Music censorship
Music censorship refers to the practice of editing musical works for various reasons, stemming from a wide variety of motivations, including moral, political, or religious reasons. Censorship can range from the complete government-enforced legal prohibition of a musical work, to private, voluntary removal of content when a musical work appears in a certain context.
Motivations
Decency
Songs are often edited for broadcast on
The amount of censorship required may vary between.... broadcasters, depending on
In some cases, a
The ideas that make up censorship differ greatly from country to country. However, even if no pattern can be observed, it is normally set about through power.[10] Censorship as a whole terminates unwanted messages in hopes of keeping the targeted listener's vision and actions in check.[11] It is known for being dependent on three different conditions. The first being that the censored body or subject is not authorized. The second being that censorship takes place to avert the object of what is restricted. Finally, it is put in place to deny existence of the censored issues.[11]
The motivation behind music censorship is associated to the circulation of popular music through numerous mediums.[10] Reasons for why music may be censored include that music is deemed contentious, aggressive or disrespectful. Music censorship therefore aims to minimize the exposure to controversial topics such as sex, drugs and the challenging of social norms. Constituting to restrictions to one's freedom of speech with the goal of shielding society from detrimental expression.[12]
Music censorship was impacted by the religious influences on governments before the modern nation-state.[13] The Catholic Church’s Index Librorum Prohibitum is an early sign of censorship, later translating into the music censorship of the 21st century.[citation needed]
Notable examples
Multiple edits of
Songs containing potentially objectionable
Censorship of music is not limited to lyrical content; MTV edited the M.I.A. song "Paper Planes" to replace sounds of gunfire in its chorus with alternative sound effects, and remove a reference to cannabis. Similar sound edits occurred when M.I.A. performed the same song on Late Show with David Letterman (broadcast by corporate sibling CBS). M.I.A. subsequently criticized both MTV and Late Show for censoring her song.[1][24]
Criticism
Some listeners have expressed dissatisfaction over the editing of songs for radio airplay, arguing that it compromises the artistic integrity of the original song, and encourage listeners to seek out alternative platforms that are not subject to such censorship, such as digital streaming. At the same time, edits are considered a necessary concession to receive the radio airplay that can influence a song's overall performance.
Sensitivity
Some songs may be pulled or downplayed by broadcasters if they are considered to be inappropriate to play in the aftermath of specific events.
In the aftermath of the
In 2006, after Gary Glitter was convicted of child sexual abuse in Vietnam, the National Football League banned the original recording of his song "Rock and Roll" (which was popularly played at U.S. sporting events)[32] from being played at its games. While the NFL still allowed a cover version of the song to be played, in 2012 the league instructed its teams to "avoid" playing the song entirely, following negative reception from British media over its continued use by the New England Patriots, and the possibility it could be played during Super Bowl XLVI.[33][34]
In 2009, after
In late-2018, Cleveland radio station
In March 2019, some radio stations (particularly those of Cogeco in the Canadian province of Quebec, and Radio New Zealand), began to pull the music of Michael Jackson from rotation in response to the Channel 4/HBO documentary Leaving Neverland, which featured allegations by Wade Robson and Jimmy Safechuck that Jackson had sexually abused them as children. Cumulus Media stated that it had allowed its stations to make decisions on this matter on a case-by-case basis.[45][46] In late 2019, a number of New Zealand and Canadian radio stations reversed pulling Jackson's music from their playlists, stating "positive listener survey results"[47]
Legal issues
Songs and albums may, in some cases, be censored due to copyright problems (particularly related to sampling) or other legal issues. The JAMs album 1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?) was withdrawn from distribution following complaints by ABBA, whose music was sampled on the album without permission.[48] The Notorious B.I.G.'s album Ready to Die was similarly pulled following a lawsuit by Bridgeport Music over unauthorized samples.[49][50]
By request of Atlantic Records, parody musician "Weird Al" Yankovic did not commercially release "You're Pitiful"—his parody of James Blunt's song "You're Beautiful", even though Blunt himself had approved of the satire. It was subsequently released as a free single online instead.[51]
By country
Afghanistan
During the initial
Australia
