Mulled wine
Glühwein, Glögg , and many others |
Mulled wine, also known as spiced wine, is an
Origins
The first record of wine being spiced and heated can be found in Plautus' play Curculio, written during the 2nd century BC.[5][6] The Romans travelled across Europe, conquering much of it and trading with the rest. The legions brought wine and viticulture with them up to the Rhine and Danube rivers and to the Scottish border, along with their recipes.[7]
Britain
Mulled wine is very popular and traditional in the United Kingdom at Christmas, and less commonly throughout winter. Mulled cider (and sometimes mulled ale,[9] traditional yet no longer common) is also served, with a mulled apple juice as a non-alcoholic alternative.[10]
In traditional culture
Over the years the recipe for mulled wine has evolved with the tastes and fashions of the time. One Victorian example of this is smoking bishop, mentioned by Charles Dickens but no longer drunk or known in modern culture. A more traditional recipe can be found in Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management at paragraph 1961 on page 929 to 930 of the revised edition dated 1869:[11]
In contemporary culture
In contemporary
Mulled wine and ales infused with mulling spices are available in the UK in the winter months. Wassail punch is a warm mulled beer or cider drunk in winter in Victorian times.[14]
Glühwein
Glühwein (roughly translated as "smouldering-wine", from the temperature the wine is heated to) is popular in German-speaking countries, the Germany-bordering Alsace region of France, and to a lesser extent Russia. It is a traditional beverage offered during the Christmas holidays. In Alsace Christmas markets, it is traditionally the only alcoholic beverage served. The oldest documented Glühwein tankard is attributed to Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen, a German nobleman who was the first grower of Riesling grapes. This gold-plated lockable silver tankard is dated to c. 1420.[15]
Glühwein is usually prepared from red wine, heated and spiced with cinnamon sticks,
Another popular variant of Glühwein in Germany is Feuerzangenbowle. It shares the same recipe, but for this drink a rum-soaked sugarloaf is set on fire and allowed to drip into the wine. Polish type of Glühwein is called Grzaniec. It's similar to the German one with one exception - it is sweetened usually with honey instead of sugar.
Nordic glögg
Glögg, gløgg, glögi and similar words are the terms used for mulled wine in the Nordic countries and Estonia (sometimes spelled as glog or glug). It is spelled gløgg in Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, glögg in Swedish and Icelandic and glögi in Finnish and Estonian. In Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland gløgg or glögg is often drunk at Christmas events.
Non-alcoholic and alcoholic versions of glögg can be bought ready-made or prepared with fruit juices instead of wine. The main ingredients of alcoholic glögg are red
In Sweden, ginger bread and
Glögg recipes vary widely; variations with white wine or sweet wine such as Port or Madeira, or spirits such as brandy, schnapps or whisky are also popular, either added directly or by soaking the raisins and spice in them before preparing the drink (often resulting in a notable increase in the alcohol contents). Glögg can also be made without alcohol by replacing the wine with fruit or berry juices (often blackcurrant) or by boiling the glögg to evaporate the alcohol. Glögg is similar in taste to modern Wassail or mulled cider.[citation needed]
Other countries
In
In the south and southeast of Brazil, it is called vinho quente or quentão, from the same Portuguese drink.[17][18] It is typically made with red wine, cinnamon sticks and cloves. Cachaça may be added to increase the alcohol content. It is served as part of the Festa Junina, celebrated during winter in the month of June.
In
In Chile, it is called candola in the south and vino navega'o in the north (navegado; lit. "sailor"; "navigated" is considered a hypercorrection). Navega'o is a hot drink made from red wine, orange peels, cinnamon sticks, cloves, and sugar. Although being considered a southern Chile beverage, it is served throughout the country. Many people regard it as a winter drink. Saint John's Eve (Spanish tradition which replaced Wetripantru, the Mapuche New Year's Day that coincides with the Winter Solstice in the southern hemisphere—Midsummer in the northern hemisphere) on the evening of 23 June would be, for example, a good time to drink navega'o.
In the Czech Republic, mulled wine is called svařené víno ("boiled wine"), colloquially svařák. In Slovakia, mulled wine is called varené víno ("boiled wine"), and is usually served during the Christmas season.
In France, vin chaud ('hot wine') typically consists of red wine mixed with honey, cinnamon, and orange. It must not be too sweet. Beverage noted in the Alps for winter sports. In Geneva, Switzerland, vin chaud is consumed during the festivities surrounding L'Escalade.
In Hungary, forralt bor ("boiled wine") is typically made from the country's popular Egri Bikavér and spiced with cinnamon, sugar and cloves. Sometimes Amaretto is added for extra taste.
In Italy, mulled wine is typical in the northern part of the country and is called vin brülé (from the French vin brûlé, "burnt wine", though the expression is not used in France).
In Latvia, it is called karstvīns ("hot wine"). When out of wine, it is prepared using grape (or currant) juice and Riga Black Balsam. In Lithuania, it is called glintveinas or karštas vynas ("hot wine").
