Murrumbidgee River

Coordinates: 34°43′43″S 143°13′8″E / 34.72861°S 143.21889°E / -34.72861; 143.21889
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Murrumbidgee River
Greater Hume
  • Murrumbidgee
    • Physical characteristics
    SourcePeppercorn Hill
     • locationSnowy Mountains, NSW
     • coordinates35°35′7″S 148°36′5″E / 35.58528°S 148.60139°E / -35.58528; 148.60139
     • elevation1,560 m (5,120 ft)
    Vic
     • coordinates
    		34°43′43″S 143°13′8″E / 34.72861°S 143.21889°E / -34.72861; 143.21889
     • elevation
    		55 m (180 ft)
    Length1,485 km (923 mi)[2]
    Basin size84,917 km2 (32,787 sq mi)
    Discharge 
     • locationWagga Wagga[3]
     • average120 m3/s (4,200 cu ft/s)[3]
    Discharge 
     • locationNarrandera
     • average105 m3/s (3,700 cu ft/s)
    Discharge 
     • locationBalranald
     • average27 m3/s (950 cu ft/s)
    Basin features
    Tantangara Reservoir, Lake Burrinjuck
    [4][5]

    The Murrumbidgee River (/mʌrəmˈbɪdʒi/[6]) is a major tributary of the Murray River within the Murray–Darling basin and the second longest river in Australia. It flows through the Australian state of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, descending 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) over 1,485 kilometres (923 mi),[2] generally in a west-northwesterly direction from the foot of Peppercorn Hill in the Fiery Range of the Snowy Mountains towards its confluence with the Murray River near Boundary Bend.

    The word Murrumbidgee or Marrambidya means "big water" in the

    Aboriginal Australian lands, home to various Aboriginal peoples. In the Australian Capital Territory, the river is bordered by a narrow strip of land on each side; these are managed as the Murrumbidgee River Corridor (MRC).[10] This land includes many nature reserves
    , eight recreation reserves, a European heritage conservation zone and rural leases.

    Flow

    The mainstream of the river system flows for 900 kilometres (560 mi).[11] The river's headwaters arise from the wet heath and bog at the foot of Peppercorn Hill situated along Long Plain which is within the Fiery Range of the Snowy Mountains; and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Kiandra. From its headwaters it flows to its confluence with the Murray River. The river flows for 66 kilometres (41 mi) through the Australian Capital Territory near Canberra,[12] picking up the important tributaries of the Gudgenby, Queanbeyan, Molonglo and Cotter Rivers. The Murrumbidgee drains much of southern New South Wales and all of the Australian Capital Territory, and is an important source of irrigation water for the Riverina farming area.

    The reaches of the Murrumbidgee in the

    Lake Eucumbene.[14][15] This has extremely serious effects on native fish populations and other native aquatic life and has led to serious siltation, stream contraction, fish habitat loss, and other problems. The Murrumbidgee where it enters the ACT is effectively half the river it used to be.[15][16]

    A study suggests a section of the upper river's channels are relatively new in geological terms, dating from the early

    Gundagai onwards the rivers flow within its ancestral channel.[17]

    In June 2008 the

    Goulburn and Murrumbidgee Rivers rated in a very poor condition in the Murray-Darling basin with fish stocks in both rivers were also rated as extremely poor, with only 13 of the original 22 native fish species still found in the Murrumbidgee River.[18]

    History

    The Murrumbidgee River runs through the traditional lands of the Ngarigo, Ngunnawal,

    Muthi Muthi Aboriginal peoples.[citation needed
    ]

    Exploration

    The Murrumbidgee River was known to Europeans before they first recorded it.  In 1820 the explorer Charles Throsby informed the Governor of New South Wales that he anticipated finding "a considerable river of salt water (except at very wet seasons), called by the natives Mur-rum-big-gee". In the expedition journal, Throsby wrote as a marginal note: "This river or stream is called by the natives Yeal-am-bid-gie ...".[19] The river he had stumbled upon was in fact the Molonglo River, Throsby reached the actual river in April 1821.[20]

    In 1823, Brigade-Major John Ovens and Captain Mark Currie reached the upper Murrumbidgee when exploring south of Lake George.[21] In 1829, Charles Sturt and his party rowed down the lower half of the Murrumbidgee River in a stoutly built, large row-boat, from Narrandera to the Murray River, and then down the Murray River to the sea. They rowed back upstream, against the current to their starting point.[22] Sturt's description of their passage through the junction of the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers is dramatic. His description of wild strong currents in the Murrumbidgee—in the middle of summer (14 January 1830), when flows are declining and close to the seasonal summer/autumn minimum, is in contrast to the reduced flow seen at the junction today in mid-summer:

