Muhammad al-Bukhari

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Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Ibrāhīm al-Juʿfī al-Bukhārī (

Born in Bukhara in present-day Uzbekistan, Al-Bukhari began learning hadith at a young age. He travelled across the Abbasid Caliphate and learned under several influential contemporary scholars. Bukhari memorized thousands of hadith narrations, compiling the Sahih al-Bukhari in 846. He spent the rest of his life teaching the hadith he had collected. Towards the end of his life, Bukhari faced claims the Quran was created, and was exiled from Nishapur. Subsequently, he moved to Khartank, near Samarkand.

Sahih al-Bukhari is revered as the most important

According to contemporary hadith scholar and historian Al-Dhahabi, al-Bukhari began studying hadith in the Hijri year 821 CE. He memorized the works of Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak while still a child and began writing and narrating hadith while still an adolescent. In the Hijri year 826 CE, at the age of sixteen, Al-Bukhari performed the Hajj with his elder brother and widowed mother.^[9][13] Al-Bukhari stayed in Mecca for two years, before moving to Medina where he wrote Qadhāyas-Sahābah wa at-Tābi'īn, a book about the companions of Muhammad and the tabi'un. He also wrote Al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr during his time in Medina.^[9]

Al-Bukhari is known to have travelled to most of the important Islamic learning centres of his time, including Syria, Kufa, Basra, Egypt, Yemen, and Baghdad. He studied under prominent Islamic scholars including Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ali ibn al-Madini, Yahya ibn Ma'in and Ishaq ibn Rahwayh. Al-Bukhari is known to have memorized over 600,000 hadith narrations.^[9][14]

Mihna, later years and death

According to Jonathan Brown, following Ibn Hanbal, Al-Bukhari had reportedly declared that 'reciting the

magnum opus. It is a collection of approximately 7,563 hadith narrations across 97 chapters creating a basis for a complete system of jurisprudence without the use of speculative law. The book is highly regarded among Sunni Muslims, and most Sunni scholars consider it second only to the Quran in terms of authenticity. It is considered one of the most authentic collection of hadith, even ahead of Muwatta Imam Malik and Sahih Muslim. Alongside the latter, Sahih al-Bukhari is known as one of the 'Sahihayn (Two Sahihs)' and they are together part of the Kutub al-Sittah.^[25]

One of the most famous stories from the Sahih al-Bukhari is the story of Muhammad's first revelation.

Al-Bukhari wrote three works discussing narrators of hadith with respect to their ability in conveying their material. These are Al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr, Al-Tarīkh al-Awsaţ, and Al-Tarīkh al-Ṣaghīr. Of these, Al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr is published and well-known, while Al-Tarīkh al-Ṣaghīr is lost.

Al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr. Al-Bukhari also wrote al-Kunā on patronymics, and Al-Ḍu'afā al-Ṣaghīr on weak narrators of hadith.^[27] Al-Adab al-Mufrad is a collection of hadith narrations on ethics and manners.^[25][28]

In response to the accusations levied against him during his mihna, Al-Bukhari compiled the

Mutazilites, defending the belief that sound of the Qur'an being recited is created.^[29] Al-Bukhari cited Ahmad Ibn Hanbal as evidence for his position, re-affirming the latter's legacy and the former's allegiance to the Ahl al-Hadith.^[30][31]

List of works

Historical and biographical works[32]

• Al-Tarikh al-Kabir
  = Kitāb al-Tārīkh (The Great History)
• Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar min al-tārīkh = al-Tārīkh al-awsaṭ
• Asāmī al-ṣaḥābah (On the Prophet's Companions)

Hadith collections and sciences^[32]

• Sahih al-Bukhari
• Al-Duʿafāʾ = al-Duʿafāʾ al-kabīr = al-Duʿafāʾ al-ṣaghīr
• Kitāb al-wuḥdān (On the Companions from whom only one hadith is transmitted) (lost)
• Kitāb al-ʿilal (lost)
• Birr al-wālidayn (hadith collection on filial piety)
• Al-Adab al-Mufrad
• Kitāb al-hiba

Fiqh and theological works^[32]

• Al-Sunan fī al-fiqh = al-Fawāʾid = al-Mabṣūṭ (lost)
• Al-Jāmiʾ al-Ṣaḥīḥ = al-Jāmiʿ al-kabīr = al-Musnad al-kabīr
• Rafʿ al-yadayn fī al-ṣalāh
• Al-Qirāʾa khalfa al-imām
• Kitāb Khalq afʿal al-ʿibād

School of law

In terms of law, scholars like

Shafi'i school.^[33] The Harvard historian Ahmed el-Shamsy also asserts this, as he states that he was a student of the Shafi'i scholar al-Karabisi [ar] (d. 245/859).^[42]

Theology

According to some scholars, such as

Imam al-Shafi'i from his period in Iraq.^{[46] [42]} Al-Karabisi was also known to have associated himself directly with Ibn Kullab and the Kullabi school of thought.^[47][43]

