Mumbai
Mumbai
Muṃbaī Bombay | |
---|---|
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus | |
UTC+5:30 (IST) | |
PINs | 400 001 to 400 107 |
Area code | +91-22 |
Vehicle registration |
|
Rapid Transit | Mumbai Metro and Mumbai Monorail |
Official language | Marathi[17][18] |
Website | mumbaicity |
The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai | |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | i, ii, iii, iv |
Designated | 1987, 2004, 2018 (11th, 28th 42nd sessions) |
Reference no. | [1]; [2] [3] |
Region | Southern Asia |
Mumbai (
The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of
Mumbai is the
Etymology
The name Mumbai (
The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are sometimes still used.
Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), Boon Bay (1690)
The French traveller Louis Rousselet, who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book L'Inde des Rajahs, which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or Mumba Devi, and that she still ... possesses a temple".[53]
By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in Marathi,
People from Mumbai
A resident of Mumbai is called Mumbaikar (pronounced [mumbəikəɾ]) in Marathi, in which the suffix -kar means a resident of. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.[63] Older terms such as Bombayite are also used.[64][65]
History
Early history
Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of
In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha.[70] The Kanheri Caves in Borivali were excavated from basalt rock in the first century CE,[71] and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times.[72] The city then was known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150 CE.[73] The Mahakali Caves in Andheri were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.[74][75]
Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive
King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim).[84] The Pathare Prabhus, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to Mahikawati from Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.[85] The Delhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of Gujarat, who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate.[86][87]
The islands were later governed by the independent Gujarat Sultanate, which was established in 1407. As a result of the Sultanate's support, numerous mosques were built, with one notable example being the Haji Ali Dargah in Worli. Erected in 1431, this magnificent structure pays homage to the revered Muslim saint, Haji Ali.[88] From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan.[89][90] In 1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated.[91]
Portuguese and British rule
The Mughal Empire, founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-16th century.[92] Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun, Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.[93]
The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their
In accordance with the
In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from
By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India.From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the
By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale land reclamation.[29][120] On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town of Thana (now Thane).[121] During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.[122]
The opening of the
Independent India
After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the
The
Following protests during the movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.[132] Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.[133] Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from Central Provinces and Berar, five districts from Hyderabad State, and numerous princely states enclosed between them.[134] As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as Hutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.[135]
The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s,
The
The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following the
Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.[149] For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.[150] From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.[151]
Geography
Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of
Apart from the
Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy.
-
Satellite imageof Mumbai
-
Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.
Climate
Mumbai has an extreme
Between June and September, the
The average annual temperature is 27 °C (81 °F), and the average annual
Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worst cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the one in 1948 where gusts reached 151 km/h (94 mph) in Juhu. The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing. The storm reportedly impacted Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated.[178][179][180]
Mumbai is prone to
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 37.0 (98.6) |
38.3 (100.9) |
41.6 (106.9) |
40.6 (105.1) |
39.7 (103.5) |
37.2 (99.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
33.8 (92.8) |
35.6 (96.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
38.4 (101.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
41.6 (106.9) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 34.4 (93.9) |
34.9 (94.8) |
35.8 (96.4) |
35.1 (95.2) |
35.4 (95.7) |
35.0 (95.0) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
32.7 (90.9) |
36.4 (97.5) |
36.3 (97.3) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.6 (99.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.2 (86.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
31.7 (89.1) |
32.9 (91.2) |
34.0 (93.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
30.6 (87.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.8 (92.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.7 (89.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
25.5 (77.9) |
27.3 (81.1) |
29.2 (84.6) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.3 (84.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.9 (82.2) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.9 (82.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24 (75) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.6 (0.02) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.2 (0.01) |
15.9 (0.63) |
506.0 (19.92) |
768.5 (30.26) |
471.9 (18.58) |
355.6 (14.00) |
81.7 (3.22) |
8.5 (0.33) |
3.4 (0.13) |
2,213.4 (87.14) |
Average rainy days | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 14.1 | 22.1 | 20.2 | 14.0 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 75.6 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
62 | 62 | 63 | 66 | 68 | 77 | 85 | 84 | 80 | 72 | 65 | 63 | 71 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 15 (59) |
16 (61) |
19 (66) |
22 (72) |
24 (75) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
22 (72) |
19 (66) |
16 (61) |
21 (70) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 282.1 | 271.2 | 282.1 | 279.0 | 272.8 | 138.0 | 80.6 | 77.5 | 147.0 | 238.7 | 267.0 | 275.9 | 2,611.9 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.1 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 7.2 |
Average ultraviolet index | 8 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 11 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[186][187][188] Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985–2015)[189] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020),[190] Weather Atlas[191] |
Climate data for Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, located in Santacruz) 1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 37.4 (99.3) |
39.6 (103.3) |
41.7 (107.1) |
42.2 (108.0) |
41.0 (105.8) |
39.8 (103.6) |
36.2 (97.2) |
33.5 (92.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.6 (101.5) |
37.6 (99.7) |
39.8 (103.6) |
42.2 (108.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
33.6 (92.5) |
34.1 (93.4) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
22.8 (73.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.9 (62.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.7 (69.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.01) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.1 (0.00) |
7.3 (0.29) |
526.3 (20.72) |
919.9 (36.22) |
560.8 (22.08) |
383.5 (15.10) |
91.3 (3.59) |
11.0 (0.43) |
1.6 (0.06) |
2,502.3 (98.52) |
Average rainy days | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 14.0 | 23.3 | 21.4 | 14.4 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 78.6 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
49 | 47 | 51 | 59 | 65 | 74 | 81 | 81 | 76 | 63 | 54 | 51 | 63 |
Source: India Meteorological Department[192][193] |
Air pollution
Economy
Mumbai, sometimes described as the
Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s.[204] Although Mumbai had prominently figured as the hub of economic activity of India in the 1990s, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region's contribution to India's GDP is currently declining.[205]
Recent estimates of the economy of the
Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the
Despite competition from Bangalore, Hyderabad and Pune, Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ) and the International Infotech Park (Navi Mumbai) offer excellent facilities to IT companies.[211]
State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and other such
As of 2024, Mumbai is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world.[214] With a total wealth of around $960 billion,[215][216] it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world.[217] As of 2008[update], the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alpha world city", third in its categories of Global cities.[21] Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009.[218]
Government and politics
Civic administration
Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of 603 km2 (233 sq mi),[219] consisting of the Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban districts, extends from Colaba in the south, to Mulund and Dahisar in the north, and Mankhurd in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.[220]
It is administered by the
The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in the
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[224]
The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a
The
Mumbai is the seat of the
National politics
Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the Indian National Congress, also known as the Congress Party.[230] The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Mumbai from 28 to 31 December 1885.[231] The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the 20th century.[232]
The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Mumbai, with the formation of the
In 1989, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections. In 1999, several members left the Congress to form the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) but later allied with the Congress as part of an alliance known as the Democratic Front.[236] Other parties such as Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), Samajwadi Party (SP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.[237]
In the
In the
Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM.