    The men looked anxiously out ahead; for the singular change in the river had impressed on them an idea, that we were approaching its termination ... We were carried at a fearful rate down its gloomy and contracted banks ... At 3 p.m., Hopkinson called out that we were approaching a junction, and in less than a minute afterwards, we were hurried into a broad and noble river ... such was the force with which we had been shot out of the Morumbidgee, that we were carried nearly to the bank opposite its embouchure, whilst we continued to gaze in silent astonishment on the capacious channel [of the Murray River] we had entered ...

    The Murrumbidgee basin was opened to settlement in the 1830s and soon became an important farming area.

    Wagga Wagga

    Ernest Favenc, when writing on Australian exploration, commented on the relatively tardy European discovery of the river and that the river retained a name used by Indigenous Australians:

    Here we may remark on the tenacity with which the Murrumbidgee River long eluded the eye of the white man. It is scarcely probable that Meehan and Hume, who on this occasion were within comparatively easy reach of the head waters, could have seen a new inland river at that time without mentioning the fact, but there is no record traceable anywhere as to the date of its discovery, or the name of its finder. When in 1823 Captain Currie and Major Ovens were led along its bank on to the beautiful Maneroo country by Joseph Wild, the stream was then familiar to the early settlers and called the Morumbidgee. Even in 1821, when Hume found the Yass Plains, almost on its bank, he makes no special mention of the river. From all this we may deduce the extremely probable fact that the position of the river was shown to some stockrider by a native, who also confided the aboriginal name, and so it gradually worked the knowledge of its identity into general belief. This theory is the more feasible as the river has retained its native name. If a white man of any known position had made the discovery, it would at once have received the name of some person holding official sway.[23]

    Navigation

    The river was once used as a transport route, with paddle steamers navigating the river as far as Gundagai. The river trade declined with the coming of the railways. Paddle steamers last used the Murrumbidgee in the 1930s. To allow the steamers and towed barges to pass, there were opening bridges at Hay, Balranald, and Carathool[24][25]

    Floods

    Murrumbidgee River in major flood in December 2010 and flood marker showing the height of the 1974 floods in Wagga Wagga

    The river has risen above 7 metres (23 ft) at Gundagai nine times between 1852 and 2010, an average of just under once every eleven years. Since 1925, flooding has been minor with the exception of floods in 1974 and in December 2010, when the river rose to 10.2 metres (33 ft) at Gundagai.[26] In the 1852 disaster, the river rose to just over 12.2 m (40 ft). The following year the river again rose to just over 12.5 m (41 ft). The construction of Burrinjuck Dam from 1907 has significantly reduced flooding but, despite the dam, there were major floods in 1925, 1950, 1974 and 2012.[27][28]

    The most notable flood was in 1852 when the town of Gundagai was swept away and 89 people, a third of the town's population, were killed. The town was rebuilt on higher ground.[29]

    In 1925, four people died and the flooding lasted for eight days.[30][31][32]

    The reduction in floods has consequences for wildlife, particularly birds and trees. There has been a decline in bird populations and black box flood plain eucalypt forest trees are starting[when?] to lose their crowns.[33]

    Major flooding occurred during March 2012 along the Murrumbidgee River including Wagga Wagga, where the river peaked at 10.56 metres (34.6 ft) on 6 March 2012.[34] This peak was 0.18 metres (0.59 ft) below the 1974 flood level of 10.74 metres (35.2 ft).[28]

    Wetlands

    Major wetlands along the Murrumbidgee or associated with the Murrumbidgee catchment include:[35]

    • Lowbidgee Floodplain, 2,000 square kilometres (772 sq mi) between Maude and Balranald
    • Mid-Murrumbidgee Wetlands along the river from Narrandera to Carathool
    • Fivebough and Tuckerbil Swamps
    • Tomneys Plain
    • Micalong Swamp
    • Lake George
    • Yaouk Swamp
    • Black Swamp & Coopers Swamp
    • Big Badja Swamp

    Tributaries

    Main article: Tributaries of the Murrumbidgee River
    Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

    Download coordinates as:

    Bridge over the Murrumbidgee at Carrathool.
    Swimming hole on the Murrumbidgee at Hay
    Tidbinbilla
    Tracking Station is visible too.