The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) and the Australian Music Retailers Association (AMRA) maintain a self-regulatory system known as the "Recorded Music Labelling Code of Practice", which utilizes a three-tier ratings system for objectionable content in music recordings. "Level 1" applies to content of a "moderate impact" (including "infrequent aggressive or strong coarse language; or moderate-impact references to drug use, violence, sexual activity or themes"), "Level 2" for "strong impact" ("frequent aggressive or strong coarse language", or strong references to drug use, violence, sexual activity or themes), and "Level 3" for "high impact" content (graphic and high-impact references to drug use, violence, sexual activity or themes). The Level 3 classification was introduced in March 2003, and requires purchasers to be over the age of 18. The code bans the distribution or sale of any recording with material that exceeds Level 3 classification, which includes content "which promote, incite, instruct or exploitatively or gratuitously depict drug abuse, cruelty, suicide, criminal or sexual violence, child abuse, incest, bestiality or any other revolting or abhorrent activity in a way that causes outrage or extreme disgust."[58][59]
Australian consumer law also bans the import of any product that "describe[s], depict[s], express[es] or otherwise deal[s] with matters of sex, drug misuse or addiction, crime, cruelty, violence or revolting or abhorrent phenomena in such a way that they offend against the standards of morality, decency and propriety generally accepted by reasonable adults".[60] In 2003, copies of an album by grindcore band Intense Hammer Rage were seized by the Australian Customs Service, and the three band members were each fined AUD$500 each for violating customs law. The violations centred upon the abhorrent subject matter of the album's artwork and printed lyrics; the albums had been manufactured in the United States by their record label, and imported into Australia for their distribution. The band criticized the seizure as being a dilution of freedom of speech.[61][62]
In May 1990, Nick Franklin, acting news director of the
Austria
Austrian rapper Mr. Bond was arrested in January 2021 on the charges of "producing and broadcasting Nazi ideas" and "incitement to hatred".[63] He was later sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.[64]
Brazil
During the military dictatorship that ruled from 1964 to 1985, Institutional Act Number Five (AI-5) granted the authority to censor cultural works that were seen as subversive to moral or political values. It was estimated that at least 500 song lyrics were censored under AI-5.[65] The present-day Constitution of Brazil adopted in 1988 prohibits the censorship of "political, ideological and artistic natures".[66][67]
The genre of funk carioca has faced attention due to the often-provocative subject matter of such songs, and events featuring such music being associated with crime activity such as violence and the illegal drug trade. A bill proposing a ban of funk carioca was rejected by the Federal Senate of Brazil.[68][69][70]
Cambodia
During the dictatorship of the Khmer Rouge (1975 to 1979), all music in Cambodia was banned - the only exception being anything to do with party propaganda. Instruments and records were systematically destroyed by the regime, and as many as 90 percent of musicians and dancers were killed.[71][72]
Canada
In Canada, content broadcast by radio and television is self-regulated by the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (CBSC) under the code of the Canadian Association of Broadcasters (CAB). The CBSC acts upon complaints that are submitted by the general public. The CAB Code prohibits radio broadcast of undue coarse language or sexually explicit material, nor content which glorifies violence.[73] The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) can intervene in more substantial cases.[74]
In 2011, the
The ruling and controversy were ridiculed by critics; veteran Canadian radio personality Alan Cross commented that the controversy made Canada look "silly", remarking that "I talked to people from the U.S. and the U.K. and they were like, 'What's wrong with you people? Don't you get it? It's a joke. It's a satire. You didn't understand the context?'" National Post columnist Chris Selley described the CBSC's new ruling as a "comedy classic" and "colossal waste of time", explaining that "it's one thing for a censor to decide whether something is legitimately artistic; it's another for it to declare whether or not it enjoys the art, as if it somehow mattered."[75][76]
China
During the rule of
In contemporary times, musical works that criticize, or could be interpreted as criticism of the Chinese government, have also been subject to censure. Guns N' Roses' album Chinese Democracy was banned in the country, as its title track criticizes the Chinese government and contains references to the Falun Gong (a spiritual movement which is subject to persecution in China).[83][84][85] The song "Legacy" on Pet Shop Boys' 2009 album Yes was changed to an instrumental for its Chinese release, as it contains the lyric "governments fall".[86] In July 2017, it was reported that Justin Bieber had been banned from performing in the country, citing "a series of bad behaviours, both in his social life and during a previous performance in China, which caused discontent among the public."[87] In addition to criticism of the government, there is also censorship for drug use, over sexualising and misogynistic content.[88] Chinese artists, such as PG One, have faced scrutiny from various institutions for having lyrics that contain misogyny and drug-related activities, seen as promoting what the Chinese government sees as inappropriate behaviour.[88]
