Muhajir (Pakistan)
مہاجر | |
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Indian Muslim and Urdu-speaking communities |
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The Muhajir people (also spelled Mahajir and Mohajir) (
The total population of the Muhajir people worldwide is estimated to be around 15 million, and the overwhelming majority of this figure (14.7 million) is located in Pakistan, according to the
Etymology
The Urdu term muhājir (
Demographics
Origins
Most of the muhajirs who settled in the
Population
Muhajirs, worldwide, have a population of over 15 million.
Historically, muhajirs have constituted above 7% population of West Pakistan (3.5% in Pakistan as a whole).[32]
Languages
Being a multi-linguistic group of people, the Muhajirs speak different languages natively depending on their ethnicity and ancestral history.
Urdu
Most Muhajirs speak Urdu, the third-largest Urdu-speaking population in the world.[24] The muhajirs that speak Urdu as first language mostly migrated from Delhi, United Provinces, Bihar and Hyderabad.[21][37] The Biharis of Bangladesh have also fully assimilated into the Urdu-speaking muhajirs.[38] These muhajirs have merged their dialects of Urdu to form a new dialect used by all muhajirs today.[39]
Gujarati
There is a large community of Gujarati Muhajirs mainly settled in the Pakistani province of Sindh. Estimates say there are 3,500,000 speakers of the Gujarati language in Karachi.[40] Although the gujaratis speak their own language, they tend to identify with the Urdu-speakers [41] This group includes Muhammad Ali Jinnah,[42][43][44][45] Abdul Sattar Edhi,[46] Javed Miandad,[47] Abdul Razzak Yaqoob,[48] I. I. Chundrigar,[49][50] and Ahmed Dawood.[51]
Others
Non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what is now the
Many dialects of
Geographic distribution
In Pakistan
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2023) |
There are an estimated 14.7 million muhajirs in Pakistan.[25] Most of these Muhajirs are settled in the towns and cities of Pakistan mainly those of Urban Sindh, such as Karachi, Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas and Sukkur, Muhajir pockets are also found in other metropolises of Pakistan such as Islamabad and Lahore.[58]
Administrative units of Pakistan | Population | % Muhajirs | Official language(s)[59][60] |
---|---|---|---|
Azad Kashmir | 4,045,366[61] | 1%[62] | Urdu |
Balochistan | 12,335,129 [63][64] | 0.81%[65] | Urdu and Balochi |
Gilgit-Baltistan | 1,492,924[66] | 3%[65] | Urdu |
Islamabad Capital Territory | 2,003,368[67] | 12.23%[65] | Urdu |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 35,501,964[68] | 0.9%[65] | Urdu |
Punjab | 110,012,442[69] | 4.87%[65] | Urdu |
Sindh | 47,854,510[70] | 18.2%[71] | Urdu and Sindhi |
Pakistan | 232,675,212[72] | 7.08%[71] | Urdu and English |
In Bangladesh
A large number of Urdu-speaking Muslims from
History
Mughal Empire and British India
The ancestors of the present day muhajirs started gaining political and cultural influence during the reign of the mughal emperor, Shah Alam II, who gave Urdu the status of literary language,[83] and replaced Persian as the language of the Muslim elite.[84][85]
Prior to the
Partition of India
The
First immigration wave (August–November 1947)
There were three predominant stages of Muslim migration from India to West Pakistan. The first stage lasted from August–November 1947. In this stage of migration the Muslim immigrants originated from East Punjab, Delhi, the four adjacent districts of U.P., and the princely states of Alwar and Bharatpur which are now part of the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan.[100] The violence affecting these areas during partition precipitated an exodus of Muslims from these areas to Pakistan.[100] Punjabi Muslims from East Punjab crossed to West Punjab and settled in a culturally and linguistically similar environment.[101]
The migration to Sindh was of a different nature to that in Punjab, as the migrants to Sindh were ethnically heterogenous and were linguistically different from the locals.[102] The migrants were also more educated than the native, and predominantly rural Sindhi Muslims who had been less educated and less prosperous than the former Sindhi Hindu residents, suffered as a result.[103] The migrants, who were urban, also tended to regard the local Sindhis as "backwards" and subservient to landowners.[104]
Prior to the partition, the majority of urban Sindh's population had been Hindu,
Second immigration wave (December 1947 – December 1971)
Many Muslim families from India continued migrating to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and even early 1960s. This second stage (December 1947 – December 1971) of the migration was from areas in the present-day Indian states of U.P., Delhi, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. The main destination of these migrants was Karachi and the other urban centers of Sindh.[100]