    The Murrumbidgee River has about 90 named tributaries in total; 24 rivers, and numerous creeks and gullies. The ordering of the basin, from source to mouth, of the major tributaries is:

    Rivers of the Murrumbidgee River basin
    Catchment river Elevation at
    confluence[36]    		 River mouth Coordinates[37][38] River length[36]
    Tributary
    Tributary
    Tributary
    Murrumbidgee River 55 m (180 ft) Murray 34°43′43″S 143°13′8″E / 34.72861°S 143.21889°E / -34.72861; 143.21889 (Murrumbidgee River) ~900 km (559 mi)
    Numeralla River 706 m (2,316 ft) Murrumbidgee 36°3′56″S 149°9′1″E / 36.06556°S 149.15028°E / -36.06556; 149.15028 (Numeralla River) 94 km (58 mi)
    Kybeyan River 745 m (2,444 ft) Numeralla 36°13′13″S 149°21′25″E / 36.22028°S 149.35694°E / -36.22028; 149.35694 (Kybeyan River) 36 km (22 mi)
    Big Badja River 735 m (2,411 ft) Numeralla 36°10′27″S 149°20′52″E / 36.17417°S 149.34778°E / -36.17417; 149.34778 (Big Badja River) 94 km (58 mi)
    Bredbo River Murrumbidgee
    Strike-a-Light River Bredbo
    Gudgenby River Murrumbidgee
    Naas River Gudgenby
    Orroral River Gudgenby
    Cotter River Murrumbidgee
    Paddys River Cotter
    Tidbinbilla River Paddys
    Gibraltar Creek Paddys
    Molonglo River Murrumbidgee
    Jerrabomberra Creek Molonglo
    Sullivans Creek Molonglo
    Queanbeyan River Molonglo
    Goodradigbee River 345 m (1,132 ft) Murrumbidgee 35°00′S 148°38′E / 35.000°S 148.633°E / -35.000; 148.633 (Goodradigbee River) 105 km (65 mi)
    Yass River 345 m (1,132 ft) Murrumbidgee 34°52′36″S 148°46′55″E / 34.87667°S 148.78194°E / -34.87667; 148.78194 (Yass River) 139 km (86 mi)
    Tumut River 220 m (722 ft) Murrumbidgee 35°1′18″S 148°10′51″E / 35.02167°S 148.18083°E / -35.02167; 148.18083 (Tumut River) 182 km (113 mi)
    Goobarragandra River 272 m (892 ft) Tumut 35°20′S 148°15′E / 35.333°S 148.250°E / -35.333; 148.250 (Goobarragandra River) 56 km (35 mi)
    Doubtful Creek 1,290 m (4,232 ft) Tumut 36°06′S 148°26′E / 36.100°S 148.433°E / -36.100; 148.433 (Doubtful Creek) 15 km (9 mi)
    Lachlan River 68 m (223 ft) Murrumbidgee 34°22′S 143°47′E / 34.367°S 143.783°E / -34.367; 143.783 (Lachlan River) ~1,440 km (895 mi)
    Crookwell River 430 m (1,411 ft) Lachlan 34°16′39″S 149°7′53″E / 34.27750°S 149.13139°E / -34.27750; 149.13139 (Crookwell River) 78 km (48 mi)
    Abercrombie River 378 m (1,240 ft) Lachlan 34°01′S 149°28′E / 34.017°S 149.467°E / -34.017; 149.467 (Abercrombie River) 130 km (81 mi)
    Bolong River 569 m (1,867 ft) Abercrombie 34°08′S 149°37′E / 34.133°S 149.617°E / -34.133; 149.617 (Bolong River) 60 km (37 mi)
    Isabella River 479 m (1,572 ft) Abercrombie 34°00′S 149°39′E / 34.000°S 149.650°E / -34.000; 149.650 (Isabella River) 51 km (32 mi)
    Boorowa River 303 m (994 ft) Lachlan 33°57′S 148°50′E / 33.950°S 148.833°E / -33.950; 148.833 (Boorowa River) 134 km (83 mi)
    Belubula River 263 m (863 ft) Lachlan 33°33′S 148°28′E / 33.550°S 148.467°E / -33.550; 148.467 (Belubula River) 165 km (103 mi)

    Population centres

    River crossings

    The list below notes past and present bridges that cross over the Murrumbidgee River. There were numerous other crossings before the bridges were constructed and many of these still exist today.