China has historically condemned or banned any musician who publicly supports
In July 2016, a voluntary boycott of
"
Iran
In July 1979 during the wake of the Iranian Revolution, supreme leader Ruhollah Khomeini banned all popular music, considering it corrupting to youth's minds. The ban prompted many Iranian musicians to move to the U.S. city of Los Angeles to pursue their careers and industry there instead. Female vocalists such as Googoosh were also targeted under the ban (although her works remained popular via the black market), and she subsequently refused to perform. The restrictions were relaxed in the years that followed, especially under reformist president Mohammad Khatami in the 1990s. Khatami also lifted bans on male pop groups (so they could perform in concerts marking the 20th anniversary of the Revolution), and began to authorize performances by female singers internationally, and to all-female audiences inside the country. In 2000, Googoosh was given authorization to embark on an international comeback tour.[101][102]
In 2005, president
All music must be approved by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance; typically, authorized releases are limited to traditional Iranian folk, classical, and pop music. As some have faced government action for writing, producing, and performing unapproved music, many Iranian musicians do so as emigrants outside of the country. However, there have been thriving underground scenes in genres such as hip-hop and rock.[106][107][108]
Israel
The German composers
Malaysia
In Malaysia, a Muslim-majority country, local law prohibits radio stations from playing songs that are "offensive to public feeling" or "violate good taste and decency". References to LGBT topics were censored from Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" by local radio stations because homosexual acts are illegal in the country,[113][114] while "Despacito" was pulled by Malaysia's state-owned radio stations following listener concerns over its "un-Islamic" lyrics.[115][116]
Concerts in Malaysia have also been subject to censorship to comply with the country's moral values;
Myanmar
In 1962, General Ne Win banned all Western music and dancing to preserve the culture of what was once known as Burma.[56] The emergence of rock music posed challenges for the Western music ban, as the new genre promoted the rejection of discipline and encouraged cultural freedom.
North Korea
Under Supreme Leader
In July 2015, it was reported that Kim Jong-un had issued a directive calling for inspectors to destroy music CDs and cassettes containing prohibited content, as well as adding additional songs to the blacklist (such as the entire soundtrack of the historical drama Im Kkeok Jeong).[124][126]
Poland
In May 2020, Polish radio station Trójka (run by state broadcaster Polskie Radio) was accused of censoring "Twój ból jest lepszy niż mój" ("Your Pain is Better Than Mine"), a song by Kazik Staszewski that is critical of the ruling Law and Justice party. The song was inspired by a controversy involving party leader Jarosław Kaczyński, who had visited the graves of his mother and twin-brother Lech Kaczyński at a Warsaw cemetery, even though they were closed to the public due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.[127] The song does not reference the party or Kaczyński by name.[128][129]
When "Twój ból jest lepszy niż mój" charted at number one on Trójka's weekly countdown on 15 May, the station subsequently suppressed the chart and all references to the song from its website. Station director Tomasz Kowalczewski accused the programme's host Marek Niedźwiecki of having rigged the chart in favour of Kazik's song. Bartosz Gil — who also works on the chart show — alleged that Kaczyński's claim was false, and accused him of specifically targeting the song. The following Sunday, Niedźwiecki announced his immediate resignation from the station, and also threatened legal action against the broadcaster for false claims of fraud. On 16 May, Polskie Radio music head Piotr Metz revealed that, after the chart show aired, Kowalczewski had ordered him via text message to remove "Twój ból jest lepszy niż mój" from the station's music library. Metz resigned from the station. The station also faced threats of boycotts from members of the Polish music industry. Deputy Prime Minister Jadwiga Emilewicz argued that "artistic freedom should never be fettered in any way, even when the artist has a different opinion".[128][129]
South Africa
The
In 1985, a group known as Artists United Against Apartheid, composed of various artists in the west, formed to protest the apartheid in South Africa.[13] The group produced the album Sun City, expressing their support for the boycotting of Sun City luxury resort where artists performed frequently. In the song "(I Ain't Gonna' Play) Sun City" (1985), featuring artists such as Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen, the lyrics encouraged other artists not to perform at Sun City during the apartheid, calling for justice. The artists involved in the Sun City album partook in self-censorship, boycotting Sun City throughout the apartheid.