In 1952, a joint passport system was introduced for travel purposes between the two countries which made it possible for
In 1959, the
There has...since 1950 been a movement of some Muslims from India to Western Pakistan through Jodhpur-Sindh via Khokhropar. Normally, traffic between India and West Pakistan was controlled by the permit system. But these Muslims going via Khokhropar went without permits to West Pakistan. From January 1952 to the end of September, 53,209 Muslim emigrants went via Khokhropar....Most of these probably came from the U.P. In October 1952, up to the 14th, 6,808 went by this route. After that Pakistan became much stricter on allowing entry on the introduction of the passport system. From 15 October to the end of October, 1,247 went by this route. From 1 November, 1,203 went via Khokhropar.[118]
Indian Muslim migration to West Pakistan continued unabated despite the cessation of the permit system between the two countries and the introduction of the passport system between them.[100]
Third immigration wave (1973–1990s)
The third stage, which lasted between 1973 and the 1990s, was when migration levels of
Politics
The Muhajirs have started many socio-political groups in Pakistan such as the
British-era Khilafat Movement
During the last period of the Ottoman Empire, the empire was indebted and the community provided significant financial support to preserve the empire.[123] The members of the movement who are now Muhajirs and West Punjabis granted the money to preserve the Ottoman Empire but were unable to prevent its decline; it was the biggest political eminence in pre-Muhajir history.[124][125]
Pakistan Movement
The
The Muslims launched the movement under the banner of the
1947–1958
The Muhajirs of Pakistan were largely settled in
Upon arrival in Pakistan, the Muhajirs did not assert themselves as a separate ethnic identity, being multi-ethnic themselves, but were at the forefront of trying to construct an Islamic Pakistani identity.[138] Muhajirs dominated the bureaucracy of Sindh in the early years of the Pakistani state, largely due to their higher levels of educational attainment.[107] Prior to the partition, Hindus dominated the professions of lawyers, teachers, and tradesmen in Sindh and the vacancies they left behind were filled up by the Muhajirs.[101]
Many upper class Muhajirs people had higher education and civil service experience from working for the British Raj and Muslim princely states.[139][140] Out of the 101 Muslims in India's civil service, 95 chose to leave India.[141] A third of those civil servants were West Punjabis and there were as many Muhajirs as Punjabis.[101] From 1947 to 1958, the Urdu-speaking Muhajirs held more jobs in the Government of Pakistan than their proportion in the country's population (3.3%). In 1951, of the 95 senior civil services jobs, 33 were held by the Urdu-speaking Muhajirs and 40 by Punjabis.[142] The Muhajirs also had a strong hold over the economy, 36 of the 42 largest private companies belonged to Muhajirs, mainly those from the Indian state of Gujarat.[101]
Gradually, as education became more widespread,
1958–1970
On 27 October 1958,
The percentage of Muhajirs in the
Four years later, on 24 March 1969,
1970–1977
The
The
In
1977–1988
In the
1988–2016
After the 1988 General Elections, MQM, the largest Muhajir nationalist party to exist at the time (with more than 100,000 party workers),[174] emerged as the third-largest political party of Pakistan, in alliance with PPP.[175] Differences developed between the PPP and MQM after dozens were killed at an MQM congregation by Sindhi nationalists, and the alliance fell apart in the wake of ensuing violence.[176] The MQM lent its support to Nawaz Sharif's Islami Jamhoori Ittehad instead.[176] In June 1992, a massive ‘Operation Cleanup’ was launched to rid the city of terrorism but MQM was selectively targeted.[177] The Party's political offices were shut down as scores of its workers were killed in extra judicial murders and shootouts,[177] forcing to move its offices to London.[178] After the operation ended, MQM staged a comeback and a second crackdown against MQM was carried out during the tenure of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, in which many associated with the party were killed.[179] After the military takeover in 1999 by Pervez Musharraf,[180] the MQM backed Pervez Musharraf strongly till his resignation in 2008.[181] Even after Musharraf's fall from power, MQM continued to dominate Muhajir politics until 2016 when it broke up into four factions and collapsed.[182]
2016–present
Amid a fractured MQM, the populist leader
Society
Economic status
