Muktananda
Swami Muktananda | |
---|---|
Shaktipat 15 August 1947 Ganeshpuri, Mahrashtra, India by Bhagavan Nityananda | |
Post | Founder and guru of Siddha Yoga |
Website | siddhayoga |
Swami Muktananda Paramahamsa (16 May 1908 – 2 October 1982), born Krishna Rai, was a
Biography
Swami Muktananda was born in 1908 near Mangalore in Madras Presidency, British India, to a wealthy family.[4] His birth name was Krishna Rai.[5]
At 15, he encountered Bhagawan Nityananda, a wandering
In 1947, Muktananda went to Ganeshpuri to receive the
In 1956, Bhagawan Nityananda acknowledged the culmination of Muktananda's spiritual journey. He appointed Muktananda as the leader of an ashram in Ganeshpuri, near
In May 1982, Muktananda appointed two successors, Swami Chidvilasananda and her younger brother, Swami Nityananda, as joint leaders of Siddha Yoga. Nityananda later resigned and formed his own group.
Muktananda died in October 1982 in Gurudev Siddha Peeth in Ganeshpuri, India.
Teaching and practice
Central to his teachings were to "See God in each other",[12] and "Honor your Self. Worship your Self. Meditate on your Self. God dwells within you as you."[12] Muktananda often gave a shorter version of this teaching: "God dwells within you as you."[13]
According to Lola Williamson, Muktananda was known as a "
I almost jumped when the peacock feathers, firmly but with a soft weightiness, hit me repeatedly on my head, and then gently brushed my face as [Muktananda] [...] powerfully pressed one of his fingers into my forehead at a spot located just between my eyebrows [...] I'm honestly somewhat reluctant to write about what happened next because I know that whatever I say will inevitably diminish it, will make it sound as if it were just another "powerful experience." This was not an experience. This was THE event of my spiritual life. This was full awakening. This wasn't "knowing" anything, because you only know something that is separate from you. This was being: the Ultimate - a fountain of Light, a dancing, ever-new source. Utter freedom, utter joy [...] Completely fulfilled, completely whole, no limits to my power and love and light."[18]
Alleged sexual assaults
Sarah Caldwell, in an essay in the academic journal Nova Religio (2001), argued that Muktananda was both an enlightened spiritual teacher and a practitioner of Shakta Tantrism, but also "engaged in actions that were not ethical, legal or liberatory with many disciples."[19] According to Lola Williamson, "Muktananda stressed the value of celibacy for making progress on the spiritual path, but he almost certainly violated his own rules."[20] Author Andrea Jain asserts "Muktananda engaged in secret sexual rituals with several of his young female disciples—some of whom were teenagers—that were meant to transmit sakti to the tantric hero."[19][21]
In 1981, Stan Trout, a swami for Siddha Yoga, wrote an open letter in which he referred to a number of stories of Muktananda engaging in sexual activities with young women, and threats and harassment in order to force people to "stop talking about your escapades with young girls in your bedroom."[20] In 1983 William Rodarmor printed several allegations in CoEvolution Quarterly from anonymous female devotees that Muktananda regularly had sex with them and raped them.[22][20][23] In the article, based on twenty five interviews,[24] former devotees charged that Muktananda had molested under-age girls, and engaged in sexual interactions with young devotees,[22] which "drew naive young women into esoteric Tantric rituals."[25] Lis Harris repeated and extended Rodarmor's allegations in an article in The New Yorker (1994).[24][23]
Bibliography
- Light on the Path (1972), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-914602-54-3
- Mukteshwari: The Way of Muktananda (1972), SYDA Foundation
- Getting Rid of What You Haven't Got (1974), Wordpress ISBN 0-915104-00-8
- Ashram Dharma (1975), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-911307-38-9
- I Love You (1975), SYDA Foundation
- Selected Essays (1976), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-37-0
- God is With You (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0-914602-57-8
- I Am that: The Science of Hamsa from the Vijnana Bhairava (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-914602-27-6
- I Welcome You All With Love (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-65-6
- In the Company of a Siddha: Interviews and Conversations With Swami Muktananda (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0-911307-53-2
- The Nectar of Chanting: Sacred Texts and Mantras Sung in the Ashrams of Swami Muktananda (1978), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-914602-16-0
- Play of Consciousness: A Spiritual Autobiography (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-81-8
