Musée Carnavalet
Established | December 1880 |
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Location | 23, rue de Sévigné, 75003 Paris, France |
Coordinates | 48°51′27″N 2°21′44″E / 48.8574°N 2.36214°E |
Type | History Museum, Art museum, Historic site |
Collection size | 625.000 objects (2021)[1] |
Visitors | 606,383 visitors (2021)[2] |
Director | Jean-Marc Léri |
Public transit access |
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Website | carnavalet.paris.fr |
The Musée Carnavalet in
The building, an historic monument from the 16th century, contains furnished rooms from different periods of Paris history, historic objects, and a very large collection of paintings of Paris life; it features works by artists including Joos Van Cleve, Frans Pourbus the Younger, Jacques-Louis David, Hippolyte Lecomte, François Gérard, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Étienne Aubry, to Tsuguharu Foujita, Louis Béroud, Jean Béraud, Carolus Duran, Jean-Louis Forain, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Johan Barthold Jongkind, Henri Gervex, Alfred Stevens, Paul Signac, and Simon-Auguste. They depict the city's history and development, and its notable characters.
Carnavalet Museum is one of the 14 City of Paris's museums that have been incorporated since January 1, 2013, in the public institution Paris Musées. In October 2016, the museum was closed to the public for a major renovation. It reopened in 2021 with new rooms and galleries and an expanded collection.[4]
History
The land on which the museum stands was purchased in 1544 by Jacques de Ligneris, the president of the Parlement of Paris, who commissioned the architects
In 1572, the hôtel was purchased by Madame de Kernevenoy, the widow of a member of the Court of Henry II of France, and the preceptor of the Duke of Anjou, who became Henry III of France. Her Breton name was difficult for the Parisians to pronounce, and gradually was transformed to "Carnavalet".[6] During this period, the facade and portals were given lavish decoration of Renaissance sculpture, much of which still can be seen. They were the work of the sculptor Jean Goujon and his workshop.[5]
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The facade by François Mansart as it appeared in 1686
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Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné, who lived in the Hôtel from 1677 until 1696
The mansion was bought in 1654 by the intendant Claude Boislève, who commissioned the architect François Mansart to make extensive renovations in the new classical style. This included raising the height of the facade on the street and on the two wings by one storey, as well as the addition of groups of classical sculpture on the main facade and on the two wings. Boislève had the misfortune of being too closely associated with Fouquet, the royal chancellor who was accused of misusing using royal funds to build his own palatial residence. The hôtel and furnishings were confiscated from Boisléve in 1662, and sold at auction.[5] The new buyer rented the hotel in 1677 to Madame de Sévigné, famous for her letters describing the daily life and intrigues of the Parisian nobility. She lived in the Hôtel Carnavalet from 1677 until her death in 1696.[6]
The idea of creating a museum of Paris history was launched by
Many more additions followed, as the collection grew. In 1872, the building was enlarged on three sides, largely using vestiges of buildings demolished during Haussmann's construction of the Grand Boulevards in the center of the city. At the beginning of the 20th century, two new wings were added in the rear, which enclosed the garden. An even larger expansion program was begun in 1913 by he architect Roger Foucault. The project was interrupted by the First World War, but resumed after the war and was finally completed in 1921, doubling the exposition space in the museum. The new buildings finally enclosed the Cour Henri IV and the courtyard called "de la Victore".[8]
Expansion continued. In 1989, a nearby mansion, the Hôtel Le Peletier de Saint Fargeau, was purchased and connected with the museum. This hotel was also built in the middle of the 16th century, and was originally known as the Hôtel d'Orgeval. It was purchased by Michel Le Peletier and passed on eventually to his grandson,
The museum was closed in 2017 for a major renovation, and reopened in 2021. The museum as of 2021 had forty decorated rooms and galleries, and 3800 objects on display.[8] The total collection, as of 2021,[update] included 625,000 objects.
Exterior
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The original Renaissance portal of the building on Rue de Sévigné, preserved in the later structure (16th c.)
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Detail of the portal sculpture on Rue de Sévigné
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Detail of portal sculpture on Rue de Sévigné
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The Courtyard of Louis XIV
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Courtyard of Henry IV
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Facade facing the Courtyard of Drapers, formerly the offices of the Guild of Drapers, or cloth-workers
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Detail of the facade facing the Cour de Drapers
Exterior Sculpture
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"Louis XIV in the costume of a Roman Emperor" by Antoine Coysevox
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Bas-reliefs by Jean Goujon and his workshop (16th c.), depicting the Four Seasons.
