Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji
(Redirected from
Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
)
| Ikhtiyar al-Din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amir al-Muminin of Bengal | |||||
South Dinajpur, West Bengal | |||||
| Burial | 1206 Pirpal Dargah, Narayanpur, Gangarampur, West Bengal | ||||
| |||||
| Clan | Khilji | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
| Occupation | Military general ruler | ||||
Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī,Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor,[7] who led the Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian regions of Bengal and Bihar and established himself as their ruler.[8][9][10][11] He was the founder of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal, which ruled Bengal for a short period, from 1203 to 1227 CE.
Khalji's invasions of the
Mughal Bengal.[15]
Bakhtiyar launched an ill-fated Tibet campaign in 1206 and was assassinated upon returning to Bengal by Ali Mardan and Mirza Haider Goni Fahad.[16][17] He was succeeded by Muhammad Shiran Khalji.
Early life
Bakhtiyar Khalji was born and raised in
Turko-Afghan. Later in the Khalji Revolution, the Khaljis faced discrimination and were looked down upon by other Turks for Afghan barbarians.[22][23][24][25]
Bakhtiyar during his early years went in search of employment to
Ferishta, still the account of Isami regarding Bakhtiyar's first assignment is largely unreliable and dubious.[26]
Bakhtiyar did not come from an obscure background. His uncle Muhammad bin Mahmud Khalji was a lieutenant of the Ghurid ruler
Benaras Husamudin Aghul Bek who was impressed with his gallantry and bestowed on him the iqta of Bhagwat and Bhilui (present-day Mirzapur
district).
In his early career before the expeditions in Bengal and
Khalji emirs joined in his service. At the same time, Muhammad of Ghor's slave Qutb ud-Din Aibak also honoured him.[27]
Military career
Khalji was head of the Ghurid military force that conquered parts of eastern India at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.[28]
Conquest of Bihar and Destruction of Mahaviras (Buddhist Ritual Centres) (1200)
He subjugated Bihar in 1200.[32] His invasions destroyed the university establishments at
vihara.[34] According to the early 17th-century Buddhist scholar Taranatha, the invaders massacred many monks at Odantapuri, and destroyed Vikramashila.[34]
Conquest of Bengal (1203)
In 1203, Khalji invaded Bengal. With the
octogenarian emperor Lakshmana Sena at the helm, the Sena dynasty was in a state of decline and could not provide much resistance. As Khalji came upon the city of Nabadwip, it is said that he advanced so rapidly that only 18 horsemen from his army could keep up.[35] The small horde entered the city unchallenged and took the emperor and his army by shock .[36][37] This caused Lakhsmana Sena to flee with his retainers to east Bengal.[38][39][40] Khalji subsequently went on to capture Gauda (ancient Lakhnauti), the capital and the principal city of Bengal[41] and intruded into much of Bengal.[42]
Muhammad Bakhtiyar's rule was related by
Minhaj al-Siraj, as he visited Bengal about 40 years later:[43]
After Muhammad Bakhtiyar possessed himself of that territory he left the city of
Minhaj al-Siraj.[43]
Invasion of Tibet (1206)
Bakhtiyar Khalji left the town of
Devkot in 1206 to attack Tibet, leaving Ali Mardan Khalji in Ghoraghat Upazila to guard the eastern frontier from his headquarters at Barisal. Bakhtiyar Khalji's forces suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Tibetan guerrilla forces at Chumbi Valley, which forced him to retreat to Devkot with only about a hundred surviving soldiers. This was first and shameful defeat of Khalji.[44]
Death and aftermath
As Bakhtiyar Khalji lay ill and exhausted in Devkot after defeated by Tibetans, he was assassinated by Ali Mardan Khalji.[16][17]
The Khalji noblemen then appointed
Qutb al-Din Aibak to invade Bengal, who sent an army under Qayemaz Rumi, the governor of Awadh, to dethrone Shiran Khalji . Shiran fled to Dinajpur where he later died.[45]
Ghiyas-ud-din Iwaz Khalji assisted the invasion and assumed the governorship of Bengal in 1208. But shortly after, he yielded power to Ali Mardan willingly, when the latter returned from Delhi in 1210. However, the nobles of Bengal conspired against and assassinated Ali Mardan in 1212. Iwaj Khalji assumed power again and proclaimed his independence from the Delhi sultanate.[46]
Legacy
Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji had the
madrasas, and khanqahs arose through Bakhtiyar's patronage, and his example was imitated by his subordinates.[47][48]
See also
| Islam in Bangladesh |
|---|
- List of rulers of Bengal#Delhi Sultanate era
- Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi
- Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud
- Bakhtiarpur
References
- ^ Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor. London, Hutchinson. 1906. p. 169.