Transport
Public transport
Public transport systems in Mumbai include the
Railway
The Mumbai Suburban Railway, popularly referred to as Locals forms the backbone of the city's transport system.[252] It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the Indian Railways.[253] Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 63 lakh (6.3 million) passengers every day in 2007.[254] Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with twelve-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.[255] The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes (train-sets) of 12 car and 15 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.[256]
The Mumbai Monorail and Mumbai Metro have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve the overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014.[257] The first line of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.[258]
Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the
-
The Mumbai Suburban Railway system carries more than 69.9 lakh (6.99 million) commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger density of any urban railway system in the world.
-
Mumbai Metro provides connectivity with eastern and western part of the city.
-
The Mumbai Monorail, opened in February 2014, is the only operational monorail system in India and also is the seventh largest Monorail system in the world.
Bus
Mumbai's bus services carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008,
Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.[272]
The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai.[273] Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.[274] Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with traffic congestion.[275] Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.[276]
Water
Roads
Mumbai is served by National Highway 48, National Highway 66, National Highway 160 and National Highway 61.
Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014,[286] 56,459 black and yellow taxis as of 2005[update],[287] and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.[288]
Mumbai currently has one operational expressway–the Mumbai–Pune Expressway, which directly connects Mumbai with Pune. In the coming years, the great metropolis will be connected with more expressways. They are as follows:
- Delhi–Mumbai Expressway: Under construction since March 2019,[289] to be completed by December 2023.[290][291]
- Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway: Under construction since January 2019,[292] to be completed by December 2023.[293][294]
- Konkan Expressway: Proposed.[295]
Air
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.[296] It handled 36.6 million passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during FY 2014–2015.[297] An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually[298] and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.[299]
The proposed
The Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts the Bombay Flying Club and a heliport operated by state-owned Pawan Hans.[301]
Sea
Mumbai is served by two major ports,
The city is also the headquarters of the Western Naval Command, and also an important base for the Indian Navy.[156]
Utility services
Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai, with many localities having been named after them. The
About 700 million (70 crore) litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3.5 billion (350 crore) litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.[315] Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, of which 40 metric tonnes is plastic waste,[316] is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast, and to the Deonar dumping ground in the east.[317] Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra, and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively.[318]
Electricity is distributed by the
Cooking gas is supplied in the form of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders sold by state-owned oil companies,[323] as well as through piped natural gas supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.[324]
The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1901 | 812,912 | — |
1911 | 1,018,388 | +25.3% |
1921 | 1,244,934 | +22.2% |
1931 | 1,268,306 | +1.9% |
1941 | 1,686,127 | +32.9% |
1951 | 2,966,902 | +76.0% |
1961 | 4,152,056 | +39.9% |
1971 | 5,970,575 | +43.8% |
1981 | 8,243,405 | +38.1% |
1991 | 9,925,891 | +20.4% |
2001 | 11,914,398 | +20.0% |
2011 | 12,478,447 | +4.7% |
Data is based on Government of India Census. Source: MMRDA[329] |
According to the
The sex ratio in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.[333]
Residents of Mumbai call themselves Bombayite or Bombaiite.
Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanization problems seen in many fast growing cities in
The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 11.2 lakh (1.12 million), which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.[340]
The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 42 lakh (4.2 million) in 2008 to 66 lakh (6.6 million) in 2020. The number of households with annual incomes of 20 lakh (2 million) rupees will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, amounting to 660,000 families. The number of households with incomes from 10 to 20 lakh (1–2 million) rupees is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020.[341] According to the 2016 report of the Central Pollution Control Board, Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead of Lucknow, Hyderabad and Delhi.[342]
Ethnic groups and religions
The religious groups represented in Greater Mumbai as of 2011 include
Native Christians include
Language
English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.[361]
In the Suburbs, Marathi is spoken by 36.78% of the population and Gujarati by 31.21%.[362]
Education
Schools
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the
- Maharashtra State Board(MSBSHSE)
- The All-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)
- The National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)
- The Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)
- The International Baccalaureate (IB)
- The International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE).[364] Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction.[365]
The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages (
Higher education
Under the
The University of Mumbai is one of the premier[370] universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm Business Insider in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.[371] Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best universities in India by India Today in 2013[372] and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013, a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).[373] Its strongest scores in the QS University Rankings: BRICS are for papers per faculty (8th), employer reputation (20th) and citations per paper (28th).[374] It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013.[374] With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd best Multi Disciplinary University in the QS University ranking.[374]
The
Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the
Mumbai Veterinary College is the oldest and premier Veterinary College of India and Asia. Its foundation stone is laid in the year of 1886.
The ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) is a
-
University of Mumbai is one of the largest universities in the world.[387]
-
The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
-
Indian Institute of Technology Bombayis a premier engineering institute in the country.
Culture
Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. The city's cosmopolitan and urban-centric modern cultural offerings are comparable to other world capitals. Mumbai bears the distinction of being the most cosmopolitan city of India. Its history as a major trading centre and the expansion of an education middle class has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. The variety and abundance of restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums are a product of Mumbai's unique cosmopolitan culture.[388]
Mumbai is the birthplace of
Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the
Mumbai has a zoo named
Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and
The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Banganga Tank in Mumbai.[399][400] The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the Elephanta Islands—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.[399][401] Public holidays specific to the city and the state include Maharashtra Day on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,[402][403] and Gudi Padwa which is the New Year's Day for Marathi people.