The statue of
The facade features a statue of "Immortality" by Louis-Simon Boizot. During the Revolution, Boizot was a member of the Commission des Monuments in 1792. From 1805 he was a professor at the Academie des Beaux-Arts, where, among other works, he executed the sculpture for the Fontaine du Palmier erected in the Place du Châtelet, Paris. The gilded "Victory" was the centrepiece of the fountain, and celebrated Napoleon's triumphant return from Egypt. It was finished in 1806, and placed atop a column with sphinxes spouting water at the base. The statue on display at the Carnavalet is the original model of "Immortality", holding olive wreaths in both hands.[1]
Collections
The current collections on display are presented within the two 17th century residences, the Hôtels Carnavalet and Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau. Some rooms have their original decoration intact, while others have been recreated with furnishing and decoration of a certain period. They include furnished rooms from historic residences from the 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The displays cover 3900 square meters, laid out in eight "parcourses" or sequences of rooms from different periods.[11]
Lutetia - Prehistory and Antiquity
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Neolithic pirogue made from a single tree (about 2700 BC)
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Gold coin of the Parisii (between 50 and 100 BC)
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A bronze key from Gallo-Roman Lutetia
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Objects from Gallo-Roman daily life
On its lowest level (Rooms S1-S6) the museum displays an extensive collection of art and practical objects recovered from neolithic sites and from the ancient Gallo-Roman of Lutetia. The gallery also displays objects found in the 1990s at the first permanent settlement known in Paris, in the neighbourhood of Bercy. This discovery included objects related to agriculture, fishing, and raising livestock, dated to 6500–4500 BC.[12]
Discoveries on display include a whole pirogue, or long, narrow canoe made from a single tree trunk. It dates to about 2700 BC, during the Neolithic period. It was discovered in the early 1990s, along with several other pirogues that were even older, at a site located near the modern Rue Henri-Farman in the 19th arrondissement, on what was then a channel of the Seine. Other items on display from this period include earthenware cooking pots, early ceramics, wooden tools, necklaces of otter teeth, and carved female figures.[13] They date back long before the first written description of the village in A.D. 52 in Julius Caesar's De bello Gallico.[14][15][16]
During the Bronze Age a Gallic people called the Parisii settled in the area and founded Lutetia. Its location is traditionally held to be on the Île de la Cité, but their presence is not documented on the left bank of the Seine before the 1st century BC, when Julius Caesar recorded his visit to their leaders on the Île de la Cité. Early coins minted by the Parisii are also displayed, dating to between 90 and 60 BC, with a masculine head in profile, and a horse on the reverse. The coins were used in the extensive river commerce of the Parisii on European rivers. Following the Roman conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, the minting of the coins as stopped.[16]
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A cruciform Roman fibula, or buckle from Lutetia
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Cast and chiseled bronze statue of Mercury (2nd century AD), found in Luxembourg Garden in 1867
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Remains of a Gallo-Roman mural (2nd century)
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Head of statue with an oak crown found near the amphitheater of Lutece, probably representing a member of the royal family or a god (2nd century AD)
Following the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC, Lutetia was centred on the left bank, occupying an area of about 130 hectares. Like other Roman cities, it was constructed around the intersection of north–south road (now Rue Saint -Jacques) and an east–west road (now Rue Cujas). Nearby was the amphitheater, near Rue Monge and still present, in much-modified form; and the Forum, at Rue Soufflot, where the government buildings were located. The Roman port was on the Ile-de-la-Cité, and there was a smaller settlement on the right bank of the Seine.[17] Extensive excavations in the 19th century uncovered the paved streets; three large Roman baths; and residences. A group of sculpted heads are on display, which were discovered near the state of the Roman amphitheater in Paris in 1885. The statues had oak crowns, and represented either gods, or the Imperial family.[16]
Two large Roman necropoles, or cemeteries, proved a particularly rich source of discoveries for the museum. The southern cemetery, the Necropole of Pierre Nicole, near Val-de-Grace, was the most important under the High Empire, and was used until the fourth century AD. The excavations there between 1870 and 1970, uncovered some four hundred sepulchres, with furniture, sculpture and inscriptions. The Necropole of the Gobelins, in the Faubourg Saint-Marcel, was smaller, and was used in the later, or Low Empire. The most valuable discovery there was a set of surgical instruments dating from the second century AD.[18][16]