Interpretation of God's attributes

According to

Arabic: ضحك, lit. 'laughter') which is narrated in a hadith, [which is interpreted by] His Mercy.^[48]

Views on predestination

Al-Bukhari also rebuked those who rejected of

Badr al-Din al-'Ayni, the heading of that chapter was designed not only to refute the Kharijites but any who held similar beliefs.^[17]

See also

• Sahih al-Bukhari
• Al-Tarikh al-Kabir
• Al-Adab al-Mufrad

Notes and references

Notes

Citations

1. ^ Ibn Rāhwayh, Isḥāq (1990), Balūshī, ʻAbd al-Ghafūr ʻAbd al-Ḥaqq Ḥusayn (ed.), Musnad Isḥāq ibn Rāhwayh (1st ed.), Tawzīʻ Maktabat al-Īmān, pp. 150–165
2. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021.
3. ^ Melchert, Christopher. "al-Bukhārī". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online.^{[permanent dead link]}
4. ISBN 9780787625436. Archived
   from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
5. ISBN 9780297002741. Archived
   from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
6. ^
   ISBN 9960969053. Archived
   from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
7. ISBN 9780787625436
   .
8. ISBN 9780297002741
   .
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} "About - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
10. ^ Robson, J. (24 April 2012). "al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
11. ISBN 9780787625436
    .
12. ISBN 9780297002741
    .
13. ^ ^{a b} Tathkirah al-Huffath, vol. 2, pg. 104-5, al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah edition
14. ^ al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. Hady al-Sari, the introduction to Fath al-Bari. Darussalam Publications. pp. 8–9.
15. ISBN 978-90-04-15839-9
    .
16. ^ ^{a b} Wahab, Muhammad Rashidi, and Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar. "The Level of Imam al-Ash'ari's Thought in Aqidah." International Journal of Islamic Thought 3 (2013), p58-70: "Because of that, al-Bukhari in most matters related to the question of aqidah is said to take the opinion of Ibn Kullab and al-Karabisi (al-'Asqalani 2001: 1/293)"
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Azmi, Ahmad Sanusi. "Ahl al-Hadith Methodologies on Qur'anic Discourses in the Ninth Century: A Comparative Analysis of Ibn Hanbal and al-Bukhari." Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies 4.1 (2017): 17-26. "Supporting his master, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855), al-Bukhari is reported to declare that ‘reciting the Qur’an is an element of createdness’. This statement presumably proclaimed by al-Bukhari as an explanatory assertion intended to provide an alternative source of thought or reasoning for Muslims. Instead of accepting the doctrine of the Mu’tazilites (the group that champions the concept of the creation of the Qur’an), al-Bukhari appears to suggest that the element of creation is only applied to humans, not to the words of God, namely the Qur’an. The statement did, however, receive a negative response from the Muslim community, including some prominent scholars (especially Hanbalites)."
18. ^ ^{a b} Melchert, Christopher. "The Piety of the Hadith folk." International Journal of Middle East Studies 34.3 (2002): 425-439. "Hadith folk in Baghdad warned those of Nishapur against the famous traditionist Bukhari, whom they then drove from the city for suggesting one's pronunciation of the Qur'an was created"
19. ^ al-Lalaka'i, Abi al-Qāsim. Sharh Usul I'tiqād Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jamā'ah (in Arabic). Vol. 2. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith. p. 396.
20. ISBN 978-90-04-15839-9
    .
21. ^ Sanusi Azmi, Ahmad (April 2017). "Ahl al-Hadith Methodologies on Qur'anic Discourses in the Ninth Century: A Comparative Analysis of Ibn Hanbal and al-Bukhari". Online Journal Research in Islamic Studies. 4 (1): 23 – via Research Gate. At the crux of the disagreement regarding the meaning of apparently ambiguous terms of 'lafz al-Qur'an' (word of the Qur'an), in which al-Bukhari was reported to have uttered 'lafzi bi al-Qur'an makhluq' (my recitation of the Qur'an is created), where he is actually referring to the human action of reading the Qur'an, he was immediately at risk... . Al-Dhahabi and al-Subki related that it is due to the jealousy of some scholars of Naisabur (Nishapur)..
22. ISBN 978-1-904955-11-5. Archived
    from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
23. ^ Pasha, Muhammad Ali (28 February 2023). "Mausoleum of Imam Bukhari, Samarkand". The Gulf Observer. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
24. ^ "Tomb of Imam al-Bukhari". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
25. ^ ^{a b} Abdul Qadir Muhammad Jalal et al., "Elevating Imam Al Bukhari: Affirming the Status of Imam Al Bukhari and His Sahih by Dispelling the Misconceptions Surrounding them", Lagos 2021
26. ^ Fihris Musannafāt al-Bukhāri, pp. 28-30.
27. ^ Fihris Muṣannafāt al-Bukhāri, pp. 9-61, Dār al-'Āṣimah, Riyaḍ: 1410.
28. ^ "AdabMufrad". bewley.virtualave.net. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
29. ISBN 978-90-04-15839-9
    .
30. ISBN 978-90-04-15839-9
    . Al-Bukhari's allegiance to the ahl al-hadith camp and to Ibn Hanbal himself is thus obvious. Indeed, he quotes Ibn Hanbal as evidence for his position on the lafz.
31. ISBN 978-90-04-15839-9
    .
32. ^ ^{a b c} Abu-Alabbas, Belal (2018). Between scripture and human reason: an intellectual biography of Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d.256/870). pp. 38–39.
33. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-15839-9
    .
34. ^ Imam al-Bukhari. (d. 256/870; Tabaqat al-Shafi'iya, 2.212-14 [6])
35. ^ Falih al-Dhibyani, Al-zahiriyya hiya al-madhhab al-awwal, wa al-mutakallimun 'anha yahrifun bima la ya'rifun Archived 3 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Interview with Abdul Aziz al-Harbi for Okaz. 15 July 2006, Iss. #1824. Photography by Salih Ba Habri.
36. doi:10.1163/156851906778946341
    .
37. doi:10.1163/156851906778946341
    .
38. ^ Sattar, Abdul. "Konstruksi Fiqh Bukhari dalam Kitab al-Jami’al-Shahih." De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar'iah 3.1 (2011).
39. ^ Masrur, Ali, and Imam Zainuddin Az-Zubaidi. "Imam Muhammad bin Ismail al-Bukhari (194-256 H): Kolektor Hadis Nabi Saw. paling unggul di Dunia Islam." (2018): 1-16.
40. ^ Hasyim, Muh Fathoni. "FIKIH IMAM AL-BUKHAR1." (2009).
41. ^ Mughal, Justice R. Dr, and Munir Ahmad. "Imam Bukhari (رحمۃ اللہ علیہ) Was a Mujtahid Mutlaq." Available at SSRN 2049357 (2012).
42. ^ ^{a b} The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History Reprint by El Shamsy, Ahmed (ISBN: 9781107546073). Page 70,165,170,197&217
43. ^ ^{a b} "The Adversaries of Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal", 1997 Christopher Melchert. "Al-Karabisi's (And Ibn Kullabs) doctrine of the pronunciation was taken up after him by Ahmad al-Sarrak (fl. ca. 240/854-855), Abu Thawr (d. 240/854), Ibn Kullab (d. ca. 240/854-855), al-Harit al-Muhasibi (d. 243/857-858), Dawud al-Zahiri (d. 270/884), and even al-Bukhari (d. 256/870). Indeed, most of the known semi-rationalist Kullabi school were loosely associated with Al-Shafi'i."
44. ^ Al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar (2001). Fath al-bari sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. Vol. 1. Maktabah Misr. p. 293.
45. ^ Shakir, Zaid. "Treatise for the Seekers of Guidance." NID Publishers, 2008.
46. ^ The Canonization of al-Bukhari and Muslim. Jonathon AC Brown. Page 71
47. ^ The Formative Period Of Islamic Thought by Watt, W. Montomery
48. ISBN 9781838609832
    .