Cityscape
Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a significant lull in construction projects since the mid-1990s after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration in the pace of development since 2000, when the Lower Parel area began developing.[409] Mumbai with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities, thereby ensuring the economic viability of such developments within the city.[410] Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai's vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.[411]
Architecture
The architecture of the city is a blend of
Food
Media
Mumbai has numerous
Numerous
The wide range of cable channels available includes
There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the
Sports
Mumbai's first professional
In field hockey, Mumbai is home to the Mumbai Marines and Mumbai Magicians in the World Series Hockey and Hockey India League respectively. Matches in the city are played at the Mahindra Hockey Stadium.[452][453]
The Indian Badminton League (IBL), now known as the Premier Badminton League is also visiting Mumbai since its inaugural edition in 2013 when the final was held in Mumbai's National Sports Club of India.[454] In the second season, the final of the 2016 Premier Badminton League was held between home-squad Mumbai Rockets and the Delhi Dashers (formerly Delhi Acers), the visitors eventually claiming the title. The opening ceremony was also held in Mumbai while the finals in Delhi.[455] In the
Rugby is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the Bombay Gymkhana from June to November.[457]
Every February, Mumbai holds
Mumbai will host the
Regional and professional sports teams from Mumbai
Former regional and professional sports teams from Mumbai
Team/Club | Tournament/League | Sport | Venue | Established | Ceased |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mumbai Champs | Indian Cricket League | Cricket | N/A | 2007 | 2009 |
Mumbai Masters | Premier Badminton League | Badminton | National Sports Club of India | 2013 | 2016 |
Mumbai FC | I-League | Football |
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Source: Hindustan Times[462]
- Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Barcelona, Spain
- Busan, South Korea
- Honolulu, U.S.
- Jakarta, Indonesia
- Los Angeles, U.S.
- Nadi, Fiji
- New York City, U.S.
- Odesa, Ukraine
- Shanghai, China
- St. Petersburg, Russia
- Stuttgart, Germany
- Yokohama, Japan
- Zagreb, Croatia
See also
- Geology of Mumbai
- List of tallest buildings in Mumbai
- List of people from Mumbai
- List of twin towns and sister cities in India
Notes
References
- ^ "The Seven Islands". The Mumbai Pages. 16 July 1995. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ^ "Mumbai is truly maximum city". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-9752756-7-2. Archivedfrom the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ "Spice of Life: Sleepless in the city that never sleeps". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
- ^ "Mumbai Settlement". Britannia. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ "Administrator to run BMC, first time in 40 years". The Times of India.
- ^ "BMC to be Run by Administrator Sans Mayor After 4 Decades". News18. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ "Iqbal Chahal appointed as BMC administrator as elections delayed". The Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Mumbai metropolitan area" (in Italian). Projectsecoa.eu. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
- ^ a b "INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011". Press Information Bureau, Mumbai. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ISBN 9788132107651.
- ^ "Maharashtra Government-Know Your RTO" (PDF). Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ *"Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey". The Indian Express. 3 June 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- "Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size". visualcapitalist.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- "India needs its own $1 trillion states; Is Mumbai the answer?". financialexpress.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- ^ a b Lewis, Clara (28 November 2016). "Delhi, not Mumbai, India's economic capital". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Maharashtra Human Development Report, 2012" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131 Archived 8 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
- Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. Archived from the originalon 15 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
- ^ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "World Urban Areas" (PDF). Demographia. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ a b "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC). Loughborough University. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
- ^ "Mumbai | ISAC". Indiastudyabroad.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ "Mumbai beats Beijing to emerge as the new billionaire hub of Asia". The Economic Times. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ from the original on 2 December 2013.
- ^ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. xix.
The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.
- ^ a b c Mehta, R. N. (1983). "Bombay – An analysis of the toponym". Journal of the Oriental Institute: 138–140.
The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4894. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ a b Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 28
- ^ a b "Once Upon a Time in Bombay". Foreign Policy. 24 June 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ "Bombay: History of a City". British Library. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
- ^ Lakshmi, Rama (14 April 2011). "New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes". The Washington Post. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- Times of India. Archivedfrom the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Mumbai Is India's New York". NPR. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ "Mumbai, a land of opportunities". The Times of India. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
- ^ "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
- CIDCO. 2013. p. 7. Archived from the original(PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ Mahajan, Poonam (26 July 2014). "Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story". DNA India. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ^ Mukund Kule (8 October 2010). "मुंबईचं श्रद्धास्थान" [Mumba'īcaṁ Shrad'dhāsthān]. Maharashtra Times (in Marathi). Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-7619-3357-1.
- ^ Patel & Masselos 2003, p. 4
- ^ Mehta 2004, p. 130
- ^ Shirodkar 1998, pp. 4–5
- ^ Yule & Burnell 1996, p. 102
- ^ Shirodkar 1998, p. 7
- ^ a b Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", Livros Horizonte, 2003, verbete "Bombaim", volume I, pp. 265/266.
- ^ Shirodkar 1998, p. 2
- ^ a b Yule & Burnell 1996, p. 103
- ^ Yule & Burnell 1996, p. 104
- ISBN 978-0-00-638784-8. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016.
- ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 6
- ^ Shirodkar 1998, p. 3
- ^ Rousselet, Louis (1877). L'Inde des Rajahs. Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris. p. 7. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
- ^ Christopher Beam (1 December 2008). "Why Did Bombay Become Mumbai? How the city got renamed". Slate. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Hansen 2001, p. 1
- ^ Nitin Chavan (18 December 2009). "शिवसेना आमदाराची नामांतर एक्स्प्रेस" [Shivsēnā Âmadārācī Nāmāntar Express]. Sakal (in Marathi). Mumbai, Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Beam, Christopher (1 December 2008). "Why did Bombay become Mumbai?". Slate. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015.
- ^ Beam, Christopher (12 May 2006). "Mumbai? What about Bombay?". Slate. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013.
- ^ Kumar, Ruchi (28 October 2013). "From Bombay to Mumbai: 24 ways the city has changed". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ^ "Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra". Fodor's. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
- ^ "Mumbai vs Bombay". The Indian Express. 11 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ "Fruit And Nut: Another 'Bombay' controversy brewing?". India Today. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ a b Hansen 2001
- ^ Vir Sanghvi (2 April 2006). "The Angry Bombay-ite". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ "3 Mumbaikars Who Are Changing The City All By Themselves". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ Farooqui 2006, p. 1
- ^ Ghosh 1990, p. 25
- ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 5
- ^ "2. Mumbai City Profile" (PDF). GMDMA Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority. Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
- ^ David 1995, p. 5
- .
- ^ Kumari 1990, p. 37
- ^ David 1973, p. 8
- ^ Jaisinghani, Bella (13 July 2009). "Ancient caves battle neglect". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
- The Tribune. Mumbai. Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, pp. 127–150
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 79
- ^ "The Slum and the Sacred Cave" (PDF). Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University). p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "World Heritage Sites – Elephanta Caves". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
- Express Group. Archived from the originalon 16 January 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
- ^ Maharashtra (India) (1986). Maharashtra State Gazetteers. Vol. 24 (1 ed.). Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 596. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016.
