Muong people

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Mường
Vietic groups
(Vietnamese, Gin, Chứt, Thổ
peoples)
Mường Settlement with traditional houses near Hòa Bình (2007)
Cò ke - a musical instrument from the Mường people

The Mường (

Thanh Hóa Province. They speak the Mường language which is related to the Vietnamese language and the Thổ language and share ancient ethnic roots with the Vietnamese (Kinh) people. [2]

Etymology

The word Mường in Vietnamese is etymologically related to the word

Proto-Vietic *mɔːlʔ. Among different groups of people of Northern Vietnam, both the Vietnamese and the Mường are referred to by some other common designations such as Cheo (Cheo Chi) or Keo are derivations from Giao Chỉ, the name of Northern Vietnam during the First Era of Northern Domination
. These designations are used by Tai-speaking people in Vietnam.

The Mường were referred in Vietnamese Nôm texts as Mường Mán (茫蠻), which was used in a derogatory sense in the past.[4]

Economy

The Mường residents primarily grow wet rice and some of them also grow corn and cassava. Breeding is attached special importance to development. The main livestock is cattle and poultries. The significant economic resources of the Mường family are exploiting products of forest including mushrooms, wood ear, wood, bamboo, rattan, etc. The typical crafts of the Mường are weaving, knitting, reeling.

History

A Mường family in 1899

From an anthropologist viewpoint, both the Mường and the Vietnamese Kinh are descended from common origins-the ancient Viet-Muong speakers-the northern subbranch of the

Austroasiatic family that had heavily contact with Tai-speaking people and other Northern Austroasiatic speakers during the first millennia.[5] The Mường are often perceived as an intact culture, compared to the sinicized Vietnamese (Kinh) in the lowland, and they also tend to adopt and exchange many customs of the neighboring Black Tai [6]

Like other

Mường-speaking tribes into one single Mường ethnicity during the 1920s.[10]

Historical records said there were Mường rebellions in 1029, 1300, 1351, 1430s, 1822, 1833, 1880s.[12] In 1931, Mường population was 180,000,[11] and it grew to 415,000 by 1960.[13]

Presently, the Mường are one of the four main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Việt, Thổ and Chứt. The Nguồn, who are classified as Việt, are sometimes believed to be the southernmost group of the Mường, who intermixed with Chứt people.

Mythology

The Mường epic Te tấc te đác (Vietnamese: Đẻ đất đẻ nước) traces their mythological ancestry to a legendary bird couple called Chim Ây (male bird) and Cái Ứa (female bird).[4] In the Mường epic cycle the origins of all natural phenomena, the first people and then their cultural practices such as the acquisition of fire, building houses, producing silk, casting bronze drums, and weaving and embroidering, are related to the uplands. The first Mường people were living in a cave on the mountain Hang Hao from where their descendants resettled in all the other big and small villages (mường). Only one son of the first Mường parents, Dịt Dàng, or the king Việt, went down to lowlands to live and to build a capital city there with a palace and big market.

This place in the plains is named in the epic tales as Kinh Kỳ-Kẻ Chợ, i.e. the area of the capital city and market-place. In the Mường epic tales uplanders and lowlanders intensively interact with each other. For instance, they jointly cut down the huge tree of Chu ‘with its copper trunk and iron branches’ and together move it out of the mountains down to the plains.

In contrast to this, in the Vietnamese story of descent the capital city is located in an upland area, in Phong Châu. Here the eldest of the fifty sons who stayed in the mountains with their mother founded the capital of the first Vietnamese kingdom Văn Lang. Many depicted details of ancient life of the Vietnamese are also related to mountains: they use burnt ginger roots instead of salt that could be produced only by the sea; men cut their hair short to make it easier when moving in the forests; their lands are reserved mainly for cultivating glutinous rice which requires less water to grow than wet rice and could be easily cultivated on the hillsides; for some ritual purposes they prepare special dishes from this sort of rice such as rice cooked in bamboo tubes or stuffed steamed cakes (bánh chưng, bánh dầy). Forests in Vietnamese tradition are always associated with mountain areas as plains are reserved for paddy fields. Cutting hair was a custom specific for Việt (Yue) men in contrast to Han Chinese who had been keeping their hair long.

Stuffed steamed cakes similar to the Vietnamese bánh chưng and bánh dầy are also found in the cuisine of Zhuang people in Guangxi province, that again provokes associations between Tai and Viet-Muong cultural traditions. [14]

Language

The Mường speak the

Mường language, a close relative of Vietnamese. Writing based on the Vietnamese alphabet
appeared in the 20th century, introduced by Western scholars. The Mường aristocracy were already familiar with Chinese writing through their study of the Confucian canon.

The Mường language is mainly used in the domestic sphere of communication. Most native speakers also speak Vietnamese.

Geographic distribution

The population of Mường in Vietnam was 1,452,095 according to the 2019 census, 1.51% of Vietnam's population.

Kim Bôi District
).

Literature

The Mường people have many valuable epics (Mường: mo), such as Te tấc te đác (meaning Giving rise to the Earth and the Water).

Holidays

The main holidays of the Mường are

New Year
and agrarian holidays. During the celebration of the New Year, Mường people pray to the ancestors. Such prayers are also arranged on the revolutionary holidays after which the whole village treats themselves to pre-cooked dishes.

Clothing

The traditional dress of the Mường people (photo from the Vietnamese Museum of Ethnic Studies)

Different Mường groups will wear different clothing styles. Some wear clothing borrowed from the Thái, while others wear clothing similar to the Vietnamese. In general, clothing for women consists of some type of tunic or robe, headscarf, and skirt. Some women in the past wore neck rings like other minorities in Northern Vietnam. Men generally wear simple tunics and pants.

Weaving looms of the Mường people

Religion

Main article: Muong ethnic religion
Mường shaman's hat
Mường funeral

Mainly, the Mường follow

Catholics), often with local animistic
influences. They believe in the existence of harmful spirits (ma tai, ma em, and others).

The Mường practice their traditional ethnic religion, worshiping ancestral spirits and other supernatural deities. They are primarily animists, which means that they believe that non-living objects have spirits. They also deify local heroes who have died. However, with the introduction of modern medicine, adherence to many folk beliefs has declined.

Genetics

Huang et al. (2022) found that Viet-Muong speakers, including ethnic Muong and Kinh people, genetically cluster with Kra-Dai speakers.[15]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5
    .
  2. ^ "The Muong group and their typical culture". VOVWorld. 30 August 2014.
  3. ^ Nguyễn Quang Hồng, Tự Điển Chữ Nôm Dẫn Giải (Nôm Characters with Quotations and Annotations). quote: "Tiếng thời xưa trỏ dân tộc thiểu số, vùng miền xa xôi, lạc hậu."
  4. ^ a b Grigoreva 2015, p. 8.
  5. ^ Kiernan 2019, pp. 46–47.
  6. ^ Schrock 1972, p. 318.
  7. ^ Scott 2009, p. 117.
  8. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 180.
  9. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 248.
  10. ^ a b Grigoreva 2015, p. 5.
  11. ^ a b Schrock 1972, p. 316.
  12. ^ Schrock 1972, p. 320.
  13. ^ Schrock 1972, p. 315.
  14. ^ Grigoreva 2015, p. 14.
  15. ISSN 2296-701X
    .

Works cited

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muong people.

Video

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muong_people&oldid=1214263016"