Muhanna ibn Isa

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Muhanna ibn 'Isa
Lord of Palmyra
Reign1284–1293
1295–1312
1317–1320
1330–1335
PredecessorIsa ibn Muhanna
SuccessorMusa ibn Muhanna
Amir al-ʿarab
Reign1284–1293
1295–1312
1317–1320
1330–1335
PredecessorIsa ibn Muhanna
SuccessorMusa ibn Muhanna
Died1335
Near Salamiyah
IssueMusa
Sulayman
Ahmad
Fayyad
Hayar
Qara
Names
Husam ad-Din Muhanna ibn 'Isa
HouseAl Fadl
FatherIsa ibn Muhanna

Husam ad-Din Muhanna ibn Isa

Mamluk Sultanate. He served between 1284 and his death, but was dismissed and reinstated four times during this period. As the chieftain of the Al Fadl, a clan of the Tayy tribe, which dominated the Syrian Desert, Muhanna wielded considerable influence among the Bedouin. He was described by historian Amalia Levanoni as "the eldest and most senior amir" of the Al Fadl during his era.[3]

Muhanna was first appointed amir al-ʿarab to replace his father

an-Nasir Muhammad's reign (1310–1341), ushering in a policy of playing off the Mamluks and the Mongols to further his own interests. An-Nasir eventually banished Muhanna and his tribe to the depths of the Syrian Desert. Through mediation by the Ayyubid prince, al-Afdal Muhammad
, Muhanna reconciled with an-Nasir in 1330 and remained loyal to the Mamluks until his death five years later.

Muhanna was succeeded by his son

iqtaʿat (fiefs) by an-Nasir, including Palmyra, Salamiyah, Sarmin and Douma
. Muhanna later criticized an-Nasir's generous iqtaʿ distribution to the Bedouin tribes, believing it would ultimately degrade the character of the Bedouin and in turn, weaken the Muslim armies.

Ancestry

Muhanna, also known as Muhanna II, belonged to the

Qalawun in the Second Battle of Homs in 1281.[4]

Lord of Palmyra

First and second reigns

castle of Palmyra
; the city's center of power

Muhanna succeeded his father 'Isa as lord of Palmyra and amir al-ʿarab in 1284,[4] after receiving the appointment from Sultan Qalawun.[2] Muhanna visited Qalawun's successor, Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil, in Cairo in 1291.[5] In 1293, after celebrating the wedding of his granddaughter,[5] Muhanna and his sons and brothers met al-Ashraf Khalil at the wells of Furqlus, near Homs, where the sultan had been on a hunting expedition.[6] Al-Ashraf Khalil had Muhanna and his family arrested and imprisoned in the Cairo Citadel.[5][7] Muhanna was replaced by his distant cousin, Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, from the Al Ali branch of Al Fadl.[7] Muhanna was released with his family and restored as amir al-ʿarab and lord of Palmyra two years later by Sultan al-Adil Kitbugha.[2][7] In 1298, Muhanna performed the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.[5]

Muhanna later commanded the right wing of the Mamluk army during the

al-Hillah, south of Baghdad.[5] An-Nasir Muhammad consequently dismissed Muhanna from his principality and appointed his brother Fadl ibn Isa the lord of Palmyra.[2]

Third reign

Muhanna arrived at the Ilkhan's court in 1316, but then decided to go back to Palmyra where he was contacted by the sultan who summoned him to his court in

al-Umari wrote "Muhanna and Fadl were agreed at heart, but openly they were otherwise".[8]

An-Nasir sought to keep the Al Fadl loyal to him and prevent their defection to the Ilkhanate, as well as ensure they would not disrupt peaceful travel on the roads. To accomplish this, an-Nasir adopted an unprecedented policy among Mamluk sultans by distributing large iqtaʿat and grants to the Bedouin, namely the Al Fadl. Moreover, an-Nasir granted Al Fadl members' requests for possession of particularly lucrative iqtaʿat belonging to the Mamluk emirs (commanders/princes) of

Ghouta near Damascus as an iqta.[12] Muhanna criticized an-Nasir for the lavish distribution of iqtaʿat to his tribesmen out of belief that such excesses would ruin the character of the Bedouin and ultimately weaken the Muslim armies.[3] He also asserted to an-Nasir that "even if he [sic] wished to change this situation ... you will no longer be able to do so" since the tribesmen would not willingly forfeit their new properties.[3]

Muhanna later reestablished contact with the Ilkhanate, causing the sultan to banish him with his whole tribe in 1320.

Palmyrene steppe and were forced to live deep in the Syrian Desert.[7][10]

Final reign and death

Ten years later, Muhanna contacted the Ayyubid emir al-Afdal Muhammad of Hama (vassal of the Mamluks), and requested that he intercede with the sultan on Muhanna's behalf;[10] an-Nasir ultimately forgave Muhanna, reinstating him in 1330.[14] This marked the end of Muhanna's policy of playing the Mamluks and Ilkhanids against each other.[8] Thereafter, Muhanna remained loyal to the sultanate until his death near Salamiyah in June 1335, at around age 80.[14] According to historian A. S. Tritton, "there was public lamentation" for Muhanna's death and "black was worn" in mourning.[15]

Legacy

Banu Tayy
tribe of Syria. The Al Fadl branch is depicted by the blue line

Historian Amalia Levanoni described Muhanna as "the eldest and most senior amir" of the Al Fadl during his era.[3] By 1352, Muhanna's descendants amounted to 110 men, all with their own clans, iqtaʿ and princely titles.[16] According to Levanoni, Muhanna's warning to an-Nasir about the effects of distributing and subsequently seizing iqtaʿat "came true only a short time" after Muhanna's death,[16] when his son and successor,[15] Musa, threatened to start a Bedouin revolt and defect to the Ilkhanate if an-Nasir did not return iqtaʿat confiscated from the Al Fadl.[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Full name and genealogy: Ḥusām ad-Dīn Muhannā ibn ʿIsa ibn Muhannā ibn Maniʿ ibn Ḥadītha ibn Ghudayya ibn Faḍl ibn Rabīʿa ibn Ḥaẓim ibn ʿAlī ibn Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrāh at-Ṭaʾī[1]

References

  1. ISBN 9789771804673
    .
  2. ^ a b c d e خير الدين الزركلي (1926). الأعلام. Vol. 7. p. 316. GGKEY:S54F8LYLBUT.
  3. ^ a b c d Levanoni 1995, p. 177.
  4. ^ a b محمد عدنان قيطاز (1998). "مهنّا (أسرة)". الموسوعة العربية (in Arabic). Vol. 19. هيئة الموسوعة العربية. p. 788. Archived from the original on 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Tritton 1948, p. 568.
  6. ^ Abu al-Fida, ed. Holt 1983, p. 20.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Hiyari 1975, p. 518.
  8. ^ a b c d e Hiyari 1975, p. 519.
  9. ^ Tritton 1948, pp. 568–569.
  10. ^ a b c d e خير الدين الزركلي (1926). الأعلام. Vol. 7. p. 317. GGKEY:S54F8LYLBUT.
  11. ^ Levanoni 1995, pp. 176–177.
  12. ISBN 90-04-10649-9
    .
  13. ISBN 90-04-09834-8
    .
  14. ^ a b Ibn Khaldūn (1867) [1375]. Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih (in Arabic). Vol. 5. ʻAbd al-Maṭbaʻah al-Miṣrīyah bi-Būlāq. p. 105.
  15. ^ a b Tritton 1948, p. 569.
  16. ^ a b c Levanoni 1995, p. 178.

Bibliography

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