Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and
Description
Generally, the two outer cameras shoot
Drawbacks include a less optimized lighting setup that needs to provide a compromise for all camera angles and less flexibility in putting the necessary equipment on scene, such as microphone booms and lighting rigs. These can be efficiently hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up and their placement may be inferior in a multiple-camera setup. Another drawback is in the usage of recording capacity, as a four-camera setup may use (depending on the cameras involved) up to four times as much film (or digital storage space) per take compared with a single-camera setup.
A multiple-camera setup will require all cameras to be synchronous to assist with editing and to avoid cameras running at different scan rates, with the primary methods being SMPTE timecode and Genlock.[2]
Film
Most films use a single-camera setup,[3] but in recent decades larger films have begun to use more than one camera on set, usually with two cameras simultaneously filming the same setup. However, this is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television sense.
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Some films will run multiple cameras, perhaps four or five, for large, expensive and difficult-to-repeat special effects shots, such as large explosions. Again, this is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television sense as the resultant footage will not always be arranged sequentially in editing, and multiple shots of the same explosion may be repeated in the final film—either for artistic effect or because the different shots can appear to show different explosions since they are taken from different angles.[clarification needed]
Television
Multiple-camera setups are an essential part of
Multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera. Single-camera productions are shot in takes and various setups with components of the action repeated several times and out of sequence; the action is not enacted chronologically so is unsuitable for viewing by a live audience.
In multiple-camera television, the director creates a line cut by instructing the technical director (vision mixer in UK terminology) to switch between the feeds from the individual cameras. This is either transmitted live, or recorded. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this line cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split (a technique known as "ISO" recording). The camera currently being recorded to the line cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit (CCU) on the camera as a reference both for the talent and the camera operators, and an additional tally light may be used to indicate to the camera operator that they are being ISO recorded.
A sitcom shot with a multiple-camera setup will require a different form of script from a single-camera setup.[5]
History and use
The use of multiple film cameras dates back to the development of narrative silent films, with the earliest (or at least earliest known) example being the first Russian feature film Defence of Sevastopol (1911), written and directed by Vasily Goncharov and Aleksandr Khanzhonkov.[6] When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film multiple sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited.
The use of multiple video cameras to cover a scene goes back to the earliest days of television; three cameras were used to broadcast The Queen's Messenger in 1928, the first drama performed for television.
United States
Before the pre-recorded continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, the earliest anthology programs (see the Golden Age of Television) utilized multiple camera methods.[citation needed]
Although some claim the multiple-camera setup was pioneered for television when producer and co-star,
According to Thomas Schatz,
Assisted by producer-director Frank Telford, Fairbanks also used a multi-camera system to film
The technique was used for the
In 1949, Ray Culley of Cinécraft Productions, a sponsored film studio, filmed the first TV infomercial, Home Miracles for the 1950s, for Vitamix using the technique.[18] Culley also used the technique for three made-for-television TV series featuring Louise Winslow, a pioneer in sewing, cooking, and craft "how-to" programs on daytime television - Adventures in Sewing (1950), Food Is Fun (1950), and Kitchen Chats (1950).[19] A 1950 article in Printers' Ink, "Three-Camera Technique used to shoot TV film", discussed Cinécraft's innovative production style.[20] In 1966, the studio made a film, "Cinécraft, Inc. Multi-camera Filming Technique Demonstration", showing how the technique works and describing rear screen projection and teleprompters, other innovative technologies of the era [21]
In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera (known then as the "X" Camera, and occasionally today known as the "D" Camera) to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy. Actor Robin Williams could not stay on his marks due to his physically active improvisations during shooting, so Marshall had them add the fourth camera just to stay on Williams so they would have more than just the master shot of the actor.[22][23] Soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras (A, B, C and X/D) is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies.[citation needed]
Sitcoms shot with the multiple camera setup include nearly all of
While the multiple-camera format dominated US sitcom production in the 1970s and 1980s,[citation needed] there has been a recent revival of the single-camera format with programs such as Malcolm in the Middle (2000–2006), Curb Your Enthusiasm (2000–2024), Scrubs (2001–2010), Arrested Development (2003–2006, 2013–2019), Entourage (2004–2011), The Office (2005–2013), My Name Is Earl (2005–2009), Everybody Hates Chris (2005–2009), It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2005–present), 30 Rock (2006–2013), Modern Family (2009–2020), The Middle (2009–2018), Community (2009–2015), Parks and Recreation (2009–2015), Raising Hope (2010–2014), Louie (2010–2015), The Goldbergs (2013–2023), Black-ish (2014–2022), Superstore (2015–2021), Silicon Valley (2014–2019), American Housewife (2016–2021), and Young Sheldon (2017–2024).
United Kingdom
The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using a multi-camera format.
By the late 1990s,
See also
- 3D reconstruction from multiple images
- Camera rig
- Circle-Vision 360°
- polarizers are included to find the subsurface scattering componentof the target's skin.
- Omnidirectional camera
- Single-camera setup
References
- ISBN 978-1-133-41664-7. Archivedfrom the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-136-04770-1. Archivedfrom the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-317-68033-8. Archivedfrom the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ Miyamoto, Ken (21 June 2016). "Single-Camera vs. Multi-Camera TV Sitcom Scripts: What's the Difference?". ScreenCraft. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ "В Салюте в День российского кино прошел показ немого фильма "Оборона Севастополя" под живое музыкальное сопровождение - Фильмы - КультурМультур". kulturmultur.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
- ^ "Queen's Messenger". Early Television Foundation and Museum. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ Richard G Elen. "Baird versus the BBC". Baird: The Birth of Television. Transdiffusion. Archived from the original on 2010-04-17.
- ^ "Alexandra Palace". www.earlytelevision.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ "The Birth of Live Entertainment and Music on Television, November 6, 1936". History TV: The Restelli Collection. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ "Telecasting a Play", New York Times, March 10, 1940, p. 163.
- ^ Jon Krampner, "Myths and Mysteries Surround Pioneering of 3-Camera TV", Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1991.
- ISBN 9780520221307.
- ^ "Bristol-Myers Mulls 'Prosecutor' Series", Billboard, August 27, 1949, p. 10.
- ^ Stanley Rubin, "A (Very) Personal History of the First Sponsored Film Series on National Television Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine", E-Media Studies, vol. 1, issue 1 (2008).
- ^ "Flight to the West?" Time, March 6, 1950.
- ^ Jon Krampner, Myths and Mysteries Surround Pioneering of 3-Camera TV : Broadcasting: A popular belief is that Desi Arnaz created the technique for 'I Love Lucy' in 1951, but evidence of the system dates to 1947. Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1991
- ^ "'But wait! There's more.' Papa Bernard and the first TV Infomercial." ACADEMIA Letters
- ^ Copies of many Louise Winslow TV programs are posted on the Hagley Library web site
- ^ Dodge Barnum, "Three-Camera Technique Used To Shoot TV Film,' Printers' Ink, 1950
- ^ A copy of the film is posted on the Hagley Library website
- ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (December 2, 2015). "Mork and Mindy Was One of the Most Unlikely Miracles in the History of Television". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-446-55575-3.
- ^ Walker, Tim (February 2, 2011). "The return of the sitcom". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.