Music of California
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2014) |
Music of the United States | ||
---|---|---|
Organizations | ||
Community Arts Music Association | ||
Festivals | ||
|
||
|
In the
Official state symbols
The official
California also has an official
The state's official folk dance is the
Indigenous music
Many groups of Indigenous peoples of California lived and continue to live within the current geographic boundaries of California, before and since colonization by Europe.
In the late 19th century, American Indian music began to be incorporated by classical composers throughout the country, known as the Indianist movement. In San Francisco, Carlos Troyer published compositions like Apache Chief Geronimo's Own Medicine song, with a piano accompaniment by Troyer.
Early foreign influences
The earliest Spanish and English explorers in California encountered Native Americans and established missions to convert them to Christianity. Chanted prayers and hymns were often used, and choirs were eventually formed; many missions formed Native American choirs among recent converts.
As California's European, Asian, and African population increased in the 19th century, the state became the earliest
Spanish and Mexican influence
The state's large Mexican population brought traditional folk guitar to California, including virtuoso Luis T. Romero. The Spanish missions in California brought European music to the area. From the late 18th century to the late 19th century, many visitors to California remarked on the uniqueness of the Spanish language music in California. This music was distinctively Californian, different from both Mexican and Spanish music of the time (though many elements are found throughout these traditions).
With the arrival of many Americans from the East Coast, as well as immigrants from as far away as China, however, Spanish folk music began to dwindle in popularity in California.
Mexican and Latin American music in California today
Because of its historical and cultural connections to Mexico and strong Hispanic influences, California hosts numerous Spanish language radio stations, variety music shows and local based
Southern California has been home to Spanish language singers and musicians for over 100 years. La Pena Cultural Center in Berkeley has worked promote Salsa and traditional Latin American music to encourage a strong cultural connection between Californians and Latin Americans.
Mexican American musical artists from California vary widely in musical genre, from traditional Mexican music to Alternative Metal; among the most celebrated are Zack de la Rocha (of Rage Against the Machine), Chris Montez, Chino Moreno (of the Deftones), Ozomatli, Jenni Rivera, Los Tigres del Norte, Robert Trujillo (of Metallica, Suicidal Tendencies, and Infectious Grooves), La Santa Cecilia, Carlos Santana, and Ritchie Valens.
1930s and 1940s
West Coast blues
Western swing
1950s and 1960s
Bakersfield sound
In the 1950s and early 1960s, country music was dominated by the slick Nashville sound that stripped the genre of its gritty roots. The town of Bakersfield saw the rise of the Bakersfield sound as a reaction against Nashville, led by people such as Buck Owens and future star Merle Haggard.
Folk
California was an important part of the
R&B
Chicano rock
Chicano artists Ritchie Valens, the Champs, Cannibal & the Headhunters, thee Midniters, the Premiers, the Blendells, and El Chicano emerged from southern California in this period.
Pop
Vocal group
Surf rock, sunshine pop, and the California Sound
In the early 1960s, youth in southern California became enamored with
Garage rock
The Standells, the Seeds, the Leaves, and the Music Machine formed in the Los Angeles area. Count Five, Syndicate of Sound, and the Chocolate Watchband formed in San Jose.
Psychedelic rock
The late 1960s saw San Francisco rise as the center for psychedelic rock and a mecca for
Hollywood's
Frank Zappa and Captain Beefheart, both from Antelope Valley, started their aggressively experimental music careers during the late 1960s.
The band Iron Butterfly is another noted California psychedelic band, coming out of San Diego.
San Francisco psychedelic scene
This era began in about 1965, when The Matrix, the first folk club in San Francisco, opened; Jefferson Airplane, then a newly formed and unknown band, performed that night. Later that year, a band known as the Warlocks became the Grateful Dead, performing at The Fillmore, which was to become a major musical venue in the area. Jefferson Airplane became the first San Francisco psychedelic band signed to a major label, followed soon after by Sopwith Camel. In 1966, the first acid test was held, and the use of the drug LSD became a more prominent part of psychedelic rock, and music in general. One of the first albums from the scene was Country Joe and the Fish's Electric Music for the Mind and Body (1967). A year later, the band Blue Cheer released Vincebus Eruptum, which launched a national hit with a cover of Eddie Cochran's "Summertime Blues"; Blue Cheer is now regarded as a progenitor of heavy metal.
Experimental
The San Francisco Tape Music Center was founded in 1962 by composers Morton Subotnick, born in Los Angeles, and Ramon Sender. Under a commission, synthesizer pioneer Don Buchla, born in South Gate, created his first modular synthesizer in 1963 and started Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments.
