Mulk Raj Anand

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Mulk Raj Anand
International Peace Prize (1953)
SpousesShirin Vajifdar
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Mulk Raj Anand (12 December 1905 – 28 September 2004) was an Indian writer in English, recognised for his depiction of the lives of the poorer

Indo-Anglian fiction, he, together with R. K. Narayan, Ahmad Ali and Raja Rao, was one of the first India-based writers in English to gain an International readership. Anand is admired for his novels and short stories, which have acquired the status of classics of modern Indian English literature; they are noted for their perceptive insight into the lives of the oppressed and for their analysis of impoverishment, exploitation and misfortune.[1][2][3] He became known for his protest novel Untouchable (1935), followed by other works on the Indian poor such as Coolie (1936) and Two Leaves and a Bud (1937).[4] He is also noted for being among the first writers to incorporate Punjabi and Hindustani idioms into English,[5] and was a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.[6]

Early life and education

Mulk Raj Anand was born in a

Cambridge University, earning a Ph.D in Philosophy in 1929 with a dissertation on Bertrand Russell and the English empiricists.[8] During this time he forged friendships with members of the Bloomsbury Group. He also spent time in Geneva, lecturing at the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation
.

Anand married English actress and communist Kathleen Van Gelder in 1938; they had a daughter, Susheela, before divorcing in 1948.[9]

Career

Mulk Raj Anand's literary career was launched by a family tragedy arising from the rigidity of India's

untouchable caste which were neglected at that time. The novel follows a single day in the life of Bakha, a toilet-cleaner, who accidentally bumps into a member of a higher caste, triggering a series of humiliations. Bakha searches for salve to the tragedy of the destiny into which he was born, talking with a Christian missionary, listening to a speech about untouchability by Mahatma Gandhi
and a subsequent conversation between two educated Indians, but by the end of the book Anand suggests that it is technology, in the form of the newly introduced flush toilet, that may be his savior by eliminating the need for a caste of toilet cleaners.

Criterion.[12]
Forster writes: "Avoiding rhetoric and circumlocution, it has gone straight to the heart of its subject and purified it."

Dividing his time between London and India during the 1930s and 40s,

Picasso
and had paintings by Picasso in his personal art collection.

Anand returned to India in 1947 and continued his prodigious literary output here. His work includes poetry and essays on a wide range of subjects, as well as autobiographies, novels and short stories. Prominent among his novels are

Coolie (1936) and The Private Life of an Indian Prince (1953) are perhaps the most important of his works written in India. He also founded a literary magazine, Marg, and taught in various universities. During the 1970s, he worked with the International Progress Organization (IPO) on the issue of cultural self-awareness among nations. His contribution to the conference of the IPO in Innsbruck (Austria) in 1974[15] had a special influence on debates that later became known under the heading of the "Dialogue among Civilisations". Anand also delivered a series of lectures on eminent Indians, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore, commemorating their achievements and significance and paying special attention to their distinct brands of humanism
.

His 1953 novel The Private Life of an Indian Prince is autobiographical in the manner of the rest of his subsequent oeuvre. In 1950 Anand embarked on a project to write a seven-part autobiographical novel titled Seven Ages of Man, of which he was only able to complete four parts beginning in 1951 with Seven Summers, followed by Morning Face (1968), Confession of a Lover (1976) and The Bubble (1984).[16] Like much of his later work, it contains elements of his spiritual journey as he struggles to attain a higher degree of self-awareness.[17] His 1964 novel Death of a Hero was based on the life of Maqbool Sherwani. It was adapted as Maqbool Ki Vaapsi on DD Kashir.[18][19]

Anand was associated with the BBC's Eastern Service radio station in the 1940s where he broadcast literary programs including book reviews, author biographies, and interviews with authors like Inez Holden.[20] In a multi-part broadcast program that he hosted, he discussed poetry and literary criticism, often calling for working class narratives in fiction.[20]

Political orientation

Anand was a lifelong socialist. His novels attack various aspects of India's social structure as well as the legacy of British rule in India; they are considered important social statements as well as literary artefacts. Anand himself was steadfast in his belief that politics and literature remained inextricable from one another.

