Murals of Los Angeles

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Muralist Robert Wyland's whaling wall Ocean Planet (1992) appears on the Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center, which also includes a three acre rooftop mural of planet Earth.[1][2][3][4]

Greater Los Angeles, California, is home to thousands of murals, earning it the nickname "the mural capital of the world" or "the mural capital of America."[a][7][8][9][10][11] The city's mural culture began and proliferated throughout the 20th century.[12] Murals in Los Angeles often reflect the social and political movements of their time and highlight cultural symbols representative of Southern California.[13] In particular, murals in Los Angeles have been influenced by the Chicano art movement and the culture of Los Angeles.[7][13] Murals are considered a distinctive form of public art in Los Angeles, often associated with street art, billboards, and contemporary graffiti.[14][15]

From 2002 to 2013, Los Angeles had a moratorium on the creation of new murals in the city, stemming from legal conflicts regarding large-scale commercial out-of-home advertising, primarily billboards.[16][17]: 237  The ban was lifted with the passing of LA Ordinance No. 182706, known as the mural ordinance.[18][19] Mural registration is administered through the City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs.[20] Because of the large number of murals throughout the city, numerous programs exist for their preservation and documentation, including the Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles, the Getty Conservation Institute, and others.[21][22]

History

Murals by Dean Cornwell in the Grand Rotunda of the Los Angeles Central Library depicting California history (1933)

Many of the city's oldest murals have been lost, usually from weathering or the process of urban development. Among the earliest known murals from Los Angeles were featured in the central business district, including those of Einar Petersen in 1912 and a ceramic tile panel for a cafeteria, created in 1913.[12][13]

The New Deal

Main article: New Deal artwork
Abbot Kinney and the Story of Venice (1941) by Edward Biberman, originally commissioned for a post office in Venice, Los Angeles, depicts developer Abbot Kinney and scenes from the history of Venice, including the Venice of America canal district and the Venice oil boom.[23][24][25]

In the early 1930s, most prominent Los Angeles murals were on commercial rather than civic buildings.[26] Notable exceptions to this trend include the political works of muralists David Alfaro Siqueiros and Myer Shaffer, often supported by artistic and cultural institutions in the city.[27]

Between 1933 and 1943, the United States government, as part of the

Communist themes.[27][33] Shaffer went on to document the growing number of murals blanketed by local authorities in the Jewish Community Press.[27]

2002 mural moratorium

Through the 1980s, commercial advertising on signage and billboards in Los Angeles was regulated by multiple government institutions, including the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans),[34] often without clear distinctions between murals and other types of signs.[16] Numerous efforts to ban billboards in the city had been proposed and in 1984 Los Angeles City Council passed a law preventing the development of billboards within 600 feet of each other.[35] Some advertisers sought to present commercials works as murals, in order to take advantage of a rule exempting murals from restrictions on sign posting.[16][36] In the 1990s, the Los Angeles city council faced lawsuits from advertisers, based on the claim that restrictions on commercial speech were an unfair exception to the First Amendment.[16][36][37][38]

In 1999, the Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs was in the process of developing guidelines for the regulation of

Los Angeles City Council District 13, filed a motion to temporarily halt the placement of new billboards after an influx of new signs were erected to pre-empt forthcoming regulations.[39]: 130  An interim control ordinance (ICO 173562) prohibiting the issuance of building permits for any off-site signs was passed to combat the accelerated pace of sign development in Hollywood, signed in 2000 by Los Angeles mayor Richard Riordan.[40][41] An extension to ICO 173562 was instituted in 2001, initially presented by city councilmember Eric Garcetti, also of the 13th district.[39]
: 75–77 

In April 2002, LA Ordinance No. 174547 was passed, banning new "off-site signs" across the city.

freedom of expression.[51][52] The companies were initially granted a preliminary injunction against the city, although it was vacated shortly thereafter by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in part based on the subsequent 2003 amendment.[51][52]

Capitol Records depicting significant jazz musicians, was restored in 2013.[53][54][55]

In 2013, City Council and mayor Eric Garcetti passed LA Ordinance No. 182706, amending the city municipal code to allow for the creation and preservation of existing and new non-commercial murals.