South Korea
Due to tense
To appeal to the country's conservatism, television broadcasters have sometimes
In 2010, the Supreme Court of South Korea ruled that it was illegal under the National Security Act to possess music that praises North Korea, even if instrumental, as it constitutes an "enemy-benefiting expression".[143]
Ukraine
In June 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine which was started on February 24, 2022, the Parliament of Ukraine voted to ban the distribution of Russian books and the playing or performance of Russian music by post-Soviet-era artists who support Russian aggression against Ukraine.[144][145][146] This ban does not apply to artists included in the list of musical performers who condemn the war against Ukraine.[147]
United Kingdom
The telecommunications regulator Ofcom has the power to reprimand broadcasters for playing songs and music videos that breach its guidelines on harmful or offensive content pre-watershed.[151][152] The British Phonographic Industry (BPI) adopted the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) Parental Advisory label program; in July 2011, the BPI published guidance for use of the logo on digital streaming platforms.[153]
The BBC was historically known for censoring various songs from being played on its radio and television stations; from the 1930s through the 1960s, the BBC had banned songs such as "Hold My Hand" for its religious references, pop arrangements of classical tunes (though barring "Sabre Dance" because it was "not a well-loved classic whose perversion we would be encouraging"), and during World War II, songs that were "slushy in sentiment", such as "I'll Be Home for Christmas", due to concerns that it would affect the morale of soldiers. "Mack the Knife" was also banned from airplay outside of The Threepenny Opera, as the BBC felt it would be offensive outside of the context of the play.[154] The Kinks' "Lola" was briefly banned under BBC rules prohibiting product placement, as its lyrics contain references to the brand name Coca-Cola. In the midst of an American tour, lead singer Ray Davies flew back to London to re-record the offending lyric as "cherry cola".[155][156]
The
The Frankie Goes to Hollywood song "Relax" generated controversy due to its suggestive lyrics; the chorus contained double entendres such as "when you want to suck to it" and "when you want to come", which were interpreted as being oblique references to oral sex and ejaculation respectively.[158] On 11 January 1984, Radio 1 morning DJ Mike Read stopped the song on-air during a chart rundown to point out its "obscene" lyrics, and announced that he would no longer play the song during his show. The BBC subsequently restricted the song to evening airplay. When the band made statements in a Daily Express interview confirming the possibility of sexual connotations in the lyrics, the BBC banned "Relax" entirely. The ban only increased interest in the single, causing it to become the number-one song in Britain only two weeks later.[159][4][158]
In December 2007, BBC Radio 1 began to play a version of The Pogues' popular Christmas song "Fairytale of New York" that censored the words "faggot" and "slut" from one of its verses. The BBC cited concerns over the homophobic slurs as reasoning, despite the song having historically been played without censorship. The word "arse" was also censored on MTV. The BBC reversed the decision after it was criticized by listeners, the band itself, and the mother of the song's featured vocalist Kirsty MacColl. Radio 1 controller Andy Parfitt argued that "While we would never condone prejudice of any kind, we know our audiences are smart enough to distinguish between maliciousness and creative freedom. In the context of this song, I do not feel that there is any negative intent behind the use of the words, hence the reversal of the decision."[160][161] Thirteen years later, in November 2020, it was announced Radio 1 would revert to playing the censored version again, although other stations such as Radio 2 played the original.[162]
As the song's subject matter was deemed too inappropriate for airplay pre-watershed, BBC Radio 1 played an edited version of Rihanna's song "S&M" during the daytime hours, and referred to the song using the alternate title "Come On". As Rihanna objected to the censorship of the song's title, the BBC later compromised by referring to the song as "S&M (Come On)".[163][164] For the same reasons, Ofcom deemed the song's music video to be unfit for broadcast pre-watershed.[152]
After the 2013 death of former Prime Minister
"Liar Liar GE2017", a song released during the run-up to the 2017 general election that is critical of prime minister Theresa May, was not played by British radio stations due to broadcasting regulations in force during electoral campaigns, which forbid political advertising and require all broadcasters to practice impartial coverage.[168] Despite the suppression, the song still managed to reach #4 on the UK Singles Chart.[169]
United States
While music can be classified as a
In the 1970s, the Native American band XIT was targeted due to its radical support of the 1969 to 1971 Occupation of Alcatraz[174] and affiliation with the civil rights group American Indian Movement,[175] as well as its debut concept album Plight of the Redman —which denounced the historical treatment of Native Americans by the government. The FBI threatened to audit the band's label Motown if they did not cease promotion of the album.[176]
In 1985, the
Following the hearings, the RIAA introduced a standard Parental Advisory label (which took its current form, reading "Parental Advisory — Explicit Content", in 1994 following subsequent hearings), which is designed to be applied to the cover art of songs and albums which contain "strong language or depictions of violence, sex, or substance abuse to such an extent as to merit parental notification." The Parental Advisory label is a voluntary scheme; some retailers—particularly Walmart—made it a corporate policy to not stock any music release that carries the label.[179][177]
In 1990, Floridan political activist
The television channel
In the aftermath of the MTV-produced
Vietnam
During the era of the
The government of the unified Communist Vietnam also prohibited the sale of overseas Vietnamese music, including variety shows like Asia and Paris by Night. In recent years however, bolero had grown popular again, as more overseas singers performed in Vietnam. Additionally, singing competition television series like Boléro Idol have grown popular, with singers performing songs, including those formerly banned.[201]
Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe, 75% of the content that took place on television and radio airways were legislated due to the government.[202] The governments ownership of music impacted the control of broadcast and more.[202] In 2010, a South African music group by the name of Freshlyground generated a video mocking President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe. After the release of the music video titled Chicken for Change, the music group was banned from Zimbabwe for the following eight years.[202] The experience that the band underwent, connects to the concept of cross-border censorship.[202] This concept in turn is what prevented Freshlyground from performing in Zimbabwe for nearly a decade. In 2018, due to a change in presidency, the band was no longer prohibited from Zimbabwe and they finally returned to the country to perform.