The excavations of the amphitheater site were particularly meticulous; they were directed by Thèodore Vacquer, who became under-conservator of the Carnavalet Museum in 1870. One especially important discovery by Vacquer was the fresco on the wall of the house of a wealthy Roman, with colors still largely vivid, discovered under the current rue de l'Abbaye-de-l'Épée. Other objects discovered include a sword from the Bronze Age (2000–800 B.C.); a fourth-century bottle used for perfume, wine, or honey.[19]
Medieval to Renaissance Paris (5th–16th century)
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Scale model of the Île de la Cité in the 16th century
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Procession of the League, an anti-Protestant movement, in 1590
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Fragment of Stained glass originally from the church of Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais (16th century)
The Medieval and Renaissance section (Lower Level, Salles S-7 to S-9) presents displays and objects from the 5th to 16th century, beginning in 451 AD, when
During the restoration of the cathedral, carried out by
The section displays a collection of sculptural elements, including busts of Saints and apostles, that formerly belonged to the Church of the Saints-Innocents, which was demolished as the neighbourhood expanded. These include a well-preserved 14th-century sculpture of the head of the Virgin Mary, peaceful and contemplative, despite the tumultuous events that decimated the city at that time: the Hundred Years' War and the Great Plague of 1348[21] These statues were found in 1973 during the excavation of a new shopping and convention center, the Forum of Les Halles, on the site of the historic city produce market.[20]
The gallery also displays a group of six stained glass windows, originally in the chapel of the College of Dormans-Beauvais, built in 1375 by the architect Raymond du Temple. They are attributed to Baudoin de Soissons and the painter
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A street festival in Paris in 1560
Objects in the galleries include:
- An ornate chest from the 13th century, which probably came from the royal Abbey of Saint Denis[23]
- Paintings from the 16th century depicting famous men and women of the time, including Francis I, Catherine de' Medici, and Henry IV.[24]
The Paris of Henry IV and Louis XIV (Late 16th-17th century)
The end of the 16th century saw Paris divided during the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598), then rebuilt by a series of strong monarchs. New institutions emerged, including the guild of Paris merchants and the municipal magistrates.Henry IV of France (reigned 1589–1601) began major new urban construction projects; the Louvre was gradually transformed from a medieval fortress into a sprawling palace, connected to the Tuileries Palace. Grand new royal squares were created at Place Dauphine and the Place Royal, now Place des Vosges. The Pont Neuf was constructed over the Île de la Cité, adding a major link between the two banks of the Seine[25]
In his urban planning, Louis XIV promised to "Do for Paris what Augustus did for Rome." Among his many projects, he completed the Cour Carré of the Louvre, imagined by Henry IV, and created two grand royal squares, Place des Victoires and Place Louis-Le-Grand (now Place Vendôme. In 1670 he tore down old city walls and gates and replaced them with four triumphal arches, of which two, at Porte Saint-Martin and Porte Saint-Denis, still remain.[26]
The squares and palaces of Paris were decorated with monumental sculpture of the Kings. Most of these were destroyed during the Revolution, but fragments of the original monumental statue of Henry IV on the Pont Neuf are on display in this section of the museum, as well as pieces of the statue of Louis XV that formerly stood in the Place de la Concorde.
Louis XIV founded the royal workshops for cabinet-making, tapestries and other decorative items to furnish the royal palaces and the residences of wealthy Parisians. The Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture was founded in Paris in 1648, during the regency of Anne of Austria. The Carnavalet Museum has many examples of the work of its students; furniture designed by cabinet-maker
The Enlightenment (18th century)
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The Salon Demarteau by François Boucher (1765)
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The stairway de Luynes (18th c.)
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Detail of the stairway de Luynes, with life-size painted figures (18th century)
The Salon Demarteau is a masterpiece of 18th century painting and design. It was originally made for the residence of the engraver Gilles Demarteau.It recreates a fantasy of an idyllic country scene, painted by François Boucher in 1765, with the assistance of two other prominent 18th century painters, Jean-Honoré Fragonard and the animal painter Jean-Baptiste Huet. After the death of Demarteau the decor was moved to other Paris residences, before being purchased by Musée Carnavalet.[27]
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Salon of the Hôtel de Breteuil, in the Louis XVI style (18th c.)
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Troubador Clock (18th c.)
