Mount Nemrut

Coordinates: 37°58′50″N 38°44′27″E / 37.98056°N 38.74083°E / 37.98056; 38.74083
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the volcano, see Nemrut (volcano).
Mount Nemrut
Highest point
Elevation2,134 m (7,001 ft)
Coordinates37°58′50″N 38°44′27″E / 37.98056°N 38.74083°E / 37.98056; 38.74083
Geography
Mount Nemrut is located in Turkey
Mount Nemrut
Mount Nemrut
Official nameNemrut Dağ
CriteriaCultural: i, iii, iv
Reference448
Inscription1987 (11th Session)
Area11 ha
Map

Mount Nemrut or Nemrud (Turkish: Nemrut Dağı; Kurdish: Çiyayê Nemrûdê; Armenian: Նեմրութ լեռ; Greek: Όρος Νεμρούτ) is a 2,134-metre-high (7,001 ft) mountain in southeastern Turkey, notable for the summit where a number of large statues are erected around what is assumed to be a royal tomb from the 1st century BC. It is one of the highest peaks in the east of the Taurus Mountains.

It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.[1]

Location and description

Some of the statues near the peak of Mount Nemrut

The mountain lies 40 km (25 mi) north of

Mithras-Helios-Hermes.[2][3] When constructing this pantheon, Antiochus drew heavily from Parthian and Armenian traditions in order to reinvigorate the religion of his ancestral dynasty.[4]
The statues were once seated, with names of each god inscribed on them. At some point the heads of the statues were removed from their bodies, and they are now scattered throughout the site.

The pattern of damage to the heads (notably to noses) suggests that they were deliberately damaged as a result of

Persian ancestors.[5][6]

The same statues and ancestors found throughout the site can also be found on the tumulus at the site, which is 49 metres (161 ft) tall and 152 m (499 ft) in diameter. It is possible that the tumulus of loose rock was devised to protect a tomb from robbers, since any excavation would quickly fill in.[7] The statues appear to have Greek-style faces, but Persian clothing and hair-styling.

The Lion with the Stars

The western terrace contains a large slab with a lion, showing an arrangement of stars and the planets Jupiter, Mercury, and Mars. The composition was taken to be a chart of the sky on 7 July 62 BCE.[8] This may be an indication of when construction began on this monument. The eastern portion is well preserved, being composed of several layers of rock, and a path following the base of the mountain is evidence of a walled passageway linking the eastern and western terraces. Possible uses for this site are thought to have included religious ceremonies, owing to the astronomical and religious nature of the monument.

The arrangement of such statues is known by the term hierothesion. Similar arrangements have been found at Arsameia on Nymphaios at the hierothesion of Antiochus' father, Mithridates I Callinicus.

Ancient history

West Terrace: head of Apollon and head of Goddess of Kommagene (Tyche). Scene in the sunset sun.

The religious sanctuary established in Mount Nemrut was part of Antiochus' political program to revive the Persian traditions of Commagene. In order to do so, he merged and adjusted the political and religious traditions of

Pontus, and Armenia.[9]

Following the practice of the Mithridatic rulers of Pontus, Antiochus stressed his descent from the Achaemenids and Seleucids, and also claimed the royal legacy of Armenia. One of the essential parts of this identity was the then newly established Greco-Iranian pantheon, which was worshipped at specific sanctuaries in Commagene.[9]

Modern history

Head statue of I. Antiochos in snow at western terrace ruins of Nemrut mountain.

The site was excavated in 1881 by Karl Sester [de], a German engineer assessing transport routes for the Ottomans. After her first visit in 1947, Theresa Goell dedicated her life to the site, starting campaigns in 1954. Subsequent excavations have failed to reveal the tomb of Antiochus. This is nevertheless still believed to be the site of his burial. The statues, all of them "beheaded", have not been restored to their original condition.

World Heritage Site

In 1987, Mount Nemrut was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[10] Tourists typically visit Nemrut during April through October. The nearby town of Adıyaman is a popular place for car and bus trips to the site, and one can also travel from there by helicopter. There are also overnight tours running out of Malatya or Kahta.[11]

The UNESCO entry states:

Alexander's empire, is one of the most ambitious constructions of the Hellenistic period. The syncretism of its pantheon, and the lineage of its kings, which can be traced back through two sets of legends, Greek and Persian
, is evidence of the dual origin of this kingdom's culture.

Gallery

  • Mount Nemrut
    Mount Nemrut
  • Mount Nemrut: Head of Antiochus I (?)
    Mount Nemrut: Head of Antiochus I (?)
  • Heads of statues
    Heads of statues
  • Heads of statues
    Heads of statues
  • East terrace
    East terrace
  • East terrace: Throne platform
    East terrace: Throne platform
  • East terrace
    East terrace
  • East terrace: Lion head
    East terrace: Lion head
  • East Terrace: Thrones
    East Terrace: Thrones
  • East terrace: Heads of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes and Heracles-Artagnes-Ares
    East terrace: Heads of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes and Heracles-Artagnes-Ares
  • East terrace: Head of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes
    East terrace: Head of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes
  • West terrace
    West terrace
  • West terrace: Head of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes
    West terrace: Head of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes
  • West terrace: Zeus-Oromasdes
    West terrace: Zeus-Oromasdes
  • West terrace: Heracles-Artagnes-Ares
    West terrace: Heracles-Artagnes-Ares
  • West terrace: Head of Goddess of Kommagene (Tyche)
    West terrace: Head of Goddess of Kommagene (Tyche)
  • West terrace: Head of Persian eagle
    West terrace: Head of Persian eagle
  • West terrace: Sandstone eagle and lion bodies
    West terrace: Sandstone eagle and lion bodies
  • West terrace: Sandstone stele / stelae of Persian
    West terrace: Sandstone stele / stelae of Persian
  • West terrace: Head of Persian Eagle
    West terrace: Head of Persian Eagle

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Nemrut Dağ". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  2. ^ Widengren 1986, pp. 135–136.
  3. ^ Shayegan 2016, p. 13.
  4. ^ Canepa 2020, p. 203; “Antiochus looked to contemporary Parthian and, especially, Armenian traditions, to design his pantheon and reinvigorate his ancestral religion.”
  5. ^ Goell, Bachmann & Sanders 1996, p. 3.
  6. ^ Spawforth, Eidinow & Hornblower 2014, p. 542.
  7. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A historical Atlas. p. 42.
  8. Neugebauer, O.; van Hoessen, H.B. (1959). "Greek horoscopes". Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. XLVIII. Philadelphia: 14–16.
    The authors chose that date in preference to 23 July 49 BCE preferred by other researchers; see
    Belmonte, Juan Antonio; Gonzales-Garcia, A. César (2010). "Antiochos's hierothesion at Nemrud Dag revisited: Adjusting the date in the light of astronomical evidence"
    (PDF). J. Hist. Astronomy. 41.
  9. ^ a b Canepa 2020, pp. 202–203.
  10. ISBN 9783319090481
    .
  11. ISBN 9783642161919
    .

Sources

External links

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