- ^ "Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khiljī | Muslim general". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- JSTOR 20477310.
Hussain argues ... was actually named Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji and not the broadly used Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
- ISBN 9788173044823.
- ^ Know Your State West Bengal. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 15.
Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.
- ^ Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526). p. 226.
Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions. That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.
- ISBN 978-90-04-43736-4.
- OCLC 1031074.
Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.
- OCLC 883279992.
The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji ... he started plundering raids into Bihar and, within four or five years, occupied a large part of it ... Nadia was sacked by the Turks and a few districts of Bengal (Malda, Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Birbhum) were occupied by them ... Bathtiyar Khalji could not retain his hold over Nadia and made Lakhnauti or Gaur as his capital.
- ISBN 9788185078687.
- ISBN 9788176484695.
- ^ ISBN 90-04-12556-6.
Nalanda, together with the colleges at Vikramasila and Odantapuri, suffered gravely during the conquest of Bihar by the Muslim general Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji between A.D. 1197 and 1206, and many monks were killed or forced to flee.
- ^ Arnold, Sir Thomas Walker (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Archibald Constable and Co. pp. 227–228.
- ^ Hindu-Muslim Relations in Bengal, 1905–1947: Study in Cultural Confrontation, Page 11, Nachiketa Publications, 1974, Hossainur Rahman
- ISBN 9780520205079.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-108-01953-8.
- ^ Minhāju-s Sirāj (1881). Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, including Hindustān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the irruption of the infidel Mughals into Islām. Bibliotheca Indica #78. Vol. 1. Translated by Henry George Raverty. Calcutta, India: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (printed by Gilbert & Rivington). p. 548.
- ISBN 81-269-0123-3. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court
- ^ "ḴALAJ i. TRIBE".
- ISBN 978-1-108-41774-7.
- ^ Pierre Oberling (15 December 2010). "ḴALAJ i. TRIBE". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
Indeed, it seems very likely that [the Khalaj] formed the core of the Pashto-speaking Ghilji tribe, the name [Ghilji] being derived from Khalaj.
- OCLC 575452554.
His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non-Turks by Turks.
- ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8.
The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks.
- ISBN 81-269-0123-3.
The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi
- ^ K. A. Nizami 1970, p. 171-172.
- ^ K. A. Nizami 1970, p. 172.
- ISBN 978-90-04-43736-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-691-18074-8.
- ISBN 978-81-215-1010-3.
Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse : legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204
- ISBN 978-93-88676-77-9.
- OCLC 924890.
Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year following the sack of the fortified monastery of that name. This year, i.e. 1200 A.D., he was busy consolidating his hold over that province.
- ISBN 978-93-5479-159-8.
After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major destructions
- ^ ISBN 0-391-04174-6.
- ^ Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj (1881). Tabakat-i-Nasiri Vol-I. London: Gilbert And Rivington. p. 557.
- ISBN 9789840513352.
- ^ M. Shawkat Ali, S. (1965). Social History & Political Sociology for Degree Students. Salma Shawkat via Majid Publishing House. p. 93. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ISBN 9789690100344. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ Ahmad, Nazimuddin (1980). Islamic Heritage of Bangladesh. Department of Films and Publications, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. p. 6.
- ISBN 9781438119137. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- OCLC 924890.
Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.
- OCLC 28533779.
- ^ a b Eaton, Richard M. (1993). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. Berkeley · Los Angeles · London: University of California Press. p. Chapter 1–2.
- ISBN 9781847740625.
- ^ Khilji Malik
- ISBN 9788124110645.
- ISBN 978-81-208-1798-2.
- OCLC 610346317.
Bibliography
- OCLC 31870180.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji.
- History of the Muslims of Bengal – Volume 1A: Muslim Rule in Bengal (600-170/1203-1757), by Muhammad Mohar Ali, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Department of Culture and Publications.
- Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Bakhtiyar Khalji". In OL 30677644M. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- Chowdhury, AM (2012). "Sena Dynasty". In OL 30677644M. Retrieved 24 April 2024.