- ^ Agarwal, Lekha (2 June 2007). "What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank?". Mumbai Newsline. Express Group. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
- ISBN 978-1-118-94673-2. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 51
- ^ Maharashtra 2004, p. 1703
- ^ David 1973, p. 14
- ^ David 1995, p. 12
- ^ Khalidi 2006, p. 24
- ^ Misra 1982, p. 193
- ^ Misra 1982, p. 222
- ^ David 1973, p. 16
- ^ "Mughal Empire". Department of Social Sciences (University of California). Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
- ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 166
- ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 169
- ^ David 1995, p. 19
- Daily News and Analysis (DNA). Archivedfrom the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
- ^ D'Mello, Ashley (9 June 2008). "New life for old church records". The Times of India. India. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
- ^ "Glorious past". Express India. 28 October 2008. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
- ^ "Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)". BBC. 12 October 2004. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
- ^ The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island 1978, p. 54
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 20
- ^ David 1973, p. 410
- ISBN 978-81-250-0485-1.
- ISBN 978-81-85972-94-7. Archivedfrom the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ Campbell, Sir James MacNabb (1883). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kolába and Janjira. Government Central Press. p. 443.
Yakub Khan koli.
- ^ Kincaid, Charles Augustus; Pārasanīsa, Dattātraya Baḷavanta (1922). A History of the Maratha People. H. Milford, Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ a b Yimene 2004, p. 94
- ^ Ganley, Colin C. (2007). Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth (PDF). International Society for New Institutional Economics. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
- ^ Carsten 1961, p. 427
- ^ David 1973, p. 179
- ^ Nandgaonkar, Satish (22 March 2003). "Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces – 313 years ago". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 April 2003. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- ^ History of Medieval India, p. 126
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 32
- ^ Fortescue 2008, p. 145
- ^ Naravane 2007, p. 56
- ^ Naravane 2007, p. 63
- from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
- ^ Naravane 2007, pp. 80–82
- ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 233
- ^ "Maharashtra – trivia". Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 127
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 343
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 88
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 74
- Time Out Mumbai (6). 14 November 2008. Archived from the originalon 29 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 345
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 293
- ^ Census of India 1961, p. 23
- Mumbai Suburban District. Archived from the originalon 21 November 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
- ^ Guha, Ramachandra (13 April 2003). "The battle for Bombay". The Hindu. India. Archived from the original on 14 May 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^ Guha 2007, pp. 197–8
- ^ "Sons of soil: born, reborn". The Indian Express. 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.
- ^ "Gujarat". Government of India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
- ^ "Maharashtra". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
- ^ Desai, Geeta (13 May 2008). "BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
- ^ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 306
- ^ "About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
- ^ "The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On". Rediff.com India Limited. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ Bharucha, Nazer (24 November 2003). "From mills to malls, the sky is the limit". The Times of India. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
- ^ Jog, Sanjay (11 August 2012). "Maharashtra may revisit redevelopment of textile mill land". The Economic Times. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
- ^ "Map of Refineries in India" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
- ^ "Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)". Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
- Mumbai Suburban District. Archived from the originalon 2 December 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- ^ "1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs". BBC News. 12 March 1993. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^ "Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks". BBC News. 30 September 2006. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ "HM announces measures to enhance security" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 11 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "Mumbai blasts: Death toll rises to 26". Hindustan Times. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
- ^ "Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured". Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ a b c Thomas, T. (27 April 2007). "Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course!". New Delhi: Rediff. Archived from the original on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
- JSTOR 4407880.
- ^ Brunn, Williams & Zeigler 2003, pp. 353–354
- ^ "Mumbai Suburban" (PDF). National Informatics Centre (Mahrashtra State Centre). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012.
- ^ "City Profile of Greater Mumbai" (PDF). Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ a b c Mumbai Plan, 1.2 Area and Divisions
- ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 2
- ^ a b c Mumbai Plan, 1.1 Location
- ^ Krishnamoorthy 2008, p. 218
- ^ "Mumbai, India". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
- ^ Mumbai Plan, 1.3.2.2 Salsette Island
- ^ Srinivasu, T.; Pardeshi, Satish. "Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra State". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 17 July 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
- ^ Bapat 2005, pp. 111–112
- ^ "Salient Features of Powai Lake". Department of Environment (Government of Maharashtra). pp. 1–3. Archived from the original (PPT) on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
- ^ Mumbai Plan, 1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation
- ^ Sen, Somit (13 December 2008). "Security web for city coastline". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
- ^ Patil 1957, pp. 45–49
- ^ Mumbai Plan, 1.3.1 Soil
- ^ Mumbai Plan, 1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology
- ^ Kanth, S. T. G. Raghu; Iyenagar, R. N. (10 December 2006). "Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City". Current Science. 91 (11): 1486. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the twenty-three known faults that exist around the city.
- ^ Seismic Zoning Map (Map). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ "The Seismic Environment of Mumbai". Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
- ^ Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 1999, p. 210
- ^ Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 84
- ^ a b c Mumbai Plan, 1.4 Climate and Rainfall
- ^ Kishwar, Madhu Purnima (3 July 2006). "Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day". Daily News and Analysis (DNA). Mumbai. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ Rohli & Vega 2007, p. 267
- ^ a b "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ "Mumbai still cold at 8.6 °C". The Times of India. 9 February 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
- ^ "Cyclone hits Bombay; isolates city". Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957). 23 November 1948. p. 1. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- ^ "Cyclone Nisarga: When 1948 November storm left 38 dead and 47 missing in Bombay". Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- ^ "When 20-hour storm paralysed Bombay: Old-timers recall fury of cyclone which hit Mumbai in 1948". India Today. Press Trust of India. 3 June 2020. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- ^ "Mumbai floods: Why India's cities are struggling with extreme rainfall". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ^ "Will Mumbai flood this year too? BMC starts to find solution". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ a b c Srivastava, Roli (8 July 2022). "How Twitter is helping one Indian city map monsoon floods". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ ISBN 9781136572548. Archivedfrom the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Station: Mumbai (Colaba) Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 509–510. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ "Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India" (PDF). Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India". Time and Date. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "Normals Data: Bombay/Colaba - India Latitude: 18.90°N Longitude: 72.82°E Height: 9 (m)". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ "Climate and monthly weather forecast Mumbai, India". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ "Climatological Information - Mumbai (Santacruz) (43003)". India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2020.
