Muhammad Ali dynasty

The Muhammad Ali dynasty or the Alawiyya dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th century. It is named after its progenitor, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.

Introduction

Muhammad Ali was an

He traced his ancestry back to Ibrahim Aga, an Albanian who lived in Kavala, Greece.^[2][3][4]

Through his reforms, and military campaigns, Muhammad Ali transformed Egypt into a regional power which he saw as the natural successor to the decaying Ottoman Empire. He constructed a military state with around four percent of the populace serving the army to raise Egypt to a powerful positioning in the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali summarised his vision for Egypt in this way:

I am well aware that the [Ottoman] Empire is heading by the day toward destruction. ... On her ruins I will build a vast kingdom ... up to the Euphrates and the Tigris.

— Georges Douin, ed., Une Mission militaire française auprès de Mohamed Aly, correspondance des Généraux Belliard et Boyer (Cairo: Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte, 1923), p.50

Muhammad Ali conquered Sudan in the first half of his reign, establishing the foundations of what would eventually become the modern Sudanese state. Egyptian control in Sudan would be consolidated and expanded under his successors, most notably Ibrahim Pasha's son, Isma'il the Magnificent.

At the height of his power, the military strength of Muhammad Ali and Ibrahim Pasha did indeed threaten the very existence of the

Though Muhammad Ali and his descendants used the title of

In defiance of the Egyptians, the British proclaimed Sudan to be an Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, a territory under joint British and Egyptian rule rather than an integral part of Egypt. This was continually rejected by Egyptians, both in government and in the public at large, who insisted on the "unity of the Nile Valley", and would remain an issue of controversy and enmity between Egypt and Britain until Sudan's independence in 1956.

Sultanate and Kingdom

In 1914, Khedive

Dissolution

The reign of Farouk was characterised by ever increasing nationalist discontent over the continuing British occupation, royal corruption and incompetence, and the disastrous

Wālis, self-declared as Khedives (1805–1867)

• Muhammad Ali (9 July 1805 – 1 September 1849)
• Ibrahim (reigned as Wāli briefly during his father's incapacity) (1 September 1849 – 10 November 1849)
• Abbas I (10 November 1849 – 13 July 1854)
• Sa‘id
  (13 July 1854 – 18 January 1863)
• Isma'il
  (18 January 1863 – 8 June 1867)

Khedives (1867–1914)

• Isma'il
  (8 June 1867 – 26 June 1879)
• Tewfik (26 June 1879 – 7 January 1892)
• Abbas II (8 January 1892 – 19 December 1914)

Sultans (1914–1922)

• Hussein Kamel (19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917)
• Fuad I (9 October 1917 – 16 March 1922)

Kings (1922–1952)

• Fuad I (16 March 1922 – 28 April 1936)
• Farouk (28 April 1936 – 26 July 1952)
  • Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik (Chairman Council of Regency during Farouk I's minority) (28 April 1936 – 29 July 1937)
• Fuad II (26 July 1952 – 18 June 1953)
  • Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim (Chairman Council of Regency during Fuad II's minority) (26 July 1952 – 18 June 1953)

Non-ruling members

Egyptian royal family
The King The Prince of the Sa'id The Princess of the Sa'id Prince Fouad Zaher Hassan Princess Farah-Noor Princess Fawzia Sylvain Renaudeau Nael Fouad Jean Dunya Nariman Adele Prince Fakhr-Eddin Extended family Prince Abbas Hilmi Mediha Momtaz Sabiha Fatma Daoud Abdel Moneim
v t e

• Prince Mustafa Fazıl Pasha
• Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik
• Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim
• Prince Hassan Ismail Pasha
• Princess Nazli Fazil
• Princess
  Fawzia Fuad
  , Empress of Iran
• Muhammad Ali, Prince of the Sa'id
• Narriman Sadek
• Nazli Sabri
• Mahmud Dramali Pasha

Family tree

Muhammad Ali 1769 – 1849 wāli (viceroy): 1805–1848

Tusun Pasha 1794 – 1816

Ibrahim 1789 – 1848 wāli (viceroy): 1848

Said 1822 – 1863 wāli (viceroy): 1854–1863

Abbas I 1813 – 1854 wāli (viceroy): 1848–1854

Ismail 1830 – 1895 wāli (viceroy): 1863–1867 khedive (viceroy): 1867–1879

Tawfik 1852 – 1892 khedive (viceroy): 1879–1892

Hussein Kamil 1853 – 1917 sultan: 1914–1917

Fuad I 1868 – 1936 sultan: 1917–1922 king: 1922–1936

Abbas II 1874 – 1944 khedive (viceroy): 1892–1914

Muhammad Ali Tawfik 1875 – 1955 regent: 1936–1937

Faruk 1920 – 1965 king: 1936–1952

Muhammad Abdel Moneim 1899 – 1979 regent: 1952–1953

Fuad II 1952 – king: 1952–1953

See also

• Albanians in Egypt
• Muhammad Ali dynasty family tree
• List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty
• History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
• History of Sudan under Muhammad Ali and his successors
• List of Sunni dynasties
• Onsi Sawiris

Bibliography

• OCLC 45016821
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad Ali dynasty.

• The Genealogy of the Egyptian Royal family at Genealogical Gleanings
• "The Royal House of Mehmet Ali". Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
• "Family tree of the House of Mohammed Aly". Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
• "The Royal Order of the Crown of Egypt" (in German). Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.