Muhammad bin Tughluq

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Muhammad bin Tughluq
Fakhr Malik
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
ReligionIslam
Firman of Muhammad bin Tughluq dated Shawwal 725 AH/September–October 1325. At the very top is an invocation to God, below which is the large tughra with the ruler's name and titles.[1] Keir Collection

Muhammad bin Tughluq (Persian pronunciation:

epithets, The Eccentric Prince,[3] or The Mad Sultan,[4]
or The Wisest Fool was the eighteenth

Muhammad ascended to the Delhi throne upon his father's death in 1325. Accounts by visitors of the Sultan Muhammad describe him as an "inhuman eccentric" with bizarre character.[7] The sultan is said to have ordered the massacre of all the inhabitants of the city of Kannauj.[8] He is also known for his wild policy swings.[9]

Muhammad bin Tughluq had an interest in

Arabic, Sanskrit and Turkic.[10] Ibn Battuta, the famous traveler and jurist from Morocco, wrote in his book about his time at the Sultan's court.[11]

Early life

Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founded the Tughlaq dynasty after taking control of the Delhi Sultanate.[12] He is also known as Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Khan or Ulugh Khan.[13] Jauna Khan remarked that he was "bound to all Indians by ties of blood and relation."[14]

Ascending the throne

Silver Coin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq

After the death of his father

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ascended the throne of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi in February, 1325 CE. In his reign, he conquered Warangal (in present-day Telangana, India), Ma'abar (Kayalpatnam) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India), and areas up to the modern day southern tip of the Indian state of Karnataka. In the conquered territories, Tughluq created a new set of revenue officials to assess the financial aspects of the area. Their accounts helped the audit in the office of the wazir.[15]

Robert Sewell quotes from visitor accounts atrocities committed during the rule of Muhammad bin Tughluq. He is said to have ordered the massacre of all the inhabitants of the city of Kanauj.[8] He also decided to transfer his capital from Delhi to Devagiri, which are 600 miles apart, then ordered the people to move back to Delhi. Thousands of people including women and children died during the journey.[8] However, Muhammad bin Tughluq was also known for his tolerance for other religions. Several historians mention that the Sultan honoured the Jain monk Jinaprabha Suri during the year 1328.[16][17] Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[18]

Moving of the capital

Map of the Delhi Sultanate under Muhammad bin Tughlaq

In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move his capital from Delhi to

Urdu language to the Deccan.[20] These immigrants included Hasan Gangu, a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire.[21][22]

All facilities were provided for those who were required to migrate to Daulatabad. It is believed that the general public of Delhi was not in favor of shifting the base to Daulatabad.[citation needed]

A broad road was constructed for convenience. Shady trees were planted on both sides of the road; he set up halting stations at an interval of two miles. Provisions for food and water were also made available at the stations but most of the people died during the shifting as the ruler was not able to provide them with enough food and water for their survival. Tughluq established a

ulema, sufis to the new capital.[15] The new capital was divided into wards called mohalla with separate quarters for different people like soldiers, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq to the immigrants. Even though the citizens migrated, they showed dissent. According to Ibn Batuta's accounts, the reason for the transfer of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for protection from Mongol and Afghan Invasion which was later confirmed by Historian Garner Brown.In the process, many died on the road due to hunger and exhaustion as there were not enough resources. Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around 1333, showed that Daulatabad was "the second capital".[23]

In 1334, there was a rebellion in Mabar, led by the North Indian Muslim soldier, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali, a native of Kaithal in North India, who founded the Madurai Sultanate.[24] While on his way to suppress the rebellion, there was an outbreak of bubonic plague at Bidar due to which Tughluq himself became ill, and many of his soldiers died. While he retreated back to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's control. This was followed by a revolt in Bengal. Fearing that the sultanate's northern borders were exposed to attacks, in 1335, he decided to shift the capital back to Delhi, allowing the citizens to return to their previous city.[15]

