Mushki

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Timeline • Origins • Etymology

The Mushki (sometimes transliterated as Muški) were an

Arsanias and the Euphrates ("Eastern Mushki") and the other from the 8th to the 7th centuries BC in Cappadocia and Cilicia ("Western Mushki"). Assyrian sources clearly identify the Western Mushki with the Phrygians
, but later Greek sources then distinguish between the Phrygians and the Moschoi.

Identification of the Eastern Mushki with the Western Mushki is uncertain, but it is possible that at least some of the Eastern Mushki migrated to

Anatolian, or Georgian
language.

Eastern Mushki

The Eastern Mushki appear to have moved into

Hatti
in the 12th century BC, around the time that the Hittite Empire collapsed.

Together with the

Tiglath-pileser I, the Mushki apparently settled in Alzi.[4]

Whether the Mushki initially moved into the core Hittite areas from the east or west has been a matter of some discussion by historians. It has been speculated that the Mushki were connected to the spread of the so-called Transcaucasian ceramic ware, which appeared as far west as modern

Trialeti-Vanadzor culture originally, which suggests an eastern homeland for the Mushki.[6][7][8]

Western Mushki

In the 8th century BC,

Neo-Hittite polities, and the Mushki under Mita entered an anti-Assyrian alliance with Tabal and Carchemish. The alliance was soon defeated by Sargon of Assyria, who captured Carchemish and drove back Mita to his own province. Ambaris of Tabal was diplomatically married to an Assyrian princess, and received the province of Hilakku
under Assyrian dominion, but in 713 BC, Ambaris was deposed and Tabal became a fully fledged Assyrian province.

In 709 BC, the Mushki re-emerged as allies of Assyria, Sargon naming Mita as his friend. It appears that Mita had captured and handed over to the Assyrians emissaries of Urikki, king of

Que
, who were sent to negotiate an anti-Assyrian contract with Urartu, as they passed through his territory.

According to Assyrian military intelligence reports to

Mannai[9][10] in 714 BC. From there they turned west along the coast of the Black Sea as far as Sinope, and then headed south towards Tabal, in 705 BC campaigning against an Assyrian army in central Anatolia, resulting in the death of Sargon II, although they were cleared from Assyrian ruled territory. Macqueen (1986:157) and others have speculated that the Mushki under Mita may have participated in the Assyrian campaign and were forced to flee to western Anatolia, disappearing from Assyrian accounts, but entering the periphery of Greek historiography as king Midas of Phrygia
.

Rusas II of Urartu
in the 7th century BC fought the Mushki-ni to his west, before he entered an alliance with them against Assyria.

Some scholars have speculated that the Western Mushki were not Phrygians, but they conquered the Phrygians, or were conquered by the Phrygians, and the two became conflated with one another.[11]

Hypothesized relations with modern Transcaucasian peoples

Mushki and Armenians

According to

Urartians) and Luwians along the way.[12] Diakonoff theorized that the root of the name Mushki was "Mush" (or perhaps "Mus," "Mos," or "Mosh") with the addition of the Armenian plural suffix -k'.[13]
Armen Petrosyan clarifies this, suggesting that -ki was a
Ancient Greek -κοί) and etymologizes "Mush" as meaning "worker" or "agriculturalist."[14]

Some have placed (at least the Eastern) Mushki homeland in the

Armenian Highlands and South Caucasus region. It is possible that at least some of the Mushki were Armenian-speakers or speakers of a closely related language.[15][16]

Pliny in the 1st century AD mentions the Moscheni in southern Armenia ("Armenia" at the time stretching south and west to the Mediterranean, bordering on Cappadocia). In Byzantine historiography, Moschoi was a name equivalent to or considered as the ancestors of "Cappadocians" (Eusebius) with their capital at Mazaca (later Caesarea Mazaca, modern Develi, Kayseri). According to Armenian tradition, the city of Mazaca was founded by and named after Mishak (Misak, Moshok), a cousin and general of the legendary patriarch Aram.[17] Scholars have proposed a connection between the name Mishak and Mushki.[18][19]

The Armenian region of Mokk' and the city of Mush (Muş) may derive their names from the Mushki.[20][21]

According to Professor James R. Russell of Harvard University, the Georgian designation for Armenians, "Somekhi", refers to the Mushki.[22]

However, the connection between the Mushki and Armenian languages is quite unclear and many modern scholars have rejected a direct linguistic relationship if the Mushki were Phrygian speakers.

