Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin

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Muhammad bin Saud
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In this Arabic name, the surname is Al Muqrin.
Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin
Abdulaziz
Born1687
Diriyah
Died1765 (aged 77–78)
Diriyah
SpouseMoudi bint Abi Wahtan Al Kathir
Issue
  • Abdulaziz
  • Faisal
  • Saud
  • Abdullah
Names
Muhammad bin Saud bin Muhammad Al Muqrin Al Muridi
Dynasty
FatherSaud bin Muhammad Al Muqrin

Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin (

First Saudi State and the Saud dynasty, which are named for his father, Saud bin Muhammad Al Muqrin.[1]
His reign lasted between 1727 and 1765.

Origins

Ibn Saud's family (then known as the Al Muqrin) traced its descent to the Banu Hanifa tribes but, despite popular misconceptions, Muhammad bin Saud was neither a nomadic bedouin nor a tribal leader. Rather, he was the chief (emir) of an agricultural settlement near modern-day Riyadh, called Diriyah.[2] He had lands there and was involved in financing the commercial journeys of merchants.[3] Furthermore, he was a competent and ambitious desert warrior.[2]

Early life

Muhammad bin Saud was born in Diriyah in 1687.[4] Among his siblings were Mishari, Thunayan and Farhan.[5] The family resided in the citadel of Turaif in Diriyah.[6][7] He defeated all of his siblings to establish his rule in Diriyah.

Reign

Muhammad bin Saud became local emir of Diriyah in 1727.[8] The initial power base was the town of Diriyah where he met Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, who asked for protection.[2][9] They formed an alliance in 1744 or 1745.[5] Muhammad bin Saud asked Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab to accept the two conditions: (1) Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab should settle and stay in Diriyah and (2) he would not oppose the collection of tax by the ruler, Muhammad bin Saud.[6] Although he accepted the first condition, he did not accept the second one arguing that he would acquire more through the battles and persuaded him not to collect tax.[6][10] Muhammad bin Saud endorsed his proposal and declared their alliance.[6] Their cooperation was further formalized by the wedding of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab's daughter to Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, son and successor of Muhammad bin Saud. Thereafter, the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud and the descendants of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, the Al ash-Sheikh, have remained closely linked. However, the alliance was not totally supported by his family, and one of his brothers, Thunayyan bin Saud, objected to such a cooperation.[11]

Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab provided Muhammad bin Saud with the military backing for the House of Saud and helped establish the dynasty among other forces in the

Arabian peninsula.[12] In addition, following their alliance Muhammad bin Saud began to collect taxes from his subjects, and the first members of the Najdi-Wahhabi elites emerged.[13] Therefore, the significant elements of the Saudi rule which have existed until now in Saudi Arabia were shaped: the royal family, Wahhabi clerics and tribal subjects.[13] Following their cooperation, the emirs of Diriyah began to be called Imam.[7] Abdul Wahhab remained as an adviser to Muhammad bin Saud until the end of the latter's reign.[14]

Muhammad bin Saud initiated attacks against the ruler of Riyadh, Dahham bin Dawwas, in 1747.

Ras Al Khaimah.[16] When Muhammad bin Saud himself would attack anywhere, he invited the people three times to adopt his religion, Wahhabism.[17] If his invitation was not accepted, his forces initiated the attack and killed them.[17]

The way he set up his government has served as the model for rulers of the House of Saud to the present day. The government was based on Islamic principles and made use of shura. He ruled the emirate until his death in 1765.[18][19] By the time of his death the majority of the Najdi people and all of those living in the southern Najd were Wahhabi adherents.[20][21]

Personal life and death

Ibn Saud's wife was Moudi bint Abi Wahtan Al Kathir who was instrumental in his meeting with Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.[5][22] He had five sons: Saud, Faisal, Abdulaziz, Abdullah and Ali.[23] Of them, both Saud and Faisal died in his lifetime in a battle in 1747.[23]

Muhammad bin Saud dressed in a plain way and, unlike those of the Mamluk and Ottoman rulers, his armaments were not decorated.[24] He died in Diriyah in 1765 and was succeeded by his eldest son Abdulaziz.[25][26]

Legacy

As the head of a forerunner of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the

Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University
is named after him.

References

  1. ^ John Pike. "King Abdul Aziz Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud". Global Security. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  2. ^
    JSTOR 2618170
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-5217-4754-7
    .
  4. ^ Said Mahmud Najm AI Amiri. "The Emergence of Al Wahhabiyyah Movement and its Historical Roots" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021. Translated version of a secret document presented to the Iraqi General Military Intelligence Directorate.
  5. ^ a b c Parvaiz Ahmad Khanday (2009). A Critical Analysis of the Religio-Political Conditions of Modern Saudi Arabia (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9
    .
  7. ^ a b Sabra Naji Alshahrani (2015). Saudi Women's Role in Development of Society (PDF) (MA thesis). Charles University. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2021.
  8. ISBN 978-93-86618-17-7
    .
  9. ^ Joel Carmichael (July 1942). "Prince of Arabs". Foreign Affairs (July 1942).
  10. S2CID 144536155
    .
  11. ^ Hassan S. Abedin (2002). Abdul Aziz Al Saud and the Great Game in Arabia, 1896-1946 (PhD thesis). King's College London. p. 40.
  12. ^ "Historical Memorandum on the Relations of the Wahhabi Amirs and Ibn Saud with Eastern Arabia and the British Government, 1800-1934". British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers. 1934. p. 2.
  13. ^
    doi:10.1163/22131418-00504001
    .
  14. ^ Alejandra Galindo Marines (2001). The relationship between the ulama and the government in the contemporary Saudi Arabian Kingdom: an interdependent relationship? (PDF) (PhD thesis). Durham University.
  15. ^
    JSTOR 20832903
    .
  16. ^
    hdl:10871/14543
    .
  17. ^
    doi:10.5070/N4161038736
    .
  18. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1
    .
  19. ISBN 978-1-4191-4621-3.[permanent dead link
    ]
  20. JSTOR 30093391
    .
  21. ProQuest 303087629
    .
  22. ^ "Interview. Prince Amr bin Mohammed". PBS. Frontline. 2003. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  23. ^
    ProQuest 303295482
    .
  24. ProQuest 304688724
    .
  25. ^ Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). Saudi Arabia under King Faisal (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 27.
  26. ^ Samiah Baroni (2006). Saudi Arabia and Expansionist Wahhabism (MA thesis). University of Central Florida. p. 36.

Further reading

S. R. Valentine. (2015). Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond, C. Hurst & Co., London/New York.

External links

Regnal titles
Preceded by
Zaid bin Markhan
 Emir of Diriyah
1727–1744 		Recreated
Title next held by
Himself
as Imam of First Saudi State
Preceded by
Office established
 Imam of
First Saudi State

1744–1765 		Succeeded by
Abdulaziz bin Muhammad bin Saud
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