Progressive Writers’ Association and also he helped in drafting the manifesto of the association.[22]

Later life

Anand married

Bombay in 1950.[23][24] He died of pneumonia in Pune on 28 September 2004 at the age 98.[23]

Works of Mulk Raj Anand

Novels

  • Untouchable (1935,London: Wishart)
  • Coolie (1936, London: Lawrence & Wishart)
  • Two Leaves and a Bud (1937, London: Lawrence & Wishart)
  • The Village (1939, London: Jonathan Cape)
  • Lament on the Death of a Master of Arts (1939, Lucknow: Naya Sansar)
  • Across the Black Waters (1939, London: Jonathan Cape)
  • The Sword and the Sickle (1942, London: Jonathan Cape)
  • Hutchinson
    )
  • Seven Summers: the Story of an Indian Childhood (1951, London: Hutchinson)
  • The Private Life of an Indian Prince (1953, London: Hutchinson)
  • The Old Woman and the Cow (1960, Bombay: Kutub)
  • The Road (1961, Bombay: Kutub)
  • Death of a Hero: Epitaph for Maqbool Sherwani (1964, Bombay: Kutub)
  • Morning Face (1968, Bombay: Kutub)
  • Confession of a Lover (1976, New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann)
  • Gauri (1976, New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks)
  • The Bubble (1984, New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann)
  • Nine Moods of Bharata: Novel of a Pilgrimage (1998, New Delhi: Arnold Associates)
  • Reflections on a White Elephant (2002, New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications)

Short story collections

  • The Lost Child and Other Stories (1934, London: J. A. Allen)
  • The Barber's Trade Union and Other Stories (1944, London: Jonathan Cape)
  • The Tractor and the Corn Goddess and Other Stories (1947, Bombay: Thacker)
  • Reflections on the Golden Bed and Other Stories (1953, Bombay: Current Book House)
  • The Power of Darkness and Other Stories (1959, Bombay: Jaico)
  • Lajwanti and Other Stories (1966, Bombay: Jaico)
  • Between Tears and Laughter (1973, New Delhi: Sterling)
  • Selected Stories of Mulk Raj Anand (1977, New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann, ed. M. K. Naik)
  • Things Have a Way of Working Out and Other Stories (1998, New Delhi: Orient)
  • The Gold Watch
  • Duty

Children's literature

  • Indian Fairy Tales (1946, Bombay: Kutub)
  • The Story of India (1948, Bombay: Kutub)
  • The Story of Man (1952, New Delhi: Sikh Publishing House)
  • More Indian Fairy Tales (1961, Bombay: Kutub)[25]
  • The Story of Chacha Nehru (1965, New Delhi: Rajpal & Sons)
  • Mora (1972, New Delhi: National Book Trust)
  • Folk Tales of Punjab (1974, New Delhi: Sterling)
  • A Day in the Life of Maya of Mohenjo-daro (1978, New Delhi: Children Book Trust)
  • The King Emperor's English or the Role of the English Language in the Free India (1948, Bombay: Hind Kitabs)
  • Some Street Games of India (1983, New Delhi: National Book Trust)
  • Chitralakshana: Story of Indian Paintings (1989, New Delhi: National Book Trust)

Books on Arts

  • Persian Painting (1930, London:
    Faber & Faber
    )
  • The Hindu View of Art (1933, Bombay: Asia Publishing House, London: Allen & Unwin)
  • How to Test a Picture: Lectures on Seeing Versus Looking (1935)
  • Introduction to Indian Art (1956, Madras: The Theosophical Publishing House, author: Ananda Coomaraswamy) (editor)[26]
  • The Dancing Foot (1957, New Delhi:
    Publications Division
    )
  • Kama Kala: Some Notes on the Philosophical Basis of Hindu Erotic Sculpture (1958, London: Skilton)[27]
  • India in Colour (1959, Bombay: Taraporewala)
  • Homage to Khajuraaho (1960, Bombay: Marg Publications) (co-authored with Stella Kramrisch)[28]
  • The Third Eye: A Lecture on the Appreciation of Art (1963, Chandigarh: University of Punjab)
  • The Volcano: Some Comments on the Development of Rabindranath Tagore's Aesthetic Theories (1968, Baroda: Maharaja Sayajirao University)
  • Indian Paintings (1973, National Book Trust)
  • Seven Little Known Birds of the Inner Eye (1978, Vermont: Wittles)
  • Poet-Painter: Paintings by Rabindranath Tagore (1985, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications)
  • Splendours of Himachal Heritage (editor, 1997, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications)

Letters

  • Letters on India (1942, London: Routledge)
  • Author to Critic: The Letters of Mulk Raj Anand (1973, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, ed. Saros Cowasjee)
  • The Letters of Mulk Raj Anand (1974, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, ed. Saros Cowasjee)
  • Caliban and Gandhi: Letters to "Bapu" from Bombay (1991, New Delhi: Arnold Publishers)
  • Old Myth and New Myth: Letters from Mulk Raj Anand to K. V. S. Murti (1991, Calcutta: Writers Workshop)
  • Anand to Alma: Letters of Mulk Raj Anand (1994, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, ed. Atma Ram)