References
- ^ a b Breihan, Tom (December 18, 2007). "M.I.A. and the Double Standard of MTV Censorship". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e "The Art Of The 'Clean Version'". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
- ^ "QuickHitz offers radio hit parade edited for short attention spans". Canadian Press. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Banned on the run". BBC News. January 14, 2004. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ^ Ewing, Tom. "How pop is provoking the censors again". The Guardian. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c "A Decade in Rap Censorship (1990-1999)". Spin. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
- ^ "Violent J Gives the Twisted Stories Behind ICP's Best LPs". Rolling Stone. February 13, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
- ^ "The Great Milenko". EW.com. July 25, 1997. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
- ^ "A History of Scandalous Rap Album Covers: Paris, Sleeping with the Enemy (1992)". Complex. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
- ^ S2CID 194751032.
- ^ S2CID 201490624.
- ISBN 9781442676251, retrieved March 14, 2022
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7546-5291-5.
- ^ "Cee-Lo Green swaps 'Fox News' for 'F--k You' on 'Colbert'". Entertainment Weekly. November 10, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
- ^ "Cee Lo's Viral Hit: Blunt and Sweet". All Things Considered. NPR. August 26, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
- ^ Brown, Damon (August 30, 2010). "Cee Lo's YouTube hit you won't hear on radio". CNN. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ "Black Eyed Peas To Make Their Own 'Walk This Way' — With The Darkness". MTV. May 14, 2004. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
- ^ "10 Hits You Didn't Know Were Jingles". Billboard. February 2, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ "Kanye uses 'Power' to change lyrics on 'SNL'". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- APN News & Media. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
- ^ a b Gil Kaufman (February 12, 2009). "Britney Spears' 'If U Seek Amy' Poses Censorship Problems For Radio". MTV.com. MTV Networks. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
- ^ "Ask Billboard: You Can't Say That On Radio". Billboard. February 4, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
- ^ "AC, Radio Disney Are All About That (Edited) 'Bass'". Billboard. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
- ^ Gillian Reagen (December 17, 2007). "Tube Surfing: M.I.A.'s 'Paper Planes'". The New York Observer. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- ^ a b Casimir, Paul Chamberlin and Jon (September 2, 2015). "Express yourself: The day Triple J played the same N.W.A. song 82 times in a row". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ Strauss, Neil (November 19, 2001). "The Pop Life; After the Horror, Radio Stations Pull Some Songs". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- Slate. Archived from the originalon October 15, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
- ^ Bertin, Michael (November 30, 2001). "Imagine: The music business in a post-911 world". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "Singles minded". Billboard. March 2003. p. 55.