    Downstream from Wagga Wagga

    Crossing Image Coordinates Built Location Description Notes
    Balranald Bridge 34°38′47.2″S 143°33′56.6″E / 34.646444°S 143.565722°E / -34.646444; 143.565722 1973 Balranald Sturt Highway
    Matthews Bridge 34°28′40″S 144°18′03.4″E / 34.47778°S 144.300944°E / -34.47778; 144.300944 1957 Maude Work started on

    a replacement for

    this bridge in 2020.[39]

    Hay Bridge 34°30′58.4″S 144°50′32.4″E / 34.516222°S 144.842333°E / -34.516222; 144.842333 1973 Hay Cobb Highway
    Carrathool Bridge
    		 34°26′57.4″S 145°25′02.3″E / 34.449278°S 145.417306°E / -34.449278; 145.417306 1924 Carrathool
    Darlington Point Bridge 34°34′01.2″S 146°00′09.5″E / 34.567000°S 146.002639°E / -34.567000; 146.002639 1979 Darlington Point Kidman Way
    Euroley Bridge 34°38′19.6″S 146°22′25.8″E / 34.638778°S 146.373833°E / -34.638778; 146.373833 2003 Yanco
    Narrandera Rail Bridge 34°45′30.7″S 146°32′08.5″E / 34.758528°S 146.535694°E / -34.758528; 146.535694 1885 Narrandera Tocumwal railway line Not in use[40]
    Narrandera Bridge 34°45′20.8″S 146°32′53.7″E / 34.755778°S 146.548250°E / -34.755778; 146.548250 Newell Highway
    Collingullie Bridge 35°01′59.3″S 147°06′29.6″E / 35.033139°S 147.108222°E / -35.033139; 147.108222 Collingullie

    Wagga Wagga to Burrinjuck

    Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

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    Crossing Image Coordinates Built Location Description Notes
    Gobbagombalin Bridge 1997 Wagga Wagga Olympic Highway [41]
    Wiradjuri Bridge 1995 Hampden Avenue, replaced the Hampden Bridge
    Hampden Bridge 1895 Demolished in 2014 [42]
    Murrumbidgee River
    Rail Bridge
    		 2006
    Main Southern railway line
    . Replaced the previous bridge built in 1881
    Eunony Bridge 1975

    and

    2020

    		Eunony Bridge Road, top bridge decking replaced in 2020 with the original pylons
    Low Bridge 35°04′42.3″S 147°49′17.7″E / 35.078417°S 147.821583°E / -35.078417; 147.821583
    Mundarlo
    Sheahan Bridge 35°04′05.9″S 148°05′42.8″E / 35.068306°S 148.095222°E / -35.068306; 148.095222 1977

    and

    2009

    		Gundagai The bridge was duplicated in 2009.[43] Photograph shows Hume Highway; looking south from Gundagai, bridge in mid distance.
    Gundagai Rail Bridge 35°04′23.7″S 148°06′16.2″E / 35.073250°S 148.104500°E / -35.073250; 148.104500 1902
    Tumut railway line
    , now disused
    Prince Alfred Bridge 35°04′27.8″S 148°06′24.8″E / 35.074389°S 148.106889°E / -35.074389; 148.106889 1867 Prince Alfred Road, former Hume Highway. Main iron spans at southern end still in use for local traffic. Northern wooden spans now disused and in dilapidated condition.
    Gobarralong Bridge 34°59′34.2″S 148°14′13.2″E / 34.992833°S 148.237000°E / -34.992833; 148.237000 Gobarralong
    Jugiong Bridge 34°49′30.3″S 148°19′55.6″E / 34.825083°S 148.332111°E / -34.825083; 148.332111 Jugiong