In Romania, vin fiert is typically made with cinnamon, sugar and oranges. Red wine is the most common type but white wine is also used. In Moldova vin fiert is made from red wine with black pepper and honey.
In the Netherlands and Belgium, the drink is known as bisschopswijn ('bishop's wine'). Bisschopswijn is drunk during the Sinterklaas holidays.[19][20][21]
In Poland, grzane wino ("heated wine"), or grzaniec in highlander dialect, is very similar to the Czech variant, especially in the southern regions. There is also a similar method for preparing mulled beer, or grzane piwo, which is popular with Belgian beers because of the sweet flavor of that particular type of beer, which uses the same spices as mulled wine and is heated. Vodka-spiked mulled wine can be found in Polish Christmas markets, where mulled wine is used as a mixer.
In Portugal, mainly in the Douro and Minho Provinces, it is called vinho quente and made with Madeira wine and port wine, in the Porto region Porto Quente is more popular.[citation needed]
In
In popular culture
In the 1946 Christmas movie It's a Wonderful Life, after the 293 year old guardian angel Clarence Odbody (traveling with George Bailey to an alternate world if George had not been born) goes to a rough bar. And, not knowing what to order since he had not been to a bar in centuries, decides to order, "I was just thinking of a flaming rum punch. No, it’s not cold enough for that. Not nearly cold enough…Wait a minute…wait a minute…Mulled wine, heavy on the cinnamon and light on the cloves. Off with you, me lad, and be lively![24][25]
See also
- Aromatised wine – Fortified wine flavoured with herbs, spices, fruit or other natural flavouring
- Christmas dishes
- Ginger wine – Fortified wine
- Glögg – Northern European mulled wine
- Grog – Variety of alcoholic beverages
- Hippocras – Drink of spiced, sweetened wine
- List of hot drinks
- Negus – Spiced drink made of wine and hot water
- Rakomelo
- Sangria – Alcoholic beverage
- Toso – Japanese drink
- Wassail – Hot mulled cider, ale or wine
References
- ^ Cloake, Felicity (9 December 2010). "How to make perfect mulled wine". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ISBN 0-8264-8749-1.
- ^ "Dobra Hrana - Na ovim adventskim kućicama moći ćete kupiti izvrsna kuhana vina, isprobali smo ih". www.jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). 2021-11-26. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
- ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
- ^ Thomas Dudley Fosbroke (1835). A Treatise on the Arts, Manufactures, Manners, and Institutions of the Greeks and Romans. Longmans. p. 327.
- ^ Titus Maccius Plautus (1829). M. Accii Plauti Comœdiæ. Cubrante et imprimente A. J. Valpy.
"Quos semper videas bibentes esse in Thermopolio: Ubi quid surripuere, operto capitulo calidum bibunt, Tristes atque ebrioli incedunt." ' Translation: "Those always seem to be drinking in the cafe where you have stolen hiding in hot drink, always gloomy and tipsy." - Plautus, CURCULIONIS ACT. II. The reference to Plautus is given in "History of Rome, and of the Roman people: from its origin to the invasion of the barbarians", Victor Duruy, Estes and Lauriat, 1894, Page 400.
- ^ J. Robinson (ed.)The Oxford Companion to WineThird Edition. Oxford University Press, 2006. 589–590
- ^ Pegge, S., 2007. The Forme of Cury. BiblioLife.
- ^ (2011). Oldandinteresting.com (accessed 6/12/2015)
- ^ Lewis, E. (2009). Mulled Apple Juice. BBC Good Food. Bbcgoodfood.com (accessed 6/12/2015)
- ^ Mayson, I.M., (1861). Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management. London and Melbourne: Warde, Lock and Company Ltd.
- ^ "The Book of Household Management". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ Cloake, Felicity (2010-12-09). "How to make perfect mulled wine". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^ "Activities: Make Your Your Own Victorian Wassail Punch". BBD. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^ "German Recipe: Glühwein or spiced wine". Stuttgart Citizen. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ "Glögg Alkoholfri: Mulled red wine, non-alcoholic". IKEA. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ISBN 978-0-7818-1080-7. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-313-34340-7. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
- ^ "Ten things you need to know to celebrate Sinterklaas". Dutchnews.nl. 28 November 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^ Holton, N. (2014). Bisschopswijn. Thedutchtable.com (accessed 21/12/2015).
- ^ Jansen, R. (2012). Sinterklaas en Bisschopswijn. Wijnbloggers.nl (accessed 21/12/2015).
- ^ "Коляда з незнайомцями, святкова ялинка та різдвяні солодощі: Як незабутньо зустріти Новий рік і Різдво у Львові". zik.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2020-12-12. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
- ^ "Russian Sbiten Recipe". About Food. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ "The Celluloid Pantry: Mulled Wine and It's a Wonderful Life (1946)".
- ^ "Drink Like a Character: Clarence's Mulled Wine Recipe - It's a Wonderful Life -". 28 December 2018.
Bibliography
- NPR Staff. "Get into the Holiday Spirit with Scandinavian Glogg". All Things Considered. NPR. 22 December 2011.