1578.
- ^ Dunbar et al. 2021, p. 760.
- ^ Narcisi et al. 2016, p. 71.
- ^ Dunbar & Kurbatov 2011, p. 1604.
- ^ Dunbar et al. 2021, p. 776.
- ^ Narcisi, Robert Petit & Tiepolo 2006, p. 2682.
- ^ Kurbatov et al. 2006, p. 1.
- ^ Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1563.
- ^ Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1578.
- ^ Wilch, McIntosh & Dunbar 1999, p. 1579.
- ^ Borunda et al. 2014, p. 1.
- ^ Narcisi & Petit 2021, p. 651.
- ^ Hillenbrand et al. 2021, p. 4.
- ^ Narcisi et al. 2016, p. 74.
- ^ a b Narcisi, Robert Petit & Tiepolo 2006, p. 2683.
- ^ Narcisi & Petit 2021, p. 659.
- ^ Iverson et al. 2017, p. 3.
- ^ Hillenbrand et al. 2008, p. 535.
- ^ a b Di Roberto, Del Carlo & Pompilio 2021, p. 641.
- ^ Narcisi & Petit 2021, p. 660.
- ^ Dunbar & Kurbatov 2011, p. 1610.
- ^ a b Kurbatov et al. 2006, p. 9.
- ^ a b Kurbatov et al. 2006, p. 14.
- ^ Dunbar & Kurbatov 2011, p. 1609.
- ^ Hillenbrand et al. 2008, p. 538.
- ^ Narcisi et al. 2012, p. 53.
- ^ Narcisi et al. 2012, p. 56.
- ^ a b Splettstoesser & Dreschhoff 1990, p. 120.
- ^ Global Volcanism Program, Eruptive history.
- ^ Dunbar et al. 2021, p. 759.
- ^ Kyle 1994, p. 84.
- ^ Lough et al. 2012, p. 1.
- ^ a b Global Volcanism Program, General Information.
- ^ LeMasurier & Wade 1968, p. 351.
- ^ Patrick & Smellie 2013, p. 481.
- ^ Patrick & Smellie 2013, p. 497.
- ^ Herbold, McDonald & Cary 2014, p. 184.
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