    Upstream from Burrinjuck

    Crossing Image Coordinates Location Description Notes
    Taemas Bridge 35°00′12.7″S 148°50′53.2″E / 35.003528°S 148.848111°E / -35.003528; 148.848111
    Wee Jasper
    		 1930
    Uriarra Crossing 35°14′38.0″S 148°57′07.1″E / 35.243889°S 148.951972°E / -35.243889; 148.951972
    Uriarra
    Cotter Road bridge 35°19′22.2″S 148°57′01.4″E / 35.322833°S 148.950389°E / -35.322833; 148.950389 Australian Capital Territory Cotter Road, near the confluence with the Cotter River
    Point Hut crossing 35°27′07.1″S 149°04′25.4″E / 35.451972°S 149.073722°E / -35.451972; 149.073722 Gordon
    Tharwa Bridge 35°30′30.9″S 149°04′13.9″E / 35.508583°S 149.070528°E / -35.508583; 149.070528
    Tharwa
    		 1895
    Angle Crossing 35°34′59.0″S 149°06′32.6″E / 35.583056°S 149.109056°E / -35.583056; 149.109056 Williamsdale Angle Crossing Road, a ford
    Bumbalong Bridge 35°51′31.266″S 149°08′4.780″E / 35.85868500°S 149.13466111°E / -35.85868500; 149.13466111 Colinton Little known and little used, low-level bridge that links the otherwise isolated locality of Bumbalong to the locality of Colinton. Bumbalong Road connects the local road from the bridge to the Monaro Highway at Colinton.
    Billilingra Bridge 36°00′04.2″S 149°07′59.6″E / 36.001167°S 149.133222°E / -36.001167; 149.133222 Billilingra
    Binjura Bridge 36°10′13.4″S 149°05′28.1″E / 36.170389°S 149.091139°E / -36.170389; 149.091139 Binjura
    Bolaro Bridge 35°58′50.0″S 148°50′24.5″E / 35.980556°S 148.840139°E / -35.980556; 148.840139 Bolaro
    Yaouk Bridge 35°49′34.1″S 148°48′10.9″E / 35.826139°S 148.803028°E / -35.826139; 148.803028 Yaouk
    Tantangara Bridge 35°47′58.2″S 00°40′34.0″E / 35.799500°S 0.676111°E / -35.799500; 0.676111
    Tantangara
    		 Tantangara Road, immediately downstream from the
    Tantangara Reservoir
    wall
    Tantangara Dam 35°47′43.7″S 148°39′47.5″E / 35.795472°S 148.663194°E / -35.795472; 148.663194
    Tantangara
    		 Tantangara Reservoir was constructed between 1958 and 1960. No public access to the dam to cross the river.
    Long Plain Bridge Long Plain

    Images

    • Second photo of source and area of Murrumbidgee
      Second photo of source and area of Murrumbidgee
    • Water oozing from heath at source area of Murrumbidgee
      Water oozing from heath at source area of Murrumbidgee
    • Tantangara Dam
      Tantangara Dam
    • Yaouk Bridge
      Yaouk Bridge
    • Murrumbidgee at Bolaro
      Murrumbidgee at Bolaro
    • Tharwa Bridge looking south; Tharwa is to the right
      Tharwa Bridge looking south;
      Tharwa
      is to the right
    • Point Hut Crossing, ACT, looking south
      Point Hut Crossing, ACT, looking south
    • Junction with Cotter, in moderate flood
      Junction with Cotter, in moderate flood
    • Uriarra Crossing, ACT, in moderate flood
      Uriarra Crossing, ACT, in moderate flood
    • Approach to Taemas Bridge
      Approach to Taemas Bridge
    • Taemas Bridge, from north
      Taemas Bridge, from north
    • Jugiong Bridge
      Jugiong Bridge
    • The Prince Alfred bridge crosses the Murrumbidgee River at Gundagai, photographed c. 1885
      The Prince Alfred bridge crosses the Murrumbidgee River at Gundagai, photographed c. 1885
    • The Murrumbidgee at Gundagai
      The Murrumbidgee at Gundagai
    • Murrumbidgee River Crossing at Mundarlo
      Murrumbidgee River Crossing at Mundarlo
    • Eunony Bridge viewed from Eunanoreenya looking towards Gumly Gumly
      Eunony Bridge viewed from Eunanoreenya looking towards
      Gumly Gumly
    • Former Wagga Wagga railway bridge
      Former
      Wagga Wagga railway bridge
    • New concrete railway bridge at Wagga Wagga
      New concrete railway bridge at Wagga Wagga
    • Hampden Bridge at Wagga Wagga
      Hampden Bridge at Wagga Wagga
    • Wiradjuri Bridge
      Wiradjuri Bridge
    • Gobbagombalin (Gobba) Bridge
      Gobbagombalin (Gobba) Bridge

