Mount Morning
Mount Morning | |
---|---|
Ultra | |
Coordinates | 78°30′S 163°30′E / 78.5°S 163.5°E[2] |
Geography | |
Geology | |
Mountain type | Shield volcano |
Volcanic belt | McMurdo Volcanic Group |
Last eruption | Unknown[3] |
Mount Morning is a
The volcano was initially active during the Miocene and erupted in two separate stages with a hiatus in between. The older stage has a different chemical composition than the recent one and is heavily eroded by glaciers. The most recent parasitic vents were active about 20,000 years ago and the volcano could erupt again.
Geography and geomorphology
Mount Morning lies in
The volcano rises to 2,723 metres (8,934 ft) above sea level and is capped by a 4.1 by 4.9 kilometres (2.5 mi × 3.0 mi) wide
Mount Morning is almost entirely covered with snow and ice
Owing to the lack of running water,
Geology
The
Mount Morning rises from a
Composition
The early volcanic rocks of Mount Morning are comparable to mildly alkaline rocks from Mount Melbourne, while the more alkaline late volcanic rocks resemble these from Mount Erebus.[37] The older rocks define the "Mason Spurr lineage" while the younger ones are referred to as the "Riviera Ridge lineage".[38] Basaltic rocks are concentrated on the lower slopes, while phonolite is mainly found in the upper sector of Mount Morning.[19] The composition changes between the early and late volcanic activity of Mount Morning may be due to alteration in crustal magma processes.[29]
Eruption history
Mount Morning has been active during the
Volcanic activity has been subdivided into two phases separated by a hiatus, an early phase lasting between 11.4±0.2-18.7±0.3 million years ago and a late phase from 6.13±0.02 million years ago to almost present-day.
Eruptions took place at Mount Morning about 20,000 years ago, forming well-preserved
History and name
The volcano was discovered by the Discovery Expedition in 1901-1904 and named after a relief ship that took part in the expedition.[52]
Features
Features, from north to south, include:
Gandalf Ridge
78°21′00″S 164°07′00″E / 78.35°S 164.1166667°E A volcanic ridge at the northwest end of Hurricane Ridge, to the north of Mount Morning on Scott Coast. Gandalf is a whimsical name put forward by geologist Philip R. Kyle, Institute of Polar Studies, The Ohio State University, who examined the ridge in December 1977. The discovery of very hard volcanic rock at this ridge led to the naming: Gandalf, after a crusty character (a wizard) in J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings.[53]
Hurricane Ridge
78°24′S 164°12′E / 78.400°S 164.200°E. The eastern of two broad, mainly ice-free ridges that descend north from Mount Morning. Riviera Ridge is the other, to the west, and Gandalf Ridge and Lake Discovery are located at the north end of this ridge. The name was suggested by geologist Anne C. Wright, Department of Geoscience, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, a member of the NMUMT field party that camped on the ridge in the 1985–86 season. The party's tent was blown to shreds by 100-knot winds, requiring evacuation of the party by helicopter. This ridge is renowned for consistently strong winds. Juxtaposed with Riviera Ridge, which is similar in appearance to this ridge to the west.[54]
Vereyken Glacier
78°25′00″S 163°57′00″E / 78.4166667°S 163.95°E A glacier which, together with Morning Glacier, drains the northeast slopes of Mount Morning. Vereyken Glacier flows north between Riviera Ridge and Hurricane Ridge into Koettlitz Glacier. Named by US-ACAN (1994) after Jill Vereyken, ASA manager of Field Support Services, McMurdo Station, who was active in coordination and planning of science support in Antarctica from 1984.[55]
Riviera Ridge
78°24′S 163°42′E / 78.400°S 163.700°E. This name has been included as a US-ACAN proposal even though it was apparently applied in about 1977 by Anne Wright (now Grassham) who worked on the ridge with P.M. Kyle. The name alludes to the warm sunny conditions experienced on the ridge in contrast to the storm conditions previously experienced on nearby "Hurricane Ridge".[56]
Testa Ridge
78°27′00″S 163°32′00″E / 78.45°S 163.5333333°E A volcanic ridge, 2.7 nautical miles (5.0 km; 3.1 mi), extending north–south between Weidner Ridge and Riviera Ridge on the north slope of Mount Morning. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (1994) after J. Ward Testa, biologist, University of Minnesota (later of University of Alaska); conducted seal studies during ten field seasons in McMurdo Sound and other coastal regions, 1980–94.[57]
Campbell Crag
78°27′24″S 163°32′40″E / 78.4566667°S 163.5444444°E A rock peak rising to 1,918 metres (6,293 ft) high at the south end of Testa Ridge on the north slope of Mount Morning. Named by US-ACAN (1994) after Richard J. (Rick) Campbell, ASA, fixed-wing Flight Operations Coordinator at McMurdo Station, active in science support in Antarctica from 1981.[58]
Weidner Ridge
78°27′41.8″S 163°25′52.5″E / 78.461611°S 163.431250°E. A linear volcanic outcrop, approximately 4.1 kilometres (2.5 mi) long, between and parallel to Savage Ridge and Testa Ridge on the north slope of Mount Morning. Named by US-ACAN after George A. Weidner, Department of Meteorology (later Space Science and Engineering Center), University of Wisconsin. Along with Charles Stearns he developed the use of automatic weather stations in Antarctica in the period 1982–2005.[59]
Savage Ridge
78°28′52.7″S 163°22′26.5″E / 78.481306°S 163.374028°E. A linear volcanic outcrop approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) long descending from the northwest slope of Mount Morning. Parallel to and about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Weidner Ridge. Named by US-ACAN (1994) after Michael L. Savage, Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin. Along with Charles Stearns, he developed the use of automatic weather stations in Antarctica during four field seasons, 1980–86.[60]
Morning Glacier
78°28′56.5″S 163°45′45.6″E / 78.482361°S 163.762667°E. A glacier on the northeast slope of Mount Morning. The glacier flows from the peak for about 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi), terminating partway down the mountain, approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of
Mason Spur
78°33′S 164°25′E / 78.550°S 164.417°E. An elevated spur, partially ice-covered and over 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) high, which projects eastward from Mount Morning. Named by US-ACAN in 1963 for Robert Mason, USARP Representative at McMurdo Station, 1962–63.[62]
References
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- ^ a b c d e f Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 359.