- ^ "Madonna pulls controversial American Life video". EW.com. April 1, 2003. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ^ Lisa Twyman Bessone. "Sports fans know that the strains of 'Rock and Roll Part II' can turn chumps to champs". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
- ^ "Why Convicted Child-Sex Offender Gary Glitter's 'Hey Song' Is Still Getting Played". Billboard. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
- ^ "NFL bosses ban Gary Glitter's 'Rock And Roll Part II' from the Super Bowl". NME. February 2, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
- ^ "Will More Radio Stations Stop Playing Chris Brown?". MTV.com. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ^ "Chris Brown's songs, TV appearances yanked from air". MTV.com. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
- ^ "Radio station pulls Baby, It's Cold Outside from airwaves, sparks internet firestorm". CBC Radio. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^ "Radio Station Removes 'Baby, It's Cold Outside' From Rotation During #MeToo Peak". Billboard. December 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^ "Is Baby It's Cold Outside an ode to rape that deserves its sudden banishment from Canadian radio?". National Post. December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^ Hannun, Marya (December 19, 2014). "'Baby It's Cold Outside' was once an anthem for progressive women. What happened?". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
- ^ Carlton, Jim (December 12, 2018). "'Baby, It's Cold Outside' Heats Up Culture Wars". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
- ^ "CBC reinstates 'Baby, It's Cold Outside' amid audience reaction". December 11, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
- ^ "Radio station returns 'Baby, It's Cold Outside' to playlist after 'overwhelming' poll results". CBS News. December 11, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
- ^ Aswad, Jem (March 5, 2019). "Three Canadian Radio Stations Pull Michael Jackson's Music, Citing Abuse Allegations". Variety. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
- ^ "Michael Jackson songs back on New Zealand radio airwaves". Stuff. November 14, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
- New Musical Express, 17 October 1987.
- ^ "Judge halts sales of Notorious B.I.G. album after jury finds song snippet used without permission". The Bryan Times. AP. March 24, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ^ Wu, Tim (November 16, 2006). "Jay-Z Versus the Sample Troll: The shady one-man corporation that's destroying hip-hop". Slate. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- National Public Radio. Retrieved September 22, 2006.
- ^ "After five-year Taliban ban, television and movies return to Afghanistan". Lang.sbsun.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ^ "some of the restrictions imposed by Taliban in Afghanistan". Rawa.org. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ISBN 9788176483193. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ISBN 9781438110011. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ^ S2CID 160071912– via Music censorship in Afghanistan before and after the Taliban.
- ^ "Taliban to forbid music in public because it is 'un-Islamic'". www.msn.com. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "Australia plans CD 'censorship'". BBC News. November 12, 2002. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Inquiry". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ "Singapore pilot fined in Australia for laptop child porn". Reuters. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Does Freedom of Speech Exist in Australia?". ABC. Archived from the original on January 29, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ "Court rules CD unfit for shelves". ABC News. May 15, 2003. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ Vienna, AFP in (February 2, 2021). "Austrian rapper arrested over neo-Nazi songs". the Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
- ^ AFP. "Austrian neo-Nazi rapper with songs tied to Halle synagogue attack jailed". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
- ISSN 0103-4014.
- ^ Ferreira, Luã (January 5, 2021). "Funk: criminalização, denúncia e apologia ao crime". Nexo Jornal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved October 4, 2022.
- . Retrieved October 4, 2022.
- ^ Artists, Various (July 21, 2005). "The Sound of Brazil's Funk Carioca". NPR. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ "Projeto de lei de criminalização do funk repete história do samba, da capoeira e do rap". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). BBC News. July 29, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
- ^ Carolina Lauriano Do G1, no Rio. "G1 > Edição Rio de Janeiro – NOTÍCIAS – Vagner Love nega conhecer homens que aparecem armados em vídeo". G1.globo.com. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ "Music Archive Restores Lost Cambodian Culture". Division of Humanities and Fine Arts. June 9, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ "Canadian Association of Broadcasters' Code of Ethics (2002)". Canadian Broadcast Standards Council. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
- ^ a b Abma, Derek. "CRTC asks for review of Dire Straits song ban". Postmedia News. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ a b "Chris Selley: Broadcast Standards ruling on Money for Nothing a comedy classic". National Post. September 1, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ a b "Canada Lifts Ban on Dire Straits' 'Money for Nothing'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ "From Shanghai with love". South China Morning Post. December 31, 2001.
- ISBN 978-1578066094.
- ISBN 978-0-520-05954-2.
- ISBN 0-8223-2694-9
- ISBN 9780190850586.
- )
- Next Media. November 24, 2008. Archivedfrom the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
- ^ Laura Johnston (November 24, 2008). "Chinese media calls Guns 'N Roses 'Chinese Democracy' an attack". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- ^ Bodeen, Christopher (November 25, 2008). "Rock album 'an attack on China'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
- ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
- ^ S2CID 226346662.