    Distances along the river

    See also

    References

    1. ^ a b "Murrumbidgee River". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 8 June 2008. Edit this at Wikidata
    2. ^ a b "Longest Rivers". Geoscience Australia. Australian Government. September 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
    3. ^ a b Green, D (2011). Water resources and management overview: Murrumbidgee catchment (PDF). NSW Office of Water. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
    4. ^ "Our Catchment". Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority. Government of New South Wales. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
    5. ^ "Map of Murrumbidgee River". Bonzle.com. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
    6. ISBN 1-876429-37-2
      .
    7. ^ "Marrambidya Wetland". Visit Wagga. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
    8. Canberra Times
      . Retrieved 17 December 2021.
    9. ISBN 0-7864-1814-1
      .
    10. ^ "Murrumbidgee River Corridor" (PDF). Territory & Municipal Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
    11. ^ "Murrumbidgee River Catchment". Catchment Case Studies. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation. 1995. Archived from the original on 19 April 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2006.
    12. ACT Government. April 2004. p. 23. Archived from the original
      (PDF) on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
    13. ^ Expert panel environmental flow assessment of the upper Murrumbidgee River (Report). NSW Environmental Protection Authority. 1997.
    14. ^ Lintermans, Mark. "The re-establishment of endangered Macquarie perch Macquaria australasica in the Queanbeyan River, New South Wales, with an examination of dietary overlap with alien trout" (PDF). Environment ACT and Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
    15. ^ a b "eflow panel 1997"
    16. ISBN 978-1-86331-473-2
      .
    17. doi:10.1046/j.1400-0952.2003.01045.x
      .
    18. ^ Sustainable Rivers Audit (PDF). Murray-Darling Basin Commission. June 2008. pp. 14, 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
    19. ^ Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1931 (ABS cat. no. 1301.0)
    20. ^ Reed, A. W., Place-names of New South Wales: Their Origins and Meanings, (Reed: 1969).
    21. ^ "Discovery of the Monaro". Cooma-Monaro Shire Council. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015.
    22. ^ Sturt, Charles (2004) [1833]. Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia (txt). Project Gutenberg EBook. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
    23. ^ Favenc, Ernest (2004) [1908]. "Chapter 4". The Explorers of Australia and their Life-work (txt). Project Gutenberg EBook. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
    24. Main Roads
      September 1979 pages 3-5
    25. ^ Bascule and Swing Span Bridges – Movable Span Bridge Study GHD Group pages 144, 147-149
    26. ^ "Evacuation begins". The Daily Advertiser. 5 December 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
    27. ISBN 0-9586200-0-8
      .
    28. ^ a b "Murrumbidgee River & Floods". Wagga Wagga City Council. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
    29. ^ "1852, June, Gundagai flood". Emergency New South Wales. Ministry of Police and Emergency Services. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
    30. ^ "Disastrous Floods. – Many Families Homeless – Four Men Drowned". The Argus. Melbourne. 29 May 1925. p. 11. Retrieved 18 July 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
    31. ^ "HEAVY LOSSES AT GUNDAGAI". The Argus. Melbourne. 29 May 1925. p. 11. Retrieved 20 February 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
    32. ^ Australian Government Emergency Management database Archived 24 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
    33. ABC1
      . Retrieved 22 January 2013.
    34. Sydney Morning Herald
      . Retrieved 11 March 2012.
    35. ^ NSW Department of Natural Resources Murrumbidgee Region Archived 23 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
    36. ^ a b "Search Rivers and Creeks". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia.
    37. ^ "Place name search". Geographical Name Register. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales.
    38. ^ "Gazetteer of Australia Place Name Search". Geoscience Australia. Australian Government.
    39. ^ "New Bridge for Maude". Hay Shire Council. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
    40. ^ "Narrandera Rail Bridge". Narrandera Tourism. Narrandera Shire Council. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
    41. ^ "Wagga's Gobbagombalin bridge proves its worth". The Daily Advertiser. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
    42. ^ Owen, Brodie (20 August 2014). "Hampden Bridge erased from Wagga's landscape". The Daily Advertiser. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
    43. ^ Transport for NSW, N. S. W. "Sheahan Bridge duplication". Transport for NSW. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
    44. ^ Heaton, J. H., 1984, The Bedside Book of Colonial Doings, Published in 1879 as Australian Dictionary of Dates containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May, 1879, Angus & Robertson Publishers Sydney, pp.215-216

    External links

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