The Mothers of Invention was formed in 1964 in Pomona, California, originally known as the Soul Giants, the band's first lineup included Ray Collins, David Coronado, Ray Hunt, Roy Estrada, and Jimmy Carl Black. Frank Zappa was asked to take over as the guitarist following a fight between Collins and Coronado, the band's original saxophonist/leader. Zappa insisted that they perform his original material, and on Mother's Day in 1965, changed their name to the Mothers. Record executives demanded that the name be changed, and so "out of necessity," Zappa later said, "we became the Mothers of Invention."
1970s and 1980s
The early part of this era was dominated by
The Tubes, who mixed progressive rock with wild theatricality, and Journey, formed from among some of Carlos Santana's sidemen and eventually experiencing a peak as one of the most popular AOR acts in the United States, were virtually the only acts from San Francisco to gain any sort of fame in the mid-1970s. During the 1980s, Journey found further success, as did Huey Lewis and the News who combined elements of pub rock with doo-wop and soul, and Starship which formed from its earlier incarnation of Jefferson Starship.
Californians Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham joined Fleetwood Mac in the 1970s and were a key part of the band's multi-platinum success.
Punk rock in California
Los Angeles
Los Angeles' original late 1970s punk scene received less press attention than their counterparts in New York or London, but it included cult bands the Screamers, the Germs, the Weirdos, the Dils, the Bags, 45 Grave (founded by Paul B. Cutler), Nervous Gender, and X.
Other Los Angeles-area punk and hardcore groups of the era include
.South Bay
In the
San Fernando Valley
Orange County
In
The area had a big hand in the
San Diego
, a San Diego suburb, later moving to San Francisco.San Francisco
Outside of New York, London, Detroit, Cleveland, and Boston,
Berkeley
Berkeley experienced a hardcore boom led by Fang. Berkeley also saw hardcore fusing with heavy metal to form thrash metal and bands like Possessed, Faith No More, Metallica, and Exodus.
Also in the mid-late 1980s hardcore, pop punk, and ska punk bands gained a following with bands such as
San Jose
Heavy metal
Glam metal
Thrash metal
The Bay Area thrash scene was centered around Los Angeles and San Francisco in the 1980s and 1990s. Bands associated with this scene include Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer, Exodus, Vio-lence, Suicidal Tendencies, Dark Angel, Death Angel, D.R.I., Testament, Forbidden, Defiance, and Evildead.
Alternative rock
Wall of Voodoo multiple-drum-machine and Farfisa organ laden recordings with wild guitars and clever and desert wise road lyrics out of central Hollywood Boulevard and Selma Avenue wild life started the New wave trend in Southern California late 1970s early 1980s.
The Cretones added power pop guitar riffs and thoughtful lyrics with a touch of humor and sarcasm in the late 1970s early 1980s. They attracted the attention of Linda Ronstadt, who recorded three of their songs on her new wave album Mad Love, titled after the Cretones' song.
At the same time that
Inspired by bands like the Gun Club and Ohio transplants the Cramps, cowpunk bands such as Tex & the Horseheads, and Blood on the Saddle arose from Los Angeles in the 1980s.
The
Faith No More and Primus formed in San Francisco in the 80s. Los Angeles' Red Hot Chili Peppers steadily built up media attention with their first recordings in the mid-to-late-1980s, and went on to become one of the world's premier rock bands in the following decade. Santa Cruz spawned Camper Van Beethoven in the mid-1980s. Jane's Addiction would arise out of Venice in the late 1980s.
Experimental
The Los Angeles Free Music Society was formed in 1973 and produced the group Smegma.
The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo was an American surrealist street theatre troupe, formed by performer and director Richard Elfman in 1972. The group was led by Richard until 1976, when his brother Danny Elfman took over. The group evolved into an experimental musical theatre group, performing songs from the 1930s-40s and original material. In 1979, Danny Elfman wished to pursue a new direction as a dedicated rock band and the group reformed as Oingo Boingo. Several Mystic Knights band members continued with the new band including Steve Bartek, Leon Schneiderman, Dale Turner, and Sam 'Sluggo' Phipps.[5][6]
Hip hop
During the 1980s,
1990s and 2000s
Hip hop
Called "
In the 1990s Ice Cube released six albums and the first five albums all went platinum, and the last one, War & Peace, went gold. Cube became an icon for West Coast hip hop for his songs about social and political issues. In 1992, Dr. Dre's solo debut,
In the 1990s, underground hip hop flourished in the
Madlib and brother Oh No were born in Oxnard. Dilated Peoples, Jurassic 5, and Flying Lotus are from Los Angeles. The Alchemist is from Beverly Hills.