- ^ "Western acts 'welcome' in China". BBC News. March 13, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
- ^ Kaiman, Jonathan (March 29, 2013). "Kraftwerk denied China visa over 1999 Free Tibet concert". The Guardian. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
- ^ "Maroon 5 Dalai Lama tweet may have led to cancelled China concerts". The Guardian. July 17, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
- ^ "China 'bans Lady Gaga' after Dalai Lama meeting". The Guardian. June 27, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
- ^ Kil, Sonia (August 24, 2017). "China's Blockade of Cultural Korea Marks Troublesome Anniversary". Variety. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "China Blocks Korean Entertainment on Streaming Platforms Over THAAD Row". Billboard. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ Frater, Patrick (August 4, 2016). "China Reportedly Bans Korean TV Content, Talent". Variety. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "Thaad retaliation slashes Olympics visitors from China". Korea JoongAng Daily. March 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ^ Maala, Jon (November 3, 2017). "Is 'hallyu' ban over in China?". International Business Times, Singapore Edition. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
- ^ Suh, Joanne (October 9, 2000). "Iran's pop diva Googoosh returns to the world stage after two decades". CNN. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- ^ Saba, Sadeq (June 19, 2000). "Iran's pop diva to sing again". BBC News. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ "Can't Stop the Music, Say Young Iranians After Ban". The Washington Post. Associated Press. December 26, 2005. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ "Iran's rock bands battle censors". BBC News. March 25, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ "Barenboim breaks Wagner taboo". BBC News. July 8, 2001. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
- ^ Sherwood, Harriet (June 5, 2012). "Tel Aviv Wagner concert cancelled after wave of protest". The Guardian. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
- ^ "The Case for Wagner in Israel". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
- ^ "Israelis ready to sing along with Richard Strauss but not Wagner". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
- ^ "Lady Gaga takes on Malaysia's censors". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
- ^ "Despacito censored: Malaysia bans 'unsuitable' hit from state stations". BBC News. July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
- ^ "Malaysia bans Despacito over 'obscene lyrics'". ABC News. July 21, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
- ^ "North Korea's Secret Weapon Is Terrible Synth Pop". Vice. July 10, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ^ "6 extraordinary facts about music in North Korea". BBC Music. January 24, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
- ^ "North Korea: Kim Jong-un entertained by Rocky soundtrack and My Way". Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ^ "It's still 'My Way' or the highway under North Korea's Kim". Los Angeles Times. July 13, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ^ ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ^ "North Korea Reportedly Orders New Crackdown on Banned Music". Billboard. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ a b "Anger as Polish hit song on grieving 'censored'". BBC News. May 19, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-84545-098-4.
- ^ Van Rensburg, Claudia Elizabeth Jansen. Institutional manifestations of music censorship and surveillance in apartheid South Africa, with specific reference to the SABC from 1974 to 1996. Diss. Master’s dissertation, University of Stellenbosch, 2013.
- ^ 中村知子 (Tomoko Nakamura) "韓国における日本大衆文化統制" (Control of Japanese popular culture in Korea) Archived December 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese). Ritsumeikan University. March 2004.
- ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
- ^ Suzuki, Hitoshi (March 15, 2004). "Ban Lifted on Japanese Popular Culture in South Korea". IIST World Forum. Institute for International Studies and Training. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
- ^ Demick, Barbara (December 28, 2003). "South Korea Makes Way for Anime". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
- ^ 日, 정치인까지 反한류 감정에 편승. Chosun (in Korean). Retrieved June 28, 2018.
- ^ "Gain Goes In on New 'Hawwah' EP, Religion and South Korea's Conservative Music Industry". Billboard. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
- ^ "G-Dragon, NCT 127 songs deemed unsuitable for KBS". The Korea Herald. June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
- ^ "10 songs banned from Korean broadcast". SBS PopAsia. April 11, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
- ^ Gale, Alastair (April 3, 2014). "Crayon Pop's 'Uh-ee' Banned for Shiny Japanese Word". WSJ. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
- ^ "KBS bans one of SHINee's Jonghyun's new songs". SBS PopAsia. January 25, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
- ^ Kwaak, Jeyup S. (April 18, 2013). "South Korean TV Network Bans Psy's Video". WSJ. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
- ^ "Songs praising North Korea breach law". The Sydney Morning Herald. November 8, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
- ^ Pavlenko, Iryna (June 21, 2022). "Parliament Bans Russian Music & Books in Public, Import into Ukraine". Get the Latest Ukraine News Today - KyivPost. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
- ^ "Kyiv imposes ban on Russian-language culture – DW – 07/20/2023". dw.com. July 20, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
- ^ "The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine banned Ukrainians from listening to Russian music". disinfo.detector.media. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
- ^ a b "Music: Charting the number ones that somehow got away". The Independent. February 20, 1998. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
- ^ ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
- ^ a b "Bragg attacks Pistols' royal views". BBC News. May 27, 2002. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
- ^ "Ofcom warns radio broadcasters over explicit lyrics". BBC News. October 31, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
- ^ ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
- ^ "Unfit for Auntie's airwaves: The artists censored by the BBC". The Independent. London. December 14, 2007. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- ^ "Banning songs not a rare occurrence for the BBC". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland. December 19, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ISBN 9781135867959.