- ^ Borwankari, Vinamrata. "Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015." Times of India. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ Chatterjee, Badri. "Mumbai breathes 2017's cleanest air; 'good' AQI after 6 months." Archived 6 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Hindustan Times. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ Express News Service. "Air quality in Mumbai three times worse than Delhi." Archived 18 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine Indian Express. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database. Archived 1 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine World Health Organization. May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
- ^ WHO Air Quality Guidelines. Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine World Health Organization. September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
- ^ "Central Pollution Control Board Air Quality Information." Archived 19 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Open Government Data Platform India. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ "U.S. Embassy Air Quality Data." Archived 16 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of State, Mission Air Quality. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ "McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution". The Source. Washington University in St. Louis. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ^ "GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest". The Financial Express. 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- ^ Swaminathan & Goyal 2006, p. 51
- ^ Kelsey 2008, p. 208
- ^ a b c Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). "City Development Plan (Economic Profile)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
Mumbai, at present, is in reverse gear, as regards the economic growth and quality of life.
- ^ "Global Wealth PPP Distribution;Who are the leaders og the global economy". Visualcapitalist.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ "Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey". 7 October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ "Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind". GQ India. 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ "Fortune Global 500". CNN. 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
- ^ Swaminathan & Goyal 2006, p. 52
- ^ Jadhav, Narendra. "Role of Mumbai in Indian Economy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ "Indian Ports Association, Operational Details". Indian Ports Association. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ McDougall, Dan (4 March 2007). "Waste not, want not in the £700m slum". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
- ^ * "Mumbai sixth among top 10 global cities on billionaire count". The Times of India. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- Bharucha, Nauzer (9 March 2015). "Thirty of India's 68 billionaires live in Mumbai". The Times of India. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- "With 68 billionaires, India ranks 7th globally; Mumbai leads in India with 30". Daily News and Analysis. New Delhi. 10 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- Vorasarun, Chaniga. "In Pictures: The Top 10 Cities For Billionaires". Forbes. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
- Coudriet, Carter. "Richest Cities In The World: The Top 10 Cities With The Most Billionaires". Forbes. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- Vorasarun, Chaniga (30 April 2008). "Cities of the Billionaires". Forbes. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
- ^ "Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind". GQ India. 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- ^ "Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion, Delhi comes second: Report". 26 February 2017. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.
- ^ * Dey, Sudipto (10 October 2019). "Mumbai 12th richest city in the world, NYC on top with 65 billionaires". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- "Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008" (PDF). MasterCard. p. 21. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
- Giacomo Tognini. "World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home". Forbes. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- "Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008" (PDF).
- ^ "Doing Business in India 2009". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ "Annual Report 2004-05" (PDF). Maharashtra Pollution Control Board. p. 185. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
- ^ "Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data". Census 2011 India. Census Organization of India. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
- ^ "Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai". Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
- ^ "Shiv Sena's Snehal Ambekar elected new Mumbai mayor". The Economic Times. Mumbai. 9 September 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
... as Sena's Sunil Prabhu completed his two-and-half-years term as the city mayor today. Ambekar, who secured 121 votes in the 226 member House,...
- ^ "Commissioner System". Archived from the original on 2 January 2010.
- ^ Nair, Ajesh. "Annual Survey of India's City-Systems" (PDF). Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
- ^ Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai, p. 2
- ^ Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai, pp. 7–8
- ^ "MMRDA – Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority". Mmrdamumbai.org. 26 January 1975. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^ "About Bombay High Court". Bombay High Court. Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
- ^ Fuller & Bénéï 2001, p. 47
- ^ 100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985, p. 4, "The centenary of the Indian National Congress, which is being celebrated at its birthplace Bombay, is a unique event."
- ^ "Congress foundation day celebrated". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 29 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^ David 1995, p. 215
- ISBN 978-81-7991-823-4. Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ^ "Bal Thackeray turned to Hindutva in 1985 to win elections: ex-Shiv Sena MP". dna. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014.
- ^ Phadnis, pp. 86–87
- ^ Rana 2006, pp. 315–316
- ^ "Stage Set for Third Phase Polls in Maharashtra". Outlook. 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
- ^ "List of Parliamentary Constituencies" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
- ^ "Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Result 2019, Maharashtra Assembly and General Poll Result 2019 – IndiaToday | IndiaToday". India Today. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ "List of ACs and PCs". Chief Electoral Officer (Government of Maharashtra). Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
- ^ "Maharashtra Assembly Election 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
- ^ "Mumbai election results Live updates: Aditya Thackeray registers landslide victory from Worli". India Today. 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, p. 6
- ^ "Corporation". Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai". Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world
- ^ The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, p. 3
- Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. 17 February 2012. Archivedfrom the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, p. 27
- ^ a b c "Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Archived from the original (DOC) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
- ^ Daily News and Analysis (DNA). Archivedfrom the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai.
- ^ "Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage". The Times of India. 22 April 2004. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
- ^ Outlook. Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd. July 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
- ^ Kumar, Akshey. "Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
- ^ "Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway". Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- ^ Environment and urbanization 2002, p. 160
- ^ "Welcome to Official Website of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd". 6 March 2010. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010.
- ^ Gupta, Saurabh (30 January 2014). "Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday". NDTV. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ "Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, pp. 2–14
- ^ "Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities" (PDF). Ministry of Railways. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal.
- ^ Shaikh, Ateeq (27 September 2015). "Mumbai: BEST ridership falls further". Mumbai. DNA. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- ^ "Organisational Setup". Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ "Times of India Publications". Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com. 16 May 2011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Composition of Bus Fleet". BEST. Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
- ^ "A timeline of BEST buses in Mumbai". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ "BEST buses, the new killer on the prowl?". Daily News and Analysis. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ Sitaram, Mewati (29 December 2014). "Soon, computer-aided training for MSRTC drivers". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ^ Tembhekar, Chittaranjan (4 August 2008). "MSRTC to make long distance travel easier". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ "MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip". The Times of India. 29 December 2002. Archived from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ Sitaram, Mewati (2 February 2015). "NNMT gains from BEST's plan to discontinue AC bus services". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ^ Badgeri, Manoj (3 November 2014). "TMT rakes in moolah on new AC bus routes". The Times of India. Thane. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ^ Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world 1993, p. 49
- MiD DAY. Archived from the originalon 29 September 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ "Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System" (PDF). BEST. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
- ^ Khanna, Gaurav. "7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro". Businessworld. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport.
- ^ Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."
- ^ "Transportation from Alibaug". Raigad District Authority. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ "Navi Mumbai mulls hovercraft services". Sify. Navi Mumbai. 3 November 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ "NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI" (PDF). National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2008.