- Satsang with Baba : questions and answers between Swami Muktananda and his devotees (1978), Volumes 1 – 5, SYDA, ISBN 0-914602-40-3
- Kundalini: The Secret of Life (1979), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-34-6
- To Know the Knower (1979), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-914602-91-8
- Meditate (1980), State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-87395-471-8
- Kundalini Stavah (1980), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-914602-55-1
- The Perfect Relationship: The Guru and the Disciple (1980), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-914602-53-5
- Reflections of the Self (1980), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-914602-50-0
- Secret of the Siddhas (1980), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-31-1
- A Book for the Mind (1981), SYDA Foundation
- Does Death Really Exist? (1981), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-36-2
- Lalleshwari (1981), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-914602-66-7
- Where Are You Going?: A Guide to the Spiritual Journey (1981), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-60-5
- I Have Become Alive: Secrets of the Inner Journey (1985), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-26-5
- From the Finite to the Infinite (1990), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-31-1
- Mystery of the Mind (1992), SYDA Foundation
- The Self is Already Attained (1993), Siddha Yoga Meditation Publications, ISBN 0-914602-77-2
- Bhagawan Nityananda (1996), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-45-1
- Nothing Exists that Is Not Shiva: Commentaries on the Shiva Sutra, Vijnana Bhairava, Guru Gita, and Other Sacred Texts (1997) Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-56-7
References
- The Sun Magazine. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
Muktananda was said to be a living saint, a perfectly realized human being, a sadguru — the highest of gurus.
- ISBN 978-0-9654096-0-5
- ^ a b Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 296.
- ^ Ancient Wisdom and Modern Science. p. 283.
- ^ a b "Baba Muktananda's Meditation Revolution Continues Ten Years After His Passing". Hinduism Today. October 1992. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ Douglas Brooks, Swami Durgananda, Paul E. Muller-Ortega, Constantina Rhodes Bailly, S.P. Sabharathnam. Meditation Revolution: a History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga lineage. (Agama Press) 1997, p.32
- ^ John Paul Healy (2010), Yearning to Belong: Discovering a New Religious Movement, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p.9
- ISBN 978-0-911307-81-8.
- ISBN 0965409600.
- ^ "Muktananda's Legacy". Hinduism Today. April 1995. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
- ^ Yearning to Belong: Discovering a New Religious Movement. p. 22.
- ^ a b "Essential Teachings". Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ^ Reverend Eugene S. Callender, Nobody is a Nobody, (Amazon) 2010, p.290
- ^ Homegrown Gurus, edited by Ann Gleig and Lola Williamson, chapter 4, Swamis, Scholars and Gurus by Lola Williamson, page 87
- ISBN 0965409600.
- ISBN 0965409600.
- ISBN 1-55778-303-9)
- Andrea R. Jain, "Muktananda: Entrepreneurial Godman, Tantric Hero", Chapter 9 of Gurus of Modern Yoga, edited by Mark Singleton and Ellen Goldberg, Oxford University Press, 2014
- ^ a b Caldwell 2001.
- ^ a b c Williamson 2010, p. 114.
- ^ Jain 2014, p. 204.
- ^ a b Rodarmor 1983.
- ^ a b Urban 2012, p. 247.
- ^ a b Harris 1994.
- ^ Urban 2012, p. 244.
Sources
- Caldwell, Sarah (2001), "The Heart of the Secret: A Personal and Scholarly Encounter with Shakta Tantrism in Siddha Yoga", Nova Religio, 5 (1): 9–51, S2CID 143965805
- Harris, Lis (14 November 1994). "O Guru, Guru, Guru". The New Yorker. pp. 92–93. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- Jain, Andrea R.(2014), "Muktananda: Entrepreneurial Godman, Tantric hero", in Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen (eds.), Gurus of Modern Yoga, Oxford University Press
- Jain, Andrea R. (2015), Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture, Oxford University Press
- Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase Publishing
- Rodarmor, William (1983). "The Secret Life of Swami Muktananda". CoEvolution Quarterly.
- Urban, Hugh B. (2012), The Cult of Ecstacy: Meldings of East and West in a New Age of Tantra, in the book Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion, University of California Press, pp. 203–263, JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pp4mm.12
- Williamson, Lola (2010), Transcendent in America: Hindu-Inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion, New York University Press
External links
- Official SYDA website
- Quotations related to Muktananda at Wikiquote