Moxibustion

Moxibustion
Moxibustion by Li Tang, Song dynasty
MeSH	D009071
[edit on Wikidata]

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Moxibustion (Chinese: 灸; pinyin: jiǔ) is a traditional Chinese medicine therapy which consists of burning dried mugwort (wikt:moxa) on particular points on the body. It plays an important role in the traditional medical systems of China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Mongolia. Suppliers usually age the mugwort and grind it up to a fluff; practitioners burn the fluff or process it further into a cigar-shaped stick. They can use it indirectly, with acupuncture needles, or burn it on the patient's skin.

Moxibustion is promoted as a treatment for a wide variety of conditions, but its use is not backed by good evidence and it carries a risk of adverse effects.^[1]

Terminology

The first Western remarks on moxibustion can be found in letters and reports written by Portuguese missionaries in 16th-century Japan. They called it botão de fogo (lit. 'fire button'), a term originally used for round-headed Western

The name of the herb Artemisia (mugwort) species used to produce Moxa is called ài or àicǎo (艾, 艾草) in Chinese[4] and yomogi (蓬) in Japan. The Chinese names for moxibustion are jiǔ ( 灸) or jiǔshù ( 灸術); the Japanese use the same characters and pronounce them as kyū and kyūjutsu. In Korean the reading is tteum (뜸). Korean folklore attributes the development of moxibustion to the legendary emperor Dangun.^[5]

• 
  a Korean set of tteum
• 
  application of tteum on the back of a hand
• 
  Samples of Japanese Moxa. Left to right: processed mugwort (1st stage); processed mugwort (2nd stage); coarse Moxa for indirect moxibustion; usual quality for indirect and direct moxibustion; superior quality for direct moxibustion.
• 
  Traditional moxibustion set from Maibara (Japan)
• 
  Stick–on moxa (left) and moxa rolls (right) used for indirect moxa heat treatment. The stick-on moxa is a modern product sold in Japan, Korea, and China. Usually the base is self-adhesive to the treatment point.

Theory and practice

Practitioners use moxa to warm regions and

There are several methods of moxibustion. Three of them are direct scarring, direct non-scarring, and indirect moxibustion. Direct scarring moxibustion places a small cone of moxa on the skin at an acupuncture point and burns it until the skin blisters, which then scars after it heals.[10] Direct non-scarring moxibustion removes the burning moxa before the skin burns enough to scar, unless the burning moxa is left on the skin too long.^[10] Indirect moxibustion holds a cigar made of moxa near the acupuncture point to heat the skin, or holds it on an acupuncture needle inserted in the skin to heat the needle.^[10] There is also stick-on moxa.

Chuanwu lingji lu (the Record of Sovereign Teachings), by Zhang Youheng, was a treatise on acu-moxa completed in 1869 and featuring several colour illustrations of the points on the body where moxa could be applied to treat the complaint.

• 
  The cervix point was used to treat retained placenta and intrauterine death.
• 
  The Neiting point was used to remedy retrograde cold (jueni) in the limbs; aversion to noise; profuse breakout of pox; painful, inflamed throats; unremitting toothache; yawning and somnolence; lack of appetite for food and drink; tinnitus (lit. cricket chirp [chanming] in the ear); ague (nüeji), etc.
• 
  The Yanglingquan point was used pain and swelling in the feet and knees; wind-cold-damp blockage disease (bi); one-sided paralysis; heavy, aching feeling in the back, making it difficult to sit or stand; facial oedema (fuzhong); distention and feeling of fullness (zhangman) in the chest, etc.
• 
  The Taichong point was indicated for acute and chronic infantile convulsions (lit. wind fright, jingfeng); epilepsy (dianxian) and spasms; sore throat; distention and feeling of fullness (zhangman) in the chest and sides; cold-damp beri-beri (jiaoqi); difficulty in walking; hernia (shanqi); dim vision; backache, etc.
• 
  The zhong 'e point was targeted for corpse infection (shizhu) and inimical visitation (kewu), malign attack (zhong 'e) [forms of demonic possession], etc. Moxibustion takes place on the left for male patients and the right for female patients.
• 
  Scrofula was to be treated at the point where it occurred, with garlic-partition moxibustion (gesuan jiufa).

Uses and effectiveness

Most research into moxibustion comes from China and is generally of low quality.^[1] Claims are made for its effectiveness for a wide variety of conditions, with some practitioners promoting it as a panacea.^[1]

Pregnancy

There is some evidence to suggest that moxibustion, when included along with other procedures that are usual to care for a person who is at risk of a breech birth, may decrease the chances that the baby presents in the breech position and may decrease the chances of a person requiring oxytocin to help labour start or progress.

Moxibustion has also been studied for the treatment of pain,[11] cancer,^[12] stroke,^[13] ulcerative colitis,^[14] constipation,^[15] and hypertension.^[16] Systematic reviews have found that these studies are of low quality and positive findings could be due to publication bias.^[17]

Adverse effects

Moxibustion carries a risk of adverse effects including burns and infection.^[1] Some side effects that have been reported include nausea, throat irritation, and abdominal pain from contractions when used in pregnancy.

Parallel uses of mugwort

Mugwort amongst other herbs was often bound into

• Acupuncture – Pseudoscientific needling treatment
  • Fire needle acupuncture – A form of acupuncturePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
• Cupping therapy – Pseudoscience whereby suction is applied to the skin
• Traditional Chinese medicine – Traditional medicine in China
• Jieba – Ritual scars on Buddhist monks
• Electric moxa
   – Treatment device designed by Golding Bird

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moxibustion.

Look up moxibustion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• W Michel: Far Eastern Medicine in Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Century Germany
• Hermann Buschoff, The gout, more narrowly searcht, and found out; together with the certain cure thereof. London 1676. W Michel ed. Fukuoka, March 2003. (Japanese introduction by the editor, English text)