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The Salon d'Uzès (1767)
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The armchair of Voltaire, where he spent his last hours, in the Salon of the residence of the Marquis de Villette
The museum displays two 18th-century rooms from the Hôtel de Breteuil, a large mansion on Rue Matignon, which was the residence of the Vicomte de Breteuil and his wife. It illustrates the height of the Louis XVI style, just before the French Revolution. The new style was characterised by symmetry, straight lines, and ornaments adapted from antiquity, such as acanthus leaves and egg-shaped designs.[28]
The Salon d'Uzès (1767) was main room for entertaining company in the Hôtel d'Uzès, a mansion on rue Montmartre. It was designed by the architect
The Salon of Philosophers displays the armchair of the philosopher Voltaire. It was ordered for him by the Marquis de Vilette, in whose residence on the Quai de Conti Voltaire spent his last days before his death in February 1778. It was made of carved and gilded oak, with cushions of velour, and movable wooden and iron shelves for his books and papers. It could be rolled from room to room.[30]
The cabinet of the Hôtel Colbert-de-Villacerf, preserved after that building was demolished, also represents the lavish style of the 17th century. It displays a portrait of Cardinal Mazarin from about 1665. The walls are decorated with grotesque polychrome paintings and gilding.
Other works on display from this period include a painting depicting the celebration of the marriage of Louis XIII with Anne of Austria, which took place on the place Royale (now the Place des Vosges) in April, 1612.[31] There are several paintings of Madame de Sévigné, who lived in the house from 1677 until her death in 1696. Her letters to her daughter comprise the most detailed portrait of social and cultural life in Paris during the period.[32]
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The "Jousting of the Boatmen" on the Seine between the Pont Notre-Dame and the Pont au Change, by Nicolas Jean-Bapiste Raguenet (1756)
The French Revolution (1789–1799)
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Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1989, (Anonymous artist between 1784 and 1794)
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A stone from the Bastille made into a model of the prison
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A buffet inlaid with Revolutionary slogans (18th c.)
Public discontent and hunger, and a royal government in Versailles judged out of touch with the hardships of the Parisians, led to the storming of the
On the Second Level (Salles 2.51-2.57), The museum presents the most extensive existing collection of historic objects and art relating to the French Revolution. This part of the collection is located was the Hotel Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau. It was the residence of a prominent revolutionary figure, Louis-Michel Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau. He was a Deputy of the radical Montagnard faction, who was assassinated on 20 January 1793, because he had voted for the execution of King Louis XVI.
One notable feature remaining from the building of his time is the very ornate cast-iron stairway of honour to the upper floor. The walls decorated with gilded woodwork and mirrors, also original, illustrate the refined classical style of the late 18th century.[33]
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Stairway of Honor of the Hôtel Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau (18th c.)
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The gilded cabinet of the Hôtel Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
One furnished room in the section depicts the cell at the
Other works and objects relating to the Revolution include one of the original stones of the Bastille prison, carved into a replica of the prison. Eighty-three of these miniature Bastilles were carved in 1790 and one sent to each of the Departments of France by the new government.[33]
- Paintings show the people's revenge on the Bastille, a dungeon that had become "a symbol of the arbitrariness of royal power."[34]
- Paintings or sculptures of the major figures of the Revolution, including Mirabeau, Danton, Robespierre, and the royal family[35]
- A painting of an execution by guillotine at the Place de la Révolution, by Pierre-Antoine Demauchy: the fate that struck King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette, the Royalists, the Girondins, the Hébertists, the Dantonists, Robespierre and his followers, and many others[32]
- A paper on which Robespierre had partially written his signature when he was seized by soldiers of the National Convention.[36]
- The original statue of King Sans-Culottesduring the Revolution. The remaining fragments are displayed. It was replaced in the 19th century by the present copy.
Napoleon Bonaparte through Louis-Philippe (1800-1848)
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Portrait of Juliette Récamier bu François Gérard (1805)
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Statue of "Victory" or "Immortality" by Louis-Simone Boizot (1806-1808), originally on Place du Châtelet, now on the facade of the museum
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The death mask ofNapoleon Bonaparte
During the 19th century, Paris was the scene of three revolutions and was administered by six different governments, each of which left its imprint on the city.