- ^ Dalal, Sucheta (1 April 2000). "India's first international-class expressway is just a month away". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ "MSRDC – Project – Bandra Worli Sea Link". Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC). Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ Mumbai Plan, 1.10 Transport and Communication Network
- ^ "Mumbai To Navi Mumbai travel time cut to 20 mins as Trans Harbour Link inaugurated". The Indian Express. 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ "28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets – Mumbai – DNA". Daily News and Analysis. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ Kulkarni, Dhaval (31 May 2015). "Mumbai's five gateways may become toll-free". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ Somit Sen; Manthan K Mehta (12 April 2014). "Only 10 public transport services for every 90 private vehicles in Mumbai". The Times of India. TNN. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ^ Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, pp. 2–9
- ^ "28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets". dna. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014.
- ^ Kumar, K.P. Narayana; Chandran, Rahul (6 March 2008). "NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway". Mint. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ Mishra, Saumya (10 January 2023). "Delhi-Mumbai Expressway to cut travel time by half; Rs 98,000 crore project likely to be completed by 2023 end". Times Now. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "Breaking News Live: PM Modi inaugurates 246-km first phase of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway". The Times of India. 12 February 2023. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "Work on Nagpur-Mumbai expressway begins in full swing | Nagpur News". The Times of India. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ Phadke, Manasi (4 March 2023). "Shinde govt targets Dec 2023 finish for Nagpur-Mumbai Expressway, just ahead of state & LS polls". The Print. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ Kukreja, Sahil (11 December 2022). "PM Modi inaugurates 'Samruddhi Mahamarg' Mumbai-Nagpur expressway: How it'll benefit car owners". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "CM now aims for Konkan expressway". Hindustan Times. 17 December 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ "AAI traffic figures" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "Statistics: Mumbai International Airport Limited". Association of Private Airport Operators. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ "Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA)- Masterplan". Csia.in. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- Daily News & Analysis. 13 February 2014. Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year". The Hindu. 19 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
- ^ "MIAL eyes Juhu airport". MiD DAY. 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, pp. 2–12
- ^ Chittar 1973, p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."
- ^ "Laudable Achievement of JNPT" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 7 January 2003. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
- ^ "Our Mission". Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
- Daily News and Analysis. Archived from the originalon 16 January 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports.
- ^ "BMC Inc. will now sell bottled water". The Indian Express. 21 May 1998. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- Daily News and Analysis (DNA). Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- ^ a b "Tansa water mains to be replaced". The Times of India. 1 August 2007. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. 2013 [2012]. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ "Water contamination complaints double, Bhandup hit hard". The Times of India. Mumbai. 4 July 2008. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- Indian Express Group. Archived from the originalon 16 January 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- Daily News and Analysis (DNA). 20 February 2008. Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ^ Baliga, Linah (26 January 2014). "BMC completes water tunnel project". The Times of India. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ Express News Service (22 October 2009). "Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
- ^ Nevin, John (27 August 2005). "Plastic ban: 1 lakh to be jobless". Rediff. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- ^ "How BMC cleans up the city". MiD DAY. 26 August 2002. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- ^ "Bombay Sewage Disposal". The World Bank Group. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
- ^ "Adani to buy Reliance Energy for ₹18,800 cr". The Hindu. 31 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Dasgupta, Devraj (26 April 2007). "Stay in island city, do biz". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- DNA. Mumbai. Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ Kulkarni, Dhaval (11 March 2015). "To curb power theft, Maharashtra explores underground supply network across state". Daily News and Analysis. India. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ "Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps". Daily News and Analysis. 24 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- ^ Mukherjee, Promit (14 September 2014). "Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- ^ Campbell 2008, p. 143
- ^ Somayaji, Chitra; Bhatnagar, Shailendra (13 June 2009). "Reliance Offers BlackBerry in India, Vies With Bharti". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- ^ "Details of service area" (Word Document). Department of Telecommunications, Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
- ^ "Internet surfers: Mumbai scores, Bangalore falls". The Economic Times. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- ^ Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, p. 6
- ^ "The minimum city". The Economist. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- ^ "41.8% of Mumbai lives in slums". 8 April 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "With 42% living in slums virus casts long shadow across Mumbai". The Times of India. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city". The Times of India. 8 September 2004. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "Mumbaiites prepare for a bumpy ride this year". Hindustan Times. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
- ^ Datta & Jones 1999, Low-Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai, pp. 158–159
- National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the originalon 18 March 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
- ^ Davis 2006, p. 31
- ^ "Dharavi, Mumbai | Sustainable Milano". Blogs.newschool.edu. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ "District Census Handbook -MUMBAI SUBURBAN" (PDF). Directorate of Census Operation Maharashtra. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ "Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005–06" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department (Government of Maharashtra). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
- ^ T Surendar (10 February 2010). "Mumbai's New-Age Builders want a Room at the Top". Forbes. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- ^ "Mumbai noisiest city, Delhi at number 4: Central Pollution Control Board". The Times of India. 26 April 2016.
- ^ "C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra". census.gov.in. Archived from the original (xls) on 23 September 2015.
- ^ "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra". Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. On this page, select "Maharashtra" from the download menu. "Greater Mumbai (M.Corp.)" is at line 11 of the excel file, "Mumbai Suburban District" at line 1065 and "Mumbai District" at line 1072.
- ^ "Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data". Census2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- ^ "Muslims of Mumbai (Bombay), major city of India". The 30-Days Prayer Network. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ Mehta 2004, p. 99
- ^ Baptista 1967, p. 5
- ^ Weil, Shalva (30 November 2008). "Background: A rich history now stained with blood". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ "More than Half of the World's Zoroastrians Call Mumbai, India Home". Smart Cities Dive. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ^ Karkaria, Bachi (9 January 2016). "Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
- ^ "The world's successful diasporas" Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Managementtoday.co.uk.
- ^ Bates 2003, p. 266
- ^ a b c "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra (Town level)". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ "Mumbai's growing Hindi heartland". Indian Express. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Drew, W.W. (1892). Census of India, 1891. Vol. VIII, Bombay and its feudatories. Part II, Imperial tables. Central Government Press. p. 109-11.