ray davies cherry cola.
- ^ "Sex Pistols cover tops chart". BBC. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
- ^ ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ^ "'Banned' Frankie tops chart". BBC News. October 6, 2000. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
- ^ "Radio 1 backs down in Pogues row". BBC News. December 18, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
- ^ "Radio 1 to air censored version of Pogues' Fairytale of New York". The Guardian. November 19, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Montgomery, James (August 2, 2011). "Rihanna's 'S&M' Renamed Again By BBC Radio". MTV News. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
- ^ "BBC Radio 1 ban 'S&M' from daytime radio". Metro. July 2, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
- ^ ""I'm In Love with Margaret Thatcher" anthem aiming to rival 'witch' song in charts", Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on April 13, 2013, retrieved July 28, 2017
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ^ Taylor, Adam (May 31, 2017). "A song that calls Britain's Theresa May a liar is climbing the charts — but it isn't being played on the radio". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
- ^ "Theresa May protest track, Liar Liar GE2017, number four on Official Singles Chart". BBC Newsbeat. February 6, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ^ Munkittrick, David. "Music as Speech: A First Amendment Category Unto Itself". Federal Communications Law Journal, Indiana University Maurer School of Law. 62.
- ^ Levi, Lili. "The FCC's Regulation of Indecency" (PDF). Retrieved October 1, 2018.
- ^ Molotsky, Irvin (November 25, 1987). "F.C.C. Rules on Indecent Programming". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
- ^ XIT – End, retrieved October 3, 2023
- ^ "The Biggest New Mexican Band You've Never Heard Of". www.newmexicomagazine.org. April 16, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-68289-722-5.
- ^ a b c d Cole, Tom (October 29, 2010). "You Ask, We Answer: 'Parental Advisory' Labels — The Criteria And The History". NPR. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
- ^ a b "PMRC's 'Filthy 15': Where Are They Now?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ "Parental Advisory Label ("PAL") Program". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Harrington, Richard. "The FBI as music critic". Washington Post. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
- ^ Welte, Jim. Court rejects Tupac critic case Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. MP3.com: October 2, 2006.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
- ^ Lamb, Yvonne Shinhoster (October 13, 2005). "C. Delores Tucker Dies at 78; Rights and Anti-Rap Activist". The Washington Post. pp. B4. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
- ^ Philips, Chuck (June 18, 1990). "The 'Batman' Who Took On Rap". LA Times. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- ^ Philips, Chuck (May 8, 1992). "Appeals Court Voids Obscenity Ruling on 2 Live Crew Album". LA Times. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- ^ "Too Hot For MTV: Ten Controversial Music Videos That Got Banned". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ^ "Pop culture remix: Key moments in 'Baby Got Back' history". The Seattle Times. May 3, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ^ "MTV Explains Decision To Pull Prodigy". MTV News. December 22, 1997. Archived from the original on September 20, 2003. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ "'Bitch' banned from MTV". Yahoo Music. December 23, 1997. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012.
- ^ "Controversial Madonna Video Hits Oxygen". Billboard. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
- ^ Chonin, Neva (March 23, 2001). "Madonna's No 'Pussy Cat': MTV bans her latest video, again". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 26, 2004. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
- ^ Lee, Hane C. (March 23, 2001). "Controversial new Madonna video airs on the Web". CNN. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
- ^ Pietroluongo, Silvio (May 12, 2001). "Hot 100 Spotlight" (PDF). Billboard. p. 143. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
- ^ a b "Nipple Ripples: Revisiting Janet Jackson's Wardrobe Malfunction". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
- ^ "Media Fights for Free Speech". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ^ "MTV Under Attack by FCC". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
- ^ a b Duy, Dinh (October 12, 2016). "The Revival of Boléro in Vietnam". The Diplomat. The Diplomat. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
- ^ S2CID 201490624.