Following the final downfall and exile of Napoleon in 1815, the restored French king,
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The Louvre under attack during the 1830 July Revolution, which overthrew King Charles X of France
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Louis Phillipe celebrates victory at the Hotel de Ville on 31 July 1830
Discontent with Louis Philippe appeared in the February Revolution of 1848, with new demonstrations and riots in Paris. A new French Republic was proclaimed, and Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was elected president. At the end of 1851 he orchestrated a coup d'État and proclaimed himself Emperor.[42]
- A painting depicting one of the most important moments of the July Revolution: The Seizing of the Louvre, 29 July 1830, by Jean-Louis Bézard[43]
- Sculptures of Parisians of the time, some realistic portrayals, others caricatures, by Jean-Pierre Dantan[44]
The Paris of Napoleon III (1848-1871)
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Baron Haussmann presents to Napoleon III the plan for annexing the communes surrounding Paris (1859)
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Cradle ofLouis Napoleon Bonaparte, the son of Napoleon III (1856)[45]
The siege of Paris and the Paris Commune (1870-1871)
Following the capture of Napoleon III by the Prussians at the
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Photograph of a barricade erected by the Paris Commune on March 18, 1871
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Fires set by the Commune the night of May 23–34, 1871, during theSemaine Sanglante
Paris in the Belle Epoque (1880-1914)
The
A painting by Paul-Joseph-Victor Dargaud depicts the assembly of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). The iron pieces were formed at the boundary of Gaget on rue de Chazelles in Paris, then disassembled and shipped to New York in pieces.[49]
Jean Béraud (1849-1935), born in St. Petersburg, Russia, became a meticulous painter of Paris society. The museums holds more than eighty of his works.
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The Statue of Liberty being assembled at the foundry of Gaget. rue de Chazelles, by Paul-Joseph-Victor Dargaud (1884)
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The Cafe de Paris, by Jean Béraud
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"The Grand Boulevards, exit of the Theatre des Varietes" by Jean Béraud
The Art Nouveau style first was born in Brussels shortly before the end of the 19th century, and quickly moved to Paris. It was vividly expressed in the Paris metro stations and posters of Alphonse Mucha. Two landmark rooms in the Art Nouveau style are displayed in the museum; a private dining room in the Art Nouveau from the Café de Paris (1899), and the jewellery shop of Georges Fouquet, designed by Alphonse Mucha (1901).[50]
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A private dining room, in Art Nouveau style, from the Café de Paris (1899)
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Allegory of the City of Paris, by Louise Abbéma (1901)
Paris in the 20th and 21st centuries
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Recreation of the room of Marcel Proust, with his original furniture, where he wrote In Search of Lost Time (1913-1927)
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Surrealist Ballroom of the Hotel de Wendel (1924)
The renovated museum opened in 2021 includes, for the first time, a series of rooms devoted to Paris history In the 20th and 21st centuries.[51] The exhibits include:
- Furniture and personal belongings, including his cane and overcoat, from the rooms where Marcel Proust wrote In search of lost time Proust did his writing at night, and slept during the day.[52]
- The colourful José Maria Sert for its owner Maurice de Wendel, and his wife Misia, for their balls and entertainments. Wendel explained: "After considerable hesitation, we ordered the decor, but only the general tonality was specified. For the rest, we had a vague idea that it should show the Queen of Sheba in a chariot being drawn by gazelles." The surrealist paintings extend above the walls onto the ceiling.[53]
- The desk of the American art patron Gertrude Stein from her residence at 27 rue de Fleurus, where she invited and encouraged modern artists, including Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Behind the desk is an enlarged photograph by Man Ray of Stein at her desk.[54]
- Photographs of 20th-century Paris by Eugène Atget and Henri Cartier-Bresson[55]
- A stylized painting of a crowded bistro of the mid-1900s, by the naturalized Japanese artist, Leonard Foujita[56]
- A collection of propaganda photographs given to the museum by the German Occupation government between 1940 and 1944, for mandatory exhibition.
- A collection of photographs from 1944 documenting the liberation of Paris.
- A photograph in daguerreotype, The Forum of the Halles, taken by two American photographers in 1989 for an exhibit at the Carnavalet celebrating the 150th anniversary of the invention of photography[57]
- A textile work called "Paris, Ville Lumiere" (1974), by artists Nil Yalter and Judy Blum, with twenty panels, plus photographs, texts and drawings, illustrating each arrondissement of the city.[58]
Gallery of Shop Signs
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19th c. shop sign
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Gallery of shop signs
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Sign of Le Chat Noir, a popular 19th century cabaret
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Shop sign for the boutique La Maison Henry, on rue de Faubourg Saint-Honoré (c. 1900)
Two unusual galleries in the museum display the distinctive signs that hung in front of Paris shops in the 18th and 19th century, illustrating the profession or the product of the shopkeeper. These range from the signs of wigmakers, locksmiths and the makers of eyeglasses, illustrating their products, to the black cat of the "Le Chat Noir" cabaret in Montmartre in 1881, a popular meeting place for artists, and a model of the Bastille for an early 19th-century cafe of that name in the 11th arrondissement.[59]
See also
- History of Paris
- Jean-François Eugène Robinet, curator from 1891[60]
- Jean Robiquet, curator in the first half of the 20th century
- List of museums in Paris
References
- ^ a b c Guillaume, Valérie, "Musée Carnavalet – Histoire de Paris – Guide de visite", July 2021, pp. 70–71.