- ^ "51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. 15 July 2015. p. 152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ Pai 2005, p. 1804
- ^ "51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. 15 July 2015. p. 152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ O'Brien 2003, p. 141
- ^ "51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. 15 July 2015. p. 152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- MiD DAY. 24 September 2006. Archived from the originalon 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ Mukherji, Anahita (2 April 2009). "Education board tells schools to get state recognition". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Now, schools can teach in 2 languages". The Times of India. 5 May 2006. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). "City Development (Education)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ "Are you cut out for Arts, Science or Commerce?". Rediff News. 19 June 2008. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ Sharma, Archana (4 June 2004). "When it comes to courses, MU dishes up a big buffet". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "History". University of Mumbai. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Best Universities 2013: University of Mumbai". India Today. (15 March 1978). Retrieved 16 July 2013. Archived 26 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The World's Best Engineering Schools". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ Nayyar, Dhiraj (30 November 1999). "India Today ranks India's Best Universities for 2013". India Today. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015.
- ^ "QS University Rankings: BRICS 2013". Top Universities. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ a b c "Top Universities in India". Top Universities. 16 December 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- Daily News and Analysis. 22 December 2006. Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- Indian Express Group. 11 June 2008. Archived from the originalon 19 December 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "About the Institute". Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "About University". SNDT Women's University. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ Source, | The (23 April 2015). "First U.S.-India joint EMBA program begins". Global. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
- ^ "..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai ::". Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ Bansal, Rashmi (8 November 2004). "Is the 'IIM' brand invincible?". Rediff News. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- Sydenham College. Archived from the originalon 25 June 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
- ^ "About The Government Law College". Government Law College. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
- ^ Martyris, Nina (6 October 2002). "JJ School seeks help from new friends". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
- Daily News and Analysis (DNA). 24 November 2006. Archivedfrom the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "CIRUS reactor". Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
- ^ "mumbai university: Latest News, Videos and mumbai university Photos | Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-8166-2306-8.
- ^ "Beginners' Bollywood". The Age. Sydney. 28 September 2005. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
- ^ Vilanilam 2005, p. 130
- ^ Nagarajan, Saraswathy (10 September 2006). "Matchbox journeys". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
- ^ "Filmfare Awards gets new sponsor". The Times of India. 11 January 2006. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
- ^ Chaudhuri 2005, pp. 4–6
- JSTOR 3203529.
- ^ David 1995, p. 232
- ^ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya". Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai. Archived from the original on 1 February 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
- ^ "Sahitya Akademi: awards and fellowships". Sahitya Akademi. 1999. Archived from the original on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
- ^ "Kala Ghoda Arts Festival". Kala Ghoda Association. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
- ^ a b Shukla, Ahustosh (8 November 2008). "MTDC will not pull out of Elephanta, Banganga fests". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ "The Banganga Festival". Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
- ^ "The Elephanta Festival". Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
- ^ "Mumbai celebrates Maharashtra Day". The Times of India. 1 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
- ^ Krishnan, Ananth (24 March 2009). "'Vote at Eight' campaign". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
- ^ "BMC to transfer beach cleaning works". The Asian Age. 24 August 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ^ Jain, Bhavika (10 May 2011). "8 out of city's 10 beaches unsafe". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- Essel World. Archived from the originalon 30 January 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ O'Brien 2003, p. 143
- ^ Sharma, Samidha (27 November 2012). "Adlabs founder bets big on theme parks". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015.
- ^ "Mumbai". Archived from the original on 15 June 2015.
- ^ "Mumbai stands tall among Indian cities". The economic times. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Mumbai has 77% tall buildings in India". The Hindustan times. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Rainswept glory". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 24 July 2004. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- ^ Morris & Winchester 2005, p. 212
- ^ "Mumbai's entrance -the 'Gateway' to be more tourist-friendly". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 4 March 2007. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- ^ "India: World heritage sites centre". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
- ^ a b "Is the world's weirdest property market strangling the city that hosts it?". The Economist. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ "Cities with the most skyscrapers | Statistics". EMPORIS.
- ISBN 0237531259.
- ISBN 1843530813.
- ^ a b "Snack Attack, Mumbai. Eating Safe Street Food". The New York Times. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ISBN 8189491660.
- ^ "Get set for a taste of real Mumbai". Daily News and Analysis. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ "Mumbai street food: What's a Japanese sous chef got to do with it?". CNN. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ISBN 0549763872.
- ^ "Masterchef hits streets". Deccan Chronicle. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ Ganti 2004, p. 3
- ^ Lundgren, Kari (26 November 2008). "Bollywood Trawls London for Talent as Students Balk at Banking". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
- ^ "Bollywood filmmakers experimenting with new genre of films". The Times of India. 17 July 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ Deshpande, Haima (5 March 2001). "Mumbai's Film City may be home to world cinema". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
- ^ "The Times of India turns the Times of Colour". Televisionpoint.com. 26 April 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
- ^ "IRS Q2, 2010: Negligible decline of daily readers in Greater Mumbai". Afaqs.com. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light". Exchange4media.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ Bansal, Shuchi; Mathai, Palakunnathu G. (6 April 2005). "Mumbai's media Mahabharat". Rediff. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
- ^ Rao, Subha J. (16 October 2004). "Learn with newspapers". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
- ^ "Public life and voluntary social service organisations". Maharashtra State Gazetteers. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ "IN-fighting among cable operators". The Indian Express. 26 July 1999. Retrieved 10 June 2009.[dead link]
- ^ "What is CAS? What is DTH?". Rediff News. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ "Tata Sky on Insat 4A". LyngSat. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
- ^ "Radio stations in Maharashtra, India". Asiawaves. Archived from the original on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
- ^ "Few takers for CAS in Mumbai". The Times of India. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
- ^ "Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai details, matches, stats". Cricbuzz.
- ^ "About BCCI". Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
- ^ "IT Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV | InvestmentKit.com Articles". Investmentkit.com. 15 April 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ Makarand, Waingankar (18 January 2009). "Attacking pattern of play has delivered". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
- ^ Seth, Ramesh (1 December 2006). "Brabourne – the stadium with a difference". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
- ^ "Aussies claim elusive trophy". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 November 2006. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
- ^ g=Bubna, Shriya (7 July 2006). "Forget cricket, soccer's new media favourite". Rediff News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Mumbai City on course to become ISL 'Invincibles'". timesofindia.com. 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "Kenkre FC's I-League dreams: 21 years in the making". freepressjournal.in. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "'They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India – TIME NewsFeed". Time. 4 August 2011. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "Gridiron league launched in India". The Times of India. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ "Mumbai Marines down Chennai Cheetahs". Mumbai. Press Trust of India. 31 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ^ "HIL: Police assure tight security for matches in Mumbai". Mumbai. Press Trust of India. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ^ "Indian Badminton League". Archived from the original on 5 May 2014.