Sources

• Bukhari, Imam (194-256H) اللإمام البُخاري; An educational Encyclopedia of Islam; Syed Iqbal Zaheer

• Abdul Qadir Muhammad Jalal et al., "Elevating Imam Al Bukhari: Affirming the Status of Imam Al Bukhari and His Sahih by Dispelling the Misconceptions Surrounding them", Lagos 2021

External links

Studies

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Bukhārī".

• Ghassan Abdul-Jabbar, Bukhari, London, 2007
• Jonathan Brown, The canonization of al-Bukhari and Muslim, Leiden 2007
• Eerik Dickinson, The development of early Sunnite hadith criticism, Leiden 2001

• Scott C. Lucas, "The legal principles of Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī and their relationship to classical Salafi Islam," ILS 13 (2006), 289–324
• Christopher Melchert, "Bukhārī and early hadith criticism," JAOS 121 (2001), 7–19
• Christopher Melchert, "Bukhārī and his Ṣaḥīḥ," Le Muséon 123 (2010), 425–54
• Alphonse Mingana, An important manuscript of the traditions of Bukhārī, Cambridge 1936

v t e Early Islamic scholars

Muhammad, The final Messenger of God(570–632 the Constitution of Medina, taught the Quran, and advised his companions Abu Hurairah (603–681) taught Urwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taught Said ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taught Abdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taught Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar Hammad bin ibi Sulman taught Farwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by Shia, he taught Malik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taught Al-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn Anas Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas Al-Risala, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taught Ismail ibn Ibrahim Ali ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the Companions Ibn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith books Al-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles Sunan Abu Dawood Hadith Book Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote History of the Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-Tabari Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions Key: Taught in Medina Key: Taught in Iraq Key: Worked in Syria Key: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith Key: Worked in Persia