Impact

While most of the Medieval historians, including Barani and Ibn Battuta, tend to have implied that Delhi was entirely emptied (as is famously mentioned by Barani that not a dog or cat was left), it is generally believed that this is just an exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts simply imply that Delhi suffered a downfall in its stature and trade. Besides, it is believed that only the powerful and nobility suffered hardships if any. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated 1327 and 1328 C.E. confirm this view and establish the prosperity of the Hindus of Delhi and its vicinity at that time.[10]

Although this decision was unpopular among the Muslim elite, one impact of this decision was that Islamic rule in

Deccan lasted impact of this decision was that Islamic rule lasted centuries longer than the Delhi's own unstable authority over the south. If not for Tughlaq's creation of a Muslim elite at Daulatabad, there would have been no stable Muslim power like the Bahmani Sultanate to check the rising power of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire.[25]

Expeditions

After the death of

Hulagu Khan conquered present day Iran and Iraq. [note 1] However, at the time of Tughlaq, both of the dynasties were on the downfall, with conditions in Transoxiana unstable after the death of Tarmashirin.[15][10]
He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles and leaders from these regions and gave them grants. At that time many Afghan rulers gained independence and posed a significant threat to the Tughluq empire.

Tughluq raised an army of possibly up to 370,000 soldiers in 1329. Barani has written that Tughluq took no step to check the ability of the soldiers or the brand of horses. They were paid in one year advance, and after being kept idle for one year, Tughluq found it difficult to pay them. Therefore, he decided to disperse and dissolve the soldiers in 1329.[15]

In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led the Qarachil expedition to the

Hindu Rajput kingdom of Katoch clan of Kangra defeated the army of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq which was not able to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 soldiers perished and were forced to retreat.[15]

Death and ensuing collapse of the empire

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq died in 1351 on his way to Thatta, Sindh, while he was campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, a Turkic slave tribe. It was during his reign that the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed by twofold resistance. One was from Rajputs led by Hammir Singh of Mewar.

Deccan during the Rebellion of Ismail Mukh.[31]

Token

Muhammad Tughlak orders his brass coins to pass for silver, 1330 CE
Forced token currency coin
Gold coin of Ibn Tughluq in c. 1325–1351

Historian

coins of brass and copper were minted whose value was equal to that of gold and silver coins. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that this step was taken by Tughluq as he wanted to annex all the inhabited areas of the world for which a treasury was required to pay the army. Barani had also written that the sultan's treasury had been exhausted by his action of giving rewards and gifts in gold. In the rural areas, officials like the muqaddams paid the revenue in brass and copper coins and also used the same coins to purchase arms and horses.[32] As a result, the value of coins decreased, and, in the words of Satish Chandra, the coins became "as worthless as stones". This also disrupted trade and commerce. The token currency had inscriptions in Persian and Arabic marking the use of new coins instead of the royal seal and so the citizens could not distinguish between the official and the forged coins. Records show that the use of token currency had stopped by 1333 as Ibn Battuta who came to Delhi in 1334, wrote a journal which made no mention of this currency.[33]

Religious policy

There are conflicting views expressed by historians on his religious tolerance. While visitors Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,[8] on the contrary, Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammed was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[18] Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of China (the Yuan Emperor) had sent an embassy to Muhammad for reconstruction of a sacked temple at Sambhal. The envoys were however denied with the statement that only those living in a Muslim territory who paid the jizya could be permitted to restore a temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq had claimed that before his rule, idol-temples had been permitted to be rebuilt contrary to the Sharia.[34]

The contemporaneous

Jain authorities attests Muhammad cordial relations with the Jains and further showing favour to the Jain scholars.[35]

Personality

Tughluq was a strict Muslim, maintaining his five prayers during a day, used to fast in Ramadan. According to 19th century CE