- ^ "Badminton Association of India announces the 2nd Edition of the Indian Badminton League". sportskeeda.com. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ^ "Team Overview". Premier Badminton League.
- ^ "Mumbai to host Asian men's rugby". Daily News and Analysis. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ Pal, Abir (17 January 2007). "Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
- ^ "Mumbai to host F-1 powerboat race". Mumbai: NDTV. 17 December 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ^ Baldwin, Alan (25 January 2008). "Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
- ^ "Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit". CBS Sports. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ "BMC plans 'sister city square' to celebrate Mumbai's bond with its 15 sister cities". Hindustan Times. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
Sources
- Baptista, Elsie Wilhelmina (1967). The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein. Bombay East Indian Association.
- Bates, Crispin (2003). Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2482-8.
- Brunn, Stanley; Williams, Jack Francis; Zeigler, Donald (2003). Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development (Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-06-381225-3.
- Campbell, Dennis (2008). International Telecommunications Law [2008]. Vol. II. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4357-1699-5.
- Census of India, 1961. Vol. 5. Office of the Registrar General (India). 1962.
- Carsten, F.L. (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History (The ascendancy of France 1648–88). Vol. V. Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-04544-5.
- Chaudhuri, Asha Kuthari (2005). "Introduction: Modern Indian Drama". Mahesh Dattani: An Introduction. Contemporary Indian Writers in English. Foundation Books. ISBN 978-81-7596-260-6. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
- Chittar, Shantaram D. (1973). The Port of Bombay: a brief history. Bombay Port Trust.
- Datta, Kavita; Jones, Gareth A. (1999). Housing and finance in developing countries. Volume 7 of Routledge studies in development and society (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17242-4.
- David, M. D. (1973). History of Bombay, 1661–1708. University of Mumbai.
- David, M. D. (1995). Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India. Himalaya Publishing House.
- ISBN 978-2-7071-4915-2.
- ISBN 978-81-85028-80-4.
- Environment and urbanization. Vol. v. 14, no. 1. International Institute for Environment and Development. April 2002. ISBN 978-1-84369-223-2. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
- "Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR" (PDF). MMRDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
- Farooqui, Amar (2006). Opium city: the making of early Victorian Bombay. Three Essays Press. ISBN 978-81-88789-32-0.
- Fortescue, J.W. (2008). A History of the British Army. Vol. III. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4437-7768-1.
- Fuller, Christopher John; Bénéï, Véronique (2001). The everyday state and society in modern India. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-471-1.
- Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). "Introduction". Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28854-5.
- Greater Bombay District Gazetteer. Maharashtra State Gazetteers. Vol. v. 27, no. 1. Gazetteer Department (Government of Maharashtra). 1960.
- Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. Brill. ISBN 978-81-215-0088-3.
- ISBN 978-0-06-019881-7.
- Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08840-2. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
- Huda, Anwar (2004). The Art and Science of Cinema. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-269-0348-1. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
- Jha, Subhash K. (2005). The Essential Guide to Bollywood. Roli Books. ISBN 978-81-7436-378-7.
- Keillor, Bruce David (2007). Marketing in the 21st Century: New world marketing. Vol. 1. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-99276-7.
- Kelsey, Jane (2008). Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-44821-5.
- Khalidi, Omar (2006). Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey. Global Media Publications. ISBN 978-81-88869-13-8.
- Kothari, Rajni (1970). Politics in India. Orient Longman.
- Krishnamoorthy, Bala (2008). Environmental Management: Text And Cases. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-203-3329-1.
- Kumari, Asha (1990). Hinduism and Buddhism. Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7124-060-9.
- Lok Sabha debates. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1998.
- Machado, José Pedro (1984). "Bombaim". Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Editorial Confluência.
- Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. Alfred A Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40372-9.
- Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. 1993. ISBN 978-92-1-131233-1.
- Misra, Satish Chandra (1982). The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
- Morris, Jan; Winchester, Simon (2005) [1983]. Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj (reissue, illustrated ed.). ISBN 978-0-19-280596-6.
- "Mumbai Plan". Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra). Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
- Naravane, M. S. (2007). Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.
- O'Brien, Derek (2003). The Mumbai Factfile. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-302947-2.
- "Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai" (PDF). Mumbai Police. Archived from the original (PDF, 1.18 MB) on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- Patel, Sujata; Masselos, Jim, eds. (2003). "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism". Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition. Delhi: The Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-567711-9.
- Pai, Pushpa (2005). "Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City" (PDF). In Cohen, James; McAlister, Kara T.; Rolstad, Kellie; MacSwan, Jeff (eds.). Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Cascadilla Press. pp. 1794–1806.
- Patil, R.P. (1957). The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay. Calcutta: Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest.
- Phadnis, Aditi. Business Standard Political Profiles: Of Cabals and Kings. Business Standard.
- "Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region" (PDF). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Vol. 65. Indian National Science Academy. 1999.
- Rana, Mahendra Singh (2006). India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-647-6.
- Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2007). Climatology (illustrated ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-3828-0.
- Saini, A.K.; Chand; Hukam. History of Medieval India. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-2313-1.
- Singh, K.S.; B.V. Bhanu; B.R. Bhatnagar; Anthropological Survey of India; D. K. Bose; V.S. Kulkarni; J. Sreenath (2004). Maharashtra. Vol. XXX. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7991-102-0.
- Shirodkar, Prakashchandra P. (1998). Researches in Indo-Portuguese history. Vol. 2. Publication Scheme. ISBN 978-81-86782-15-6.
- Swaminathan, R.; Goyal, Jaya (2006). Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal. Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation.
- Strizower, Schifra (1971). The children of Israel: the Bene Israel of Bombay. B. Blackwell.
- The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island. Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. 2. Gazetteer Department (Government of Maharashtra). 1978.
- "The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888" (PDF). State Election Commissioner (Government of Maharashtra). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
- Kurian, Mathew; McCarney, Patricia (2010). Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-90-481-9425-4.
- Vilanilam, John V. (2005). Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective (illustrated ed.). SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-3372-4.
- Wasko, Janet (2003). How Hollywood works. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-6814-6.
- WMO bulletin. Vol. 49. World Meteorological Organization. 2000.
- Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change. Cuvillier Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86537-206-2.
- Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C. (1996) [1939]. A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson (2 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-0321-0.
- Zakakria, Rafiq; Indian National Congress (1985). 100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985. Reception Committee, Congress Centenary Session.
External links
- Official website
- Mumbai web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- Mumbai at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Mumbai at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Mumbai at OpenStreetMap