Khvandamir
Khvandamir | |
---|---|
Mughal India | |
Occupation | Historian |
Notable works | Habib al-siyar Qanun-i Humayuni |
Relatives | Mirkhvand (grandfather) Humam al-Din Muhammad (father) Amir Mahmud (son) Abdallah Khan (son) |
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, commonly known as Khvandamir (
Another notable work by Khvandamir is the Qanun-i Humayuni ("The regulations of Humayun"), a biography of the Mughal
Khvandamir is buried near the
.Background
Khvandamir was the son of Humam al-Din Muhammad, who was the vizier of Sultan Mahmud Mirza (r. 1494–1495), the ruler of the northern Timurid branch in Transoxiana. However, Khvandamir's family lived in Herat, the capital of the southern Timurids.[2] Khvandamir was tutored by his maternal grandfather Mirkhvand (died 1498), which played a major role in his career as a historian. Furthermore, Khvandamir also inherited the patronage networks of his grandfather. Mirkhvand was one of the most prominent historians during the reign of Sultan Husayn Bayqara (r. 1469–1506), well-known for his universal history, the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ ("The garden of purity"), which he wrote under the patronage of the high-ranking functionary Ali-Shir Nava'i (died 1501).[2][3]
Khvandamir likewise wrote under the patronage of Nava'i, dedicating his first works to him, the first one being the Maʾāthir al-mulūk ("Memorials of the kings"), a compilation of sayings ascribed to pre-Islamic and Islamic sages and rulers; and the second being the Khulāṣat al-akhbār fī bayān aḥvāl al-akhyār ("Summary reports on the affairs of those gone by"), a concise version of the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ. After Nava'i's death in 1501, Khvandamir wrote a praiseful biography of the latter, the Makārim al-akhlāq ("Laudable virtues"). Khvandamir also completed volume seven and epilogue of the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ, which had been left incomplete after Mirkhvand's death in 1498.[2][3]
Career
Under the Timurids
In the subsequent years, Khvandamir worked as a
Under the Safavids
In 1521, Khvandamir started writing his universal history Habib al-siyar for the Safavid sadr Amir Ghiyas al-Din Mohammad ibn Amir Yusuf Hosseini, seemingly in order to revitalize his career in Herat. The latter, however, was executed the same year by the governor of the city, Amir Khan Mawsillu (died 1522). Durmish Khan Shamlu (died 1526) was soon made the new governor of Herat, whose vizier Karim al-Din Khvaja Habiballah Savaji became the new patron of Khvandamir. While it is generally agreed that the name of Khvandamir's Habib al-siyar referred to his new patron Habiballah Savaji, it may have in fact referred to Shah Ismail, as the latter is often called ḥabīb-i ilāhī (friend of God) in the work. In 1524, Khvandamir finished his first version (called A) of the book, and the following year a second version (B), which was an extension of the previous version.[2]
Under the Mughals
The murder of Habiballah Savaji in 1526 seemingly made Khvandamir reassess his situation in Herat. He accepted the invitation of the Timurid prince and
Death, burial and issue
Khvandamir died in 1535 or 1536, and was buried near the
References
- ISBN 90-04-09738-4.
Khwandamir: surname of the Persian historian Ghiyath al-Din; ca. 1475ca. 1535. His most valuable work is a general history from the earliest times down to the end of the reign of Shah Ismail.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bockholt 2020a.
- ^ a b Bockholt 2020b.
- ^ Bashir 2015, p. 213.
- ^ Newman 2008, p. 12.
Sources
- Bashir, Shahzad (2015). "A Perso-Islamic universal chronicle in its historical context: Ghiyās al-Dīn Khwāndamīr's Ḥabīb al-siyar". Walter de Gruyter: 207–223.
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(help) - Bockholt, Philip (2020a). "Khvāndamīr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
- Bockholt, Philip (2020b). "Mīrkhvānd". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
- ISBN 978-1-139-46284-6.
- Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2014). "ʿAbd al-Razzāq Samarqandī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
- Melville, Charles (2020). The Timurid Century: The Idea of Iran Vol.9. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1838606886.
- Newman, Andrew J. (2008). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–296. ISBN 978-0857716613.
- Pollock, Sheldon (2003). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520228214.
- Quinn, Sholeh A. (2020). Persian Historiography Across Empires: The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108842211.
- Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The successors of Tīmūr". In Lockhart, Laurence; ISBN 0-521-20094-6.
- Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9971774882.
External links
- Media related to Muhammad Khwandamir at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Khvandamir at Wikiquote