Mount Erciyes

Mount Erciyes
Ultra
Coordinates	38°31′52″N 35°26′49″E / 38.531°N 35.447°E / 38.531; 35.447[2]
Geography
Mount Erciyes Turkey
Location	Kayseri Province, Turkey
Geology
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Last eruption	6880 BCE ± 40 years[2]

Mount Erciyes (

The volcano began to form in the Miocene. At first, a volcano farther east named Koç Dağ formed from lava flows. Then, again to the east, large explosive eruptions formed a caldera. During the Pleistocene, Mount Erciyes proper grew inside the caldera together with a group of lava domes. Lateral eruptions of Erciyes may have generated ash layers in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean during the early Holocene.

The last eruptions occurred during the early Holocene and may have deposited ash as far away as Palestine; the occurrence of historical volcanism is uncertain. Future eruptions of Erciyes may endanger the nearby cities to the north. The volcano was glaciated during the Pleistocene. One regular glacier still exists, but is receding.

Etymology

Erciyes is the adoption into Turkish of the Greek name Argaios^[3] (Greek: Ἀργαῖος). The latinized form is Argaeus^[4] (a rarely encountered alternative latinization was Argaeas mons, Argeas mons^[5]). The Greek name has the meaning of "bright" or "white";^[6] as applied to the mountain, it may have been eponymous of

The Turkish name was historically spelled Erciyas, and it was changed to Erciyes to conform with vowel harmony in the 1940s-1960s.^[7]

Mons Argaeus on the Moon was named for Argaeus.^[8]

Geology and geomorphology

Erciyes lies in the

Major faults such as the North Anatolian Fault, which were generated by the convergence, are also active.^[18] Some of these faults form the edges of the Erciyes pull-apart basin, a tectonic depression up to 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) deep that is split by this volcano into the Sultansazlıği and Kayseri-Sarımsaklı basins,^[29] both of which nevertheless are part of the same system.^[30] These margin faults have been the source of earthquakes during historical times, resulting in damage to cities in the region,^[31] and ongoing extension of this crustal domain is the probable reason for volcanism at Erciyes.^[32]

Local

Erciyes Dagi is a large stratovolcano, reaching a height of 3,864 metres (12,677 ft),^[2] 3,918 metres (12,854 ft)^[33] or 3,917 metres (12,851 ft),^{[4][10][11][34][35][36]} making it the highest mountain^[4] and most voluminous volcano of Central Anatolia.^[25][37] It rises about 900 metres (3,000 ft) above the Sultansazlıği basin^[35] and 2,842 metres (9,324 ft) above the floor of the Erciyes pull-apart basin.^[36]

The volcano is large,

From the more recent volcanic phases, Dikkartin Dağ and Perikartın lava domes lie on the southern and northern slope of Erciyes, respectively. Both domes are formed of rhyodacite and accompanied by pyroclastic deposits.^[38] Dikkartin Dağ covers a surface area of 11.7 square kilometres (4.5 sq mi) and reaches a height of 2,760 metres (9,060 ft). The blocky dome flowed down the slopes southwards over 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).^[54] Karagüllü on the north-northwestern flank stratigraphically belongs to the same unit as Dikkartin Dağ.^[38] This dome flowed for a distance of about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).^[39]

The volcano lies in a tectonic depression. It is cut by the Ecemiş fault, which together with the Tuz Gölü fault border this basin.^[35] Other faults converge on the volcano or pass through its outer slopes.^[34][37] Aeromagnetic investigation of the region has evidenced the existence of a magnetic anomaly associated with Erciyes, which is probably caused by the volcanism.^[55]

Petrology

Erciyes Dagi has erupted basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite,

The dacites taken from the summit display a noticeable variability in their composition[62] and texture,^[63] with their temperatures at formation varying between 734–989 °C (1,353–1,812 °F).^[64]

The andesites and dacites may have formed from basaltic

Volcanism appears to be associated with crustal extension at Erciyes.[37] Mantle metasomatism from a subducting slab, on the other hand, may^[69][70] or may not have played a major role,^[71][32] and the slab itself did not reach down below Central Anatolia,^[72] meaning that subduction probably is not responsible for Central Anatolian volcanism.^[22]

Climate and biology

The climate of the region is influenced by topography, with the

Four vegetation belts surround the mountain: a boreal belt, a subalpine, an alpine, and a subnival belt. The boreal belt extends between 1,100–2,100 metres (3,600–6,900 ft) while the subalpine belt goes from 2,100–2,800 metres (6,900–9,200 ft) elevation and the alpine from 2,800–3,400 metres (9,200–11,200 ft). Species found in the vegetation belts are different from these found in the equivalent areas of Western European mountains.[76]