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- ^ a b Martin & Cooper 2010, p. 515.
- ^ a b c Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 357.
- ^ a b Martin, Cooper & Price 2013, p. 129.
- ^ Paulsen & Wilson 2009, p. 1074.
- ^ a b LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 124.
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- ^ a b c d Martin et al. 2021, p. 463.
- ^ a b c d e Paulsen & Wilson 2009, p. 1072.
- ^ a b Smellie & Martin 2021, p. 435.
- ^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 23.
- ^ Paulsen & Wilson 2009, p. 1075.
- ^ a b c d e f Martin, Cooper & Price 2013, p. 135.
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- ^ a b c Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, pp. 360–361.
- ^ a b Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 360.
- ^ Martin & Cooper 2010, p. 519.
- ^ Martin et al. 2021, p. 465.
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- ^ Smellie et al. 2022, p. 2.
- ^ a b Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 368.
- ^ Brook et al. 1995, p. 51.
- ^ a b Paulsen & Wilson 2009, p. 1071.
- ^ a b Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 358.
- ^ Martin et al. 2021, p. 449.
- ^ Smellie & Martin 2021, p. 420.
- ^ a b c Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 361.
- ^ Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, pp. 361–362.
- ^ Martin, Cooper & Price 2013, p. 142.
- ^ Martin et al. 2021, p. 464.
- ^ Claridge & Campbell 2008, p. 71.
- ^ Chorley et al. 2022, p. 14.
- ^ Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 366.
- ^ Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 367.
- ^ Griener et al. 2015, p. 75.
- ^ Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 364.
- ^ Martin, Cooper & Price 2013, p. 128.
- ^ Smellie et al. 2022, p. 25.
- ^ Tingey 1982, p. 185.
- ^ Paulsen & Wilson 2009, p. 1083.
- ^ a b Martin, Cooper & Dunlap 2010, p. 369.
- ^ Lyon & Giggenbach 1974, p. 511.
- ^ Keys, Anderton & Kyle 1977, p. 993.
- ^ Alberts 1995, p. 505.
- ^ Gandalf Ridge USGS.
- ^ Hurricane Ridge AADC.
- ^ Vereyken Glacier USGS.
- ^ Riviera Ridge AADC.
- ^ Testa Ridge USGS.
- ^ Campbell Crag USGS.
- ^ Weidner RidgeAADC.
- ^ Savage Ridge AADC.
- ^ Morning Glacier AADC.
- ^ Alberts 1995, p. 467.
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External links
- "Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond". Amar Andalkar's Ski Mountaineering and Climbing Site. 2007 [1997]. Retrieved 14 January 2005.
- Nyland, Roseanne E. (2011). Evidence for early-phase explosive basaltic volcanism at Mt. Morning from glass-rich sediments in the ANDRILL AND-2A core and possible response to glacial cyclicity (Thesis). Bowling Green State University.
- Martin, Adam Paul (2009-08-22). Mt. Morning, Antarctica : geochemistry, geochronology, petrology, volcanology, and oxygen fugacity of the rifted Antarctic lithosphere (Thesis thesis). University of Otago.
- Muncy, Harold Lee (1979). Geologic history and petrogenesis of alkaline volcanic rocks, Mt. Morning, Antarctica (Thesis). The Ohio State University.
- Paulsen, Hanne-Kristin. Lithological cross section through Mount Morning, Antarctica : a story told from xenolithic assemblies in a pyroclastic deposit (Thesis). Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- Sullivan, R.J. (2006). The geology and geochemistry of Seal Crater, Hurricane Ridge, Mount Morning, Antarctica (Thesis). University of Otago.
- Woerden, Van (2006). Volcanic geology and physical volcanology of Mount Morning, Antarctica (Thesis thesis). The University of Waikato.
- Polar Discovery: Mount Morning Lava Flows