Nizamuddin Dargah.[additional citation(s) needed] Critics have called him hasty in nature, owing to most of his experiments failing due to lack of preparation. Ibn Battuta has also written that he depended on his own judgment and rarely took advice from others and has also criticized him for his giving of excessive gifts and "harsh punishments".[37] He was famous because whenever a gift was bestowed upon him, he would give gifts worth three times the value to show his stature.[citation needed
]

In popular culture

Footnotes

  1. Khurasan
    refers to a historical area in Central Asia which included the mentioned regions.

References

  1. ^ Blair, p. 383.
  2. ^ Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co
  3. from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  4. from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  5. ^ Douie, James M. (1916). The Panjab North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 171.
  6. .
  7. ^ Sewell, Robert. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar). Swan Sonnenschein & Co. pp. 12–15.
  8. ^ a b c d Sewell, Robert. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar). Swan Sonnenschen & Co. pp. 12–15.
  9. ^ Venkatesh, Karthik (18 March 2017). "Muhammad bin Tughlaq: The Sultan of Swing". Livemint. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  10. ^ .
  11. .
  12. .
  13. ^ Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co
  14. ^ A.D. KHAN (2021). A History of the Sadarat in Medieval India VOLUME- I (PRE-MUGHALPERIOD). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  15. ^ .
  16. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, Majumdar A.K, Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultante.-2d ed. Bharativa Vidya Bhavan. p. 86.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  19. ^ "Biography of Muhammad-Bin-Tughluq (1325–1351)". History Discussion – Discuss Anything About History. 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  20. ^ Richard Maxwell Eaton (2015). The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700. Princeton University Press. p. 41. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  21. ^ A. Rā Kulakarṇī; M. A. Nayeem; Teotonio R. De Souza (1996). Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. Popular Prakashan. p. 34.
  22. ^ Gribble. A History of the Deccan: Volume 1. Luzac and Company. p. 16. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  23. ^ Chandra 2004, p. 101.
  24. ^ Qanungo (1960). Historical Essays. p. 142. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. Sayyid Hassan Kaithali...half a dozen Hasans, each distinguished from the other by an epithet indicative either of domicile or of birth
  25. ^ P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (22 May 1977). The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultante (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
  27. ^ R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
  28. ^ Suvorova (2000). Masnavi. p. 3. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  29. ^ Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 59–60. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  30. ^ Jamal Malik (2008). Islam in South Asia. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. change of capital to Daulatabad(1337) proved to be the most important vehicle by which North Indian Muslim ideas and institutions crossed the Narmada. The status of being a tributary to the Sultanate was deeply resented by the local Muslims, culminating in the revolt by Deccani nobles led by Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah in 1347, eventually establishing an independent kingdom called the Bahmani kingdom
  31. ^ Verma, D. C. History of Bijapur (New Delhi: Kumar Brothers, 1974) p. 1
  32. ^ Chandra 2004, p. 104.
  33. ^ Chandra 2004, p. 105.
  34. .
  35. from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2022. Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351) is mentioned in Jain texts as showing favour to Jain scholars
  36. ^ Chandra 2004, p. 98.
  37. ^ Chandra 2004, p. 99.
  38. ^ "Tughlaq: A historical play". The Times of India. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  39. ^ Ramanujam, Srinivasa (7 December 2016). "A different brand of wit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  40. ^ from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  41. ^ Ramnarayan, Gowri (7 June 2004). "Cho, what's up?". Interview. Kasturi and Sons Ltd for The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 April 2005. Retrieved 25 August 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  42. ^ "सरकार के छुट्टी रद्द करने के फैसले को अध्यापकों ने बताया गलत". Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). 1 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  43. ^ "Tughlaq has taught me not to judge people harshly for the choices they have made: Anuja Chandramouli". The Financial Express. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2020.

[1]

Bibliography

External links

Preceded by Sultan of Delhi
1325–1351
Succeeded by
Firuz Shah Tughluq
  1. ^ Renganathan, L. (26 January 2013). "Regal glorification for Lord Ranganatha at Srirangam". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020 – via www.thehindu.com.