Bronze Age Collapse, unlikely candidates for the Proto-Armenians.[27][28]

Mushki and Georgians

Some Georgian historians have proposed that the Mushki, together with other ancient tribes of Asia Minor mentioned in Assyrian sources (such as the Tibal and others), were "proto-Georgian" tribes, which contributed to the formation of the eastern Georgian Kingdom of Iberia.[29]

According to Donald Rayfield, Mushki, Moschoi, and Meskhi are floating names.[30] He argues the Mushki may have worshiped the Hittite moon god Arma and the Luwian god Santush (Santa/Sandan), comparing these names to the phonetically similar pagan Iberian gods Armazi and Zaden, whose idols were overthrown by Christian missionaries in the 4th century AD in Iberia.[31] Rayfield's theories are speculative, however, and nothing is actually known of the Mushki's religious convictions.

Moschoi

Matieni.[32]

According to

Armenian mountains
.

Georgian ხ, x), located in southern Georgia. Procopius calls them Meschoi and says that they were subject to the Iberians (i.e., Georgians), and had embraced Christianity
, the religion of their masters.

Biblical Meshech

Main article: Meshech
"The World as known to the Hebrews", a map from the Historical Textbook and Atlas of Biblical Geography by Coleman (1854) locates the Mesech together with Gog and Magog in the southern Caucasus.

Genesis 10, while Hippolytus of Rome connected Meshech with Illyrians. Meshech is named with Tubal as a principality of the prince of Gog and Magog in Ezekiel
38:2 and 39:1.

Notes

  1. ^ Identification with the Kaskas was tentatively suggested by Goetze (Diakonoff 1984:116)
  2. ^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1963). Studies in Christian Caucasian History. Georgetown University Press. pp. 56–57.
  3. ^ Diakonoff, Igor M. The Pre-history of the Armenian People [1] Delmar, New York (1968, translated 1984) ch.3.2.4.
  4. ^ Diakonoff, Igor M. The Pre-history of the Armenian People [2] Delmar, New York (1968, translated 1984) ch.3.2.4.
  5. ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp. 260-261
  6. S2CID 164050075
    pp. 96-97
  7. ^ Kopanias, Konstantinos (2015), The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View pp. 220-222
  8. ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp. 260-261
  9. ^ Cozzoli, Umberto (1968). I Cimmeri. Rome Italy: Arti Grafiche Citta di Castello (Roma).
  10. ^ Salvini, Mirjo (1984). Tra lo Zagros e l'Urmia: richerche storiche ed archeologiche nell'Azerbaigian iraniano. Rome Italy: Ed. Dell'Ateneo (Roma).
  11. ^ Kopanias, Konstantinos (2015), The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View. pp. 218. [3]
  12. ISBN 9781139054942
    .
  13. ^ Igor M. Diakonoff. The Pre-history of the Armenian People. 1968. p 120. (http://www.attalus.org/armenian/diakph11.htm)
  14. ^ Petrosyan, Armen (2002), The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic. pp.140, 146
  15. ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp.262
  16. ^ Иванов Вяч. Вс. (1983). "Выделение разных хронологических слоев в древнеармянском и проблема первоначальной структуры текста гимна Вахагну" (PDF) (4) (Историко-филологический журнал ed.). Ереван. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  17. ^ Ainsworth, William Francis. Travels and Research in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, and Armenia. pp. 222-223. (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Travels_and_Researches_in_Asia_Minor_Mes/-IVxAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover).
  18. ^ Petrosyan, Armen (2002), The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic. pp.140
  19. ^ Olmstead, A.T. (1929), Two Stone Idols from Asia Minor at the University of Illinois. pp. 313. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4236961?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Aeb2f654f8d09b7b6fd30f32d7d1679fa&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents)
  20. ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp.255
  21. ^ Petrosyan, Armen (2002), The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic pp.140
  22. ^ James R. Russell. "Poets, Mystics, and Philosophers; or The Near East in the Mind of Armenia. Lecture One." 27 Aug. 2006.
  23. ISBN 978-80-7308-312-0
    .
  24. ISBN 9781884964985
    .
  25. ^ Brixhe C. (2008). "Phrygian". The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
  26. ^ Kim Ronald I. Greco-Armenian. The persistence of a myth // Indogermanische Forschungen. — 2018. — 123. Band. — S. 247–271.
  27. PMID 26486470
    .
  28. ^ Wade, Nicholas (2015-03-10). "Date of Armenia's Birth, Given in 5th Century, Gains Credence". The New York Times.
  29. ISBN 978-0-253-20915-3
    .
  30. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. p. 12.
  31. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. p. 18.
  32. ^ Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum I, fragm. 228.

See also

References

External links

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