Muhajirs are currently believed to be the most affluent ethnic group of Pakistan,[186] and constitute a significant proportion Pakistan's upper-middle class.[187] They tend to dominate businesses and stock markets in Pakistan,[188] and pay more taxes than any other ethnic group.[189] A 2023 research conducted by Karachi University found that 9% of muhajirs were upper-class, while 17% were upper-middle class, 52% middle class, 13% lower middle and 9% lower class.[190] A survey conducted by Political Barometer found that 33% of Pakistani earning above 250,000 rupees intended to vote for Muhajir Nationalist Parties.[191] A 2019 study by Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center found that muhajir women have the highest employment rate and monthly income among all major ethnic groups of Pakistan.[192] According to the 1951 census of Pakistan, less than 15 per cent of Muhajirs were unskilled labourers, with almost 61 percent classified as skilled workers and more than 5 percent belonging to professional and managerial backgrounds.[193] Majority of muhajirs (68.4%) live in planned areas and 88.9% have access to basic utilities.[194] Muhajirs are very successful in finance institutions, and have founded most of Pakistan's banking institutions including State Bank of Pakistan,[195] Habib Bank Limited,[196] United Bank Limited,[197] and Bank AL Habib.[198]
Education
The high literacy rate also results in the Muhajirs of Karachi mostly living in their own middle and upper middle class neighbourhoods such as Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town, Defence Housing Authority, Gulistan-e-Jauhar, and others.[199]
Today, most notable Muhajirs are established businessmen,[200][201] renowned scientists, artists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, politicians and social workers.[202][203][204][205][206] Their culture is driven by strong entrepreneurial spirit to succeed in society,[205] and to maintain the "sophisticated, mild and civilised" image [207] Some prominent academics, poets, writers, journalists, and artists include Abdul Wahab,[208] Ahmed Ali,[209] Waseem Badami,[210] and Abdul Haq.[211][205]
Sports
Until the 1970s, Karachi had been a historical centre for producing cricketers and hockey players for the Pakistan national cricket team and hockey team. Some notable sportsmen from a Muhajir background include Javed Miandad.[212][213]
Health and genetics
In the ethnic groups of Pakistan, the lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was seen in Muhajirs (32.5%).[214] Muhajirs have a gene diversity of 0.6081, which is 0.001 less than the Pakistani average of 0.6091.[215] The overall prevalence of proteinuria in Muhajir children 3.6%.[216]
Notable people
Culture
Muhajir culture is the culture that migrated mainly from North India after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 generally to Karachi.[217] The Muhajir culture refers to the Pakistani variation of Indo-Islamic culture and part of the Culture of Karachi city in Pakistan.[218][219] It is a blend of Delhi, Hyderabad, Bengali, Bihari, East Punjabi, Gujarati and Uttar Pradesh cultures.[220]
Cuisine
Muhajir cuisine refers to the cuisine of the muhajir people and is covered under both
Traditional dress
The traditional clothing of Muhajirs is the traditional clothing worn by Muslims in
Festivals
Muhajirs celebrate many festivals which include religious, political, ethnic, and
Contemporary issues
Anti-Muhajir sentiment
Persecution of Muhajirs ranges from mass killings, discrimination, enforced disappearances, torture, to political repression and suppression of freedom of speech. A MEMRI representative stated that the Muhajirs "have faced discrimination and attacks in linguistic conflicts involving Sindhi-speaking locals, while in Islamabad, the federal capital, the Muhajirs face discrimination in government jobs."[16] Attempts to address such grievances such as a demand for a separate province in Pakistan has been repeatedly denied by Pakistan authorities.[235]
Massacres
Qasba Aligarh massacre, the most notable, was a massacre orchestrated by the recently settled and armed tribal people from Afghanistan in Qasba Colony, Aligarh Colony, and Sector 1-D of Orangi in Karachi in the early hours of the morning on 14 December 1986,[236] and claimed the lives of more than 400 Muhajirs.[237] The attack was believed to be a "revenge killing" as a result of an unsuccessful raid on an Afghan heroin processing and distribution centre in the Sohrab Goth area by the security forces in Karachi.[238]
Some of the less notable massacre include
Thousands of Muhajirs, believed to be the workers or sympathizers of the MQM political party have been targeted in enforced disappearance cases by state authorities in Karachi.[247]
See also
Notes
References
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Further reading
- Pakistan: The Sindhi-Muhajir conflict
- Gene Diversity among Some Muslim Populations of Western Uttar Pradesh
- Gene Diversity Analysis and Microdifferentiation Process in North Indian Muslim Populations Archived 22 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- The crisis of Mohajir identity Harris Khalique. The News International.
- The Captive State: Corruption, Intelligence Agencies, and Ethnicity in Pakistan