- ^ "Le Tourisme a Paris – Chiffres Cles", Official Site of the Paris Office of Tourism and Congresses (published 2022)
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc,Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, pp. 7–8.
- ^ "MUSÉE CARNAVALET REOPENS, DISCOVER OUR PICTURES". sortirparis.com. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d Hillairet, "Connaissance du Vieux Paris" (2017), pp. 38–39
- ^ a b c Leri, Jean-Marc,Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, pp. 7–9.
- ^ Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), p. 4
- ^ a b c Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), p. 6
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc,Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc,Musée Carnavalet: Histore de Paris, page 41.
- ^ Guillaume, Valerie, "Musee Carnavalet-Histoire de Paris - Guide de Visite" (2021), p.1-9
- ^ Guillaume, Valerie, "Musee Carnavalet-Histoire de Paris - Guide de Visite" (2021), p. 22-27
- ^ Guillaume (2021), p. 22-23
- ^ Colson, Jean, Paris: des origines à nos jours, page 10.
- ^ Leri, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 14.
- ^ a b c d Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), p. 19
- ^ Guillaume, Valérie, (2021), p. 24-25
- ^ Guillaume, Valérie, (2021), p. 26-27
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc, Musée Carnavalet: Histore de Paris, page 19.
- ^ a b c Guillaume, Valerie, "Musee Carnavalet-Histoire de Paris - Guide de Visite" (2021), p. 28-31
- ^ Colson, Jean Paris: des origines à nos jours, pages 25-27.
- ^ Guillaume, Valerie, "Musee Carnavalet-Histoire de Paris - Guide de Visite" (2021), p. 32-33
- ^ Leri, Musée Carnavalet: Histore de Paris, page 20.
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, pages 21-23.
- ^ Guillaume, Valerie, "Musee Carnavalet-Histoire de Paris - Guide de Visite" (2021), p. 34-35
- ^ a b Guillaume, Valerie, "Musee Carnavalet-Histoire de Paris - Guide de Visite" (2021), p. 38-39
- ^ Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), p. 41
- ^ Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), p. 42
- ^ Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), p. 45
- ^ Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), p. 47
- ^ Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), p. 29
- ^ a b Leri, Jean-Marc, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 47.
- ^ a b Guillaume, Valérie, "Musée Carnavalet - Histoire de Paris - Guide de visite", July 2021, p.56-57
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 97.
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, pages 98-102.
- ^ Interview with museum guard, 2005-01-02.
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 68-69
- ^ Guillaume, Valérie, (2021), p. 26-27
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 68-69
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 68-69
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 72-73
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 76-77
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 123.
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, pages 13-131.
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 147.
- ^ Guillaume (2021), p. 78-79
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp 78-79
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 82-83
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 168.
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 84-86
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 82-83
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc,Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 172.
- ^ Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), pp. 78-79
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 84-86
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 178-179; 186; 188-189,
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc,Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 187.
- ^ Leri, Jean-Marc, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris, page 190.
- ^ Guillaume (2021), pp. 84-86
- ^ Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), pp. 24-25
- ^ "Jean-François Robinet (1825-1899)". Bibliotèque nationale de France. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Bibliography
- Guillaume, Valérie, Musée Carnavalet - Histoire de Paris - Guide de visite, July 2021, Éditions Paris Musées, Paris, (in French) ISBN 978-2-7596-0474-6
- Pommereau, Claude, Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris (May 2021), Beaux Arts Éditions, Paris (in French) ISBN 979-10-204-0614-9
- Colson, Jean. Paris: Des Origines à Nos jours. Paris: Éditions Hervas, 1998.
- Hillairet, Jacques, Connaissance du Vieux Paris, (2017), Éditions Payot et Rivages, Paris (in French), ISBN 978-2-22891-911-1
- Leri, Jean-Marc. Musée Carnavalet: Histoire de Paris. Paris:Éditions Fragments International, 2007.
- Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.
- "Taking in Paris Any Day, Any Century". New York Times. January 9, 2013.
External links
- (in English) Musée Carnavalet official website
- (in English) Paris Musées official website
- (in English) Musée Carnavalet Visitor Information