Los Angeles City Council District 15 after being proposed by councilmember Joe Buscaino.[60][61]

El Monte city council instituted a similar ban in the adjacent city in 1977.[62][63]: 89 [64] The ban was later lifted and numerous mural projects have since been organized in the city.[65][66][67]

Major themes

Chicano art movement

Main article: Chicano art movement

Since the

América Tropical (1932), at El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument, is the only of his American murals found in its original location, although it was once painted over due to its controversial anti-imperialist message.[27][73][74][75]

The

Catholicism, has also been a major theme.[77] In the second half of the century, the Chicano street art movement spread throughout barrios and other neighborhoods in East Los Angeles.[78][79][80]

In 1974, muralist and

activist Judy Baca organized a citywide mural program in Los Angeles.[80][81][82] The program resulted in the production of hundreds of murals across the city, including Baca's Great Wall of Los Angeles (1978) along the Tujunga Wash.[d][83][84][85] In 1976, with painter Christina Schlesinger and filmmaker Donna Deitch, Baca founded the Social and Public Art Resource Center, a community art center that sponsors the development and restoration of murals throughout the city.[10]

Sports and athletics

See also: Sports in Los Angeles

Many Los Angeles sports icons and teams are commemorated in murals, especially near their respective stadiums. Roadside murals have been commissioned for the

NBA championships,[90][91] the Los Angeles Dodgers' 2020 World Series win,[92][93] the Los Angeles Kings' two Stanley Cup wins in 2012 and 2014,[94] and the MLS Cups of the LA Galaxy.[95][96] A number of murals also exist honoring significant Los Angeles baseball players, such as Jackie Robinson,[e][98] Sandy Koufax,[99][100] Fernando Valenzuela,[101] and others.[102][103]

Olympics

Los Angeles has hosted the

Caltrans "hibernated" the murals, applying a coating and layer of gray paint to be removed later for restoration.[109][110][111] Efforts to restore many of the Olympic Festival freeway murals began in commemoration of the 30th anniversary of the Games.[110][112][113][114]

Kobe Bryant

Main article: Murals of Kobe Bryant
Los Angeles Culture (2016), a mural located near the Lakers' home venue of Crypto.com Arena, depicts a celebratory Kobe Bryant and is one of numerous basketball-inspired murals in the city painted by sports muralist Jonas Never.[115][116][117]

Kobe Bryant was a highly-decorated basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers, winning five championships with the team. Throughout his career, murals were created acknowledging his accomplishments, including his career-high 81 point game in 2006 and retirement in 2016.[118][119] Following his 2020 death in a helicopter crash, many tributes to Bryant were created around the city, frequently featuring his daughter Gianna, who was also killed in the crash.[120][121] The prominence of these murals has led to their becoming a notable tourist attraction, resulting in maps and city guides documenting the collection of Kobe artwork.[122][123][124]

In media

The documentary film

Thierry Guetta, a French street artist in Los Angeles.[128][129]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The moniker has also been used to describe Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, another American city with a significant collection of murals.[5][6]
  2. ^

    Off-Site Sign Structure. A structure of any kind or character, erected, used or maintained for an off-site sign or signs, upon which any poster, bill, printing, painting, projected image or other advertisement may be placed.

    — LA Ordinance No. 174736 (2002)[44]
  3. ^ Along with José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera.
  4. ^ Baca left her role in the Citywide Mural Project in 1977, concurrent with the beginning of her work on the Great Wall of Los Angeles.[81]: 70 
  5. UCLA, leading him to still be seen as a sports icon for Los Angeles.[97]
  6. ^ The 2028 Summer Olympics are also slated to be held in Los Angeles.[104][105]

References

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  2. ^ Canalis, John (21 April 2009). "Artist Wyland gives Long Beach the world". Press-Telegram.
  3. ^ "Wyland Ocean Mural at Long Beach Convention Center Gets Fresh Paint". California Diving News. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
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  65. ^ Martinez, Fidel (14 October 2021). "Latinx Files: The lost murals of El Monte". Los Angeles Times.
  66. ^ Ohanesian, Liz (3 November 2021). "A 1970s Moratorium Stunted El Monte's Mural Movement. A New Work Brings It Back to Life". KCET.
  67. ^ Rivera, Anissa (15 October 2022). "Colorful murals enliven downtown El Monte's Main Street thanks to an idea by online retailer Shein". San Gabriel Valley Tribune.
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  104. ^ a b Wharton, David (31 July 2017). "Details emerge in deal to bring 2028 Summer Olympics to Los Angeles". Los Angeles Times.
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  109. ^ a b Hummel, Emily (6 April 2017). "50 Years In LA: A Gallery Amidst Gridlock". NHL.com.
  110. ^ a b Jao, Carren (22 May 2013). "Uncovered Olympic Glories: Murals Restoration on the 101 Freeway". KCET.
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  116. ^ Gharib, Anthony (25 May 2023). "Lakers News: Artist Jonas Never Shares Sneak Peek Of New Purple and Gold 75th Anniversary Team Mural". Lakers Nation.
  117. ^ Djang, Daniel (25 August 2023). "Discover Kobe Bryant Murals in Los Angeles". Discover Los Angeles.
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Further reading

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