The

The volcano was glaciated during the Pleistocene,

A number of potassium–argon dates have been obtained for Erciyes Dagi, ranging from 2.59 ± 0.1 million years ago to 80,000 ± 10,000 years ago.^[27] Some stratigraphic units from Erciyes have been dated.^[95] Early volcanic activity occurred at the same time as the initial formation of the Erciyes basin.^[36] Since about 88,000 - 85,000 years ago, the average magma production rate has been about 0.1 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.024 cu mi/ka), with a long-term flux about four times larger.^[96]

The oldest volcanic activity at Erciyes is known as Koç Dağ, which forms the eastern slope of Erciyes. This complex erupted

Caldera-forming activity occurred in several eruption phases, accompanied by pumice flows and ash fall.[35] A first phase of activity formed Plinian deposits that reach thicknesses of 22 metres (72 ft) as far as 21 kilometres (13 mi) from the volcano, covering at least 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of surface. At least fifteen individual layers have been found. A second phase of activity formed pumice flows east-northeast of Koç Dağ, covering 2,100 square kilometres (810 sq mi) to a thickness of 8 metres (26 ft).^[97]

Eastern Cappadocia features the famous Cappadocian ignimbrites; one of these ignimbrites, the Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite (also known as İncesu Ignimbrite^[50]),^[98] was linked to Erciyes volcano^[18] and is the last Cappadocian ignimbrite.^[3] This eruption 2.8 million years ago has a total volume of 52 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi) and was preceded by a smaller Plinian eruption^[35] that covered a surface of 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi) with pumice falls.^[97] The Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite extends east of the Erciyes volcano;^[38] it originated there^[97] and filled in the previous topography.^[51] Its total volume has been estimated at 146 cubic kilometres (35 cu mi),^[99] and it contains a large proportion of fiammes.^[100] Changes in magma composition from the first phase of caldera-forming activity to the Valibaba Tepe pumice may reflect the emptying of a magma chamber with vertical composition gradient.^[101] The Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite was considered part of the famous Cappadocian ignimbrites, but is distinct from them insofar as the other ones (with the possible exception of the Taspinar-Dikmen ignimbrites of Hasan Dagi) are not associated with stratovolcanoes.^[51]

Erciyes volcano proper started developing 900,000 years ago.^[2][11][102] It was formed during two phases, starting with a basaltic andesite lava flow on the southern slope 1.7 million years ago. It was followed by the andesitic lava flows on the western flank and then by many of the dacitic lava domes.^[43] Another phase of basaltic andesite activity followed, reaching lengths of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). Effusive activity ended with small lava flows of varying composition.^[39]

The next phase of activity was explosive, with eruptions at the summit of Erciyes generating block-and-ash flows, pumice flows, and lava domes that formed blocks of 1.5–2 metres (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) in diameter. The deposits of this activity are found north and south of the summit of Erciyes and reach thicknesses of 18 metres (59 ft).^[39] Cora Maar is not precisely dated, but probably formed less than 100,000 years ago.^[103] The last dacitic eruption occurred 80,000 ± 10,000 years ago at Çarık Tepe^[103][4] although later research has discovered later lavic eruptions.^[104] Activity in the summit region probably ended before the Holocene.^[58]

The last event was the collapse of the eastern flank of Ercyies. This collapse was probably triggered by an earthquake, considering that no evidence for a concomitant eruption exists.^[2][39] Considering the ages of the oldest moraines contained within the collapse scar, it probably happened more than 25,000 years ago.^[58] This collapse generated a debris avalanche 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long which dammed a lake and presently forms a hummocky deposit.^[114] The volume of rock removed by the collapse is about 1.2–1.5 cubic kilometres (0.29–0.36 cu mi).^[115]

A 1-millimetre (0.039 in) thick ash layer found in a drilling core off the coast of

Erciyes Dagi volcano has manifested explosive eruptions preceding the formation of lava domes. Such eruptions may endanger the cities of Kayseri, Hacilar, and Talas. Melting of the remnant ice on the volcano may generate dangerous lahars; in 1985 an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia claimed 20,000 fatalities after such a mudflow. Even without an eruption, strong rainfall could form mudflows on the densely populated steep slopes of the volcano.^[81] The volcano is monitored with seismometers and its deformation has been measured.^[128]

The ancient Hittites left rock carvings and even an artificial tunnel on Mount Erciyes.^[129] Strabo mentions the view from its summit.^[130] According to a vita of Saint Lazaros of Mount Galesios (11th century CE) written by his disciple Gregory the Cellarer, Lazaros climbed and descended Mount Erciyes in the depths of winter while singing the Psalms, as he encountered harsh weather and even a bear and attacking dogs.^[131]

At present, about five hotels exist at the mountain, which is a major

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External links

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• Ski Resort
• Global Volcanism Program page about Mount Erciyes