Other works

  • Curries and Other Indian Dishes (1932, London: Desmond Harmsworth)
  • The Golden Breath: Studies in five poets of the new India (1933, London: Murray)[29]
  • Marx and Engels on India (1937, Allahabad: Socialist Book Club) (editor)
  • Apology for Heroism: An Essay in Search of Faith (1946, London: Lindsay Drummond)
  • Homage to Tagore (1946, Lahore: Sangam)
  • On Education (1947, Bombay: Hind Kitabs)
  • Lines Written to an Indian Air: Essays (1949, Bombay: Nalanda Publications)
  • The Indian Theatre (1950, London: Dobson)
  • The Humanism of M. K. Gandhi: Three Lectures (1967, Chandigarh: University of Punjab)
  • Critical Essays on Indian Writing in English (1972, Bombay: Macmillan)
  • Roots and Flowers: Two Lectures on the Metamorphosis of Technique and Content in the Indian English Novel (1972, Dharwad: Karnatak University)
  • The Humanism of Jawaharlal Nehru (1978, Calcutta: Visva-Bharati)
  • The Humanism of Rabindranath Tagore: Three Lectures (1978, Aurangabad: Marathwada University)
  • Is There a Contemporary Indian Civilisation? (1963, Bombay: Asia Publishing House)
  • Conversations in Bloomsbury (1981, London: Wildwood House & New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann)
  • Pilpali Sahab: Story of a Childhood under the Raj (1985, New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann); Pilpali Sahab: The Story of a Big Ego in a Small Boy (1990, London: Aspect)
  • Voices of the Crossing - The impact of Britain on writers from Asia, the Caribbean and Africa. Ferdinand Dennis, Naseem Khan (eds), London: Serpent's Tail, 1998. Mulk Raj Anand: p. 77 "A Writer in Exile."

Notable awards

References

  1. ^ Zakaria, Rafiq (29 September 2004). "Very English, more Indian". The Indian Express.
  2. ^ "...it can be said that they have taken over from British writers like E. M. Forster & Edward Thompson the task of interpreting modern India to itself & the world." The Oxford History of India, Vincent A. Smith (3rd edition, ed. Percival Spear), 1967, p. 838.
  3. ^ Hoskote, Ranjit (29 September 2004). "The last of Indian English fiction's grand troika: Encyclopaedia of arts". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 December 2004. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  4. ISBN 978-0198691372
    .
  5. ^ a b c "Mulk Raj Anand Profile", iloveindia.com.
  6. ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  7. ISBN 978-81-202-0403-4
    .
  8. ^ Walsh, William, Indian Literature in English, Longman Group Limited (1990), p. 63.
  9. ^ "Mulk Raj Anand". The Daily Telegraph. 29 September 2004. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  10. ^ George, C. J., Mulk Raj Anand, His Art and Concerns: A Study of His Non-autobiographical Novels, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 1994.
  11. ^ Wadikar, Shailaja B., "Silent Suffering and Agony in Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable", in Amar Nath Prasad and Rajiv K. Malik, Indian English Poetry and Fiction: Critical Elucidations, Volume 1, New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, 2007, p. 144–155.
  12. ^ "Mulk Raj Anand", Penguin India.
  13. ^ Cowasjee, Saros. So Many Freedoms: A Study of the Major Fiction of Mulk Raj Anand, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1977.
  14. ^ Orwell, George. The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell – My Country Right or Left 1940–1943, London: Martin Secker & Warburg, 1968, pp. 216–220.
  15. ^ Text of lecture
  16. ^ Sahitya Akademi Award recipients in English Archived 13 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ISBN 978-81-88614-23-3
    .
  18. ^ Anand, Mulk Raj (1968). Death of a Hero: Epitaph for Maqbool Sherwani. Hind Pocket Books.
  19. ^ ""Maqbool Ki Vaapsi" Title Song". M S Azaad. 28 August 2012. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-0-231-55259-2
    .
  21. JSTOR 40874218
    .
  22. S2CID 159715083
    .
  23. ^ a b Kumar, Jai; Haresh Pandya (29 September 2004). "Mulk Raj Anand (obituary)". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  24. ^ Kothari, Sunil (3 October 2017). "Remembering Shirin Vajifdar – Pioneer in All Schools of Dance". The Wire. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  25. ISBN 978-81-7224-749-2
    .
  26. ^ Coomaraswamy, Ananda; Mulk Raj Anand (1956). Introduction to Indian art.
  27. ^ Anand, Mulk Raj. Kama Kala.
  28. ^ Anand, Mulk Raj; Kramrisch, Stella. Homage to Khajuraho.
  29. ^ Mulk Raj Anand (1933). The Golden Breath.

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