Indie rock
The early 1990s saw the emergence of
The 2000s brought the emergence of
Hardcore punk and metalcore
The early-to-mid 1990s would see the birth of several bands in the San Diego, California music scene, some of which would lead a post-hardcore movement associated with the independent label
Outside the Gravity roster, another band that played an important role in the development of the "San Diego sound" was Drive Like Jehu.[12] This group, founded by former members of Pitchfork, was known, according to Steve Huey, for their lengthy and multisectioned compositions based on the innovations brought by the releases on Dischord, incorporating elements such as "odd time signatures played an important role on its development in spite of the band's music not resembling the sound such term would later signify.[16] In a similar manner, Swing Kids, composed of former members of hardcore bands from the San Diego scene such as Unbroken, Struggle and Spanakorzo, have been described by journalist Zach Baron as the moment in which the "hardcore" sound of bands like Unbroken effectively became "post-hardcore", known for "covering Joy Division songs" and for its sonic "jazz-quoting" and "guitar feedback" experimentation features.[17] They were also one of the first bands released under the independent label Three One G, founded by the band's vocalist Justin Pearson[17] and later known for releasing the works of several other post-hardcore, noise rock, mathcore and grindcore groups.
As
Highly influential Post-hardcore luminaries, Drive Like Jehu (and the subsequent band, Hot Snakes) hail from San Diego. Rocket from the Crypt gained notoriety in the 1990s with vocalist and taste-maker John Reis' Swami Records and Swami Sound System radio show being very influential in the area. Hardcore bands Unbroken, Swing Kids, Some Girls, and Over My Dead Body also formed in San Diego during this period.
Pop Rock
New Radicals, known for their hit "You Get What you Give", were formed out of Los Angeles.
Pop punk
formed in La Crescenta-Montrose.Alternative rock
California has produced many of the most genre-defying music artists/bands. Alternative rock is one of the more broadly defined music genres, more inclusive than others. These are some of the most popular Alternative rock bands from California (in alphanumeric order), Audioslave, Bad Religion, Beck*, Counting Crows, Green Day*, Hole, Jane's Addiction, No Doubt, Rage Against the Machine, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Social Distortion, Stone Temple Pilots, Sublime, Tom Waits*, Weezer (*Grammy winners for Best Alternative Music Album).
Desert rock
Desert Rock was formed by a group of closely related bands and musicians from
Nu metal and alternative metal
California was at the forefront for the emergence of these two genres in the 1990s with nu metal bands such as
Christian Rock
Southern California saw the rise of Christian hardcore, specifically Spirit-filled hardcore (SFHXC) during the mid-90s including No Innocent Victim, and Unashamed. Jason Dunn of No Innocent Victim started Facedown Records. Switchfoot is a Christian Alternative band based out of San Diego.
Experimental
The Smell, opened in 1998, is an all-ages, punk rock/noise/experimental venue in downtown Los Angeles, home to many of the area's avant-garde performers and artists.
2010s
Hip hop
Kendrick Lamar, from Compton, had his major-label debut and breakout in 2012 with Good Kid, M.A.A.D City. To Pimp a Butterfly followed in 2015 to further acclaim. Lamar won the 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his 2017 album DAMN.
Rock
Los Angeles band Haim garnered much success on both sides of the Atlantic upon the release of their debut album Days Are Gone in 2013. Gemini Syndrome are also based out of Los Angeles and formed in 2010. Being as an Ocean based out of Alpine were formed in 2011.
Jazz in California
Influential jazz musicians from California include Dave Brubeck, Vince Guaraldi, Jimmy Giuffre, Carla Bley, and Cal Tjader, while vocal jazz legends Etta James, Jo Stafford, and Ivie Anderson also call California home. Other California jazz musicians include Larry Bunker, Buddy Collette, Eric Dolphy, Dexter Gordon, Chico Hamilton, Charles Mingus, Britt Woodman, Teddy Edwards, Vi Redd, Leroy Vinnegar, Gerald Wilson, Hampton Hawes, Billy Higgins, Mary Stallings, Butch Morris, David Murray, Joanne Brackeen, Gretchen Parlato, Bobby Hutcherson, Willie Jones III, Joshua Redman, Kamasi Washington, and Yellowjackets.
Los Angeles' Central Avenue is a historically significant place for jazz.
A revival of swing and big band music was led by Big Bad Voodoo Daddy in the 1990s.
Classical music in California
California has a number of established orchestras, including the
20th century
Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky lived in Los Angeles from the 1940s-1960s.
Music festivals and organizations
California hosts many well-known music festivals in a wide variety of fields, including the
Music organizations in the state include the Community Arts Music Association. There is also an organization that gives out California Music Awards.
References
- ^ "California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
- ISBN 978-0-674-95133-4.
- ^ "Folk-Rock Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
- ISBN 0-226-28737-8.
- ^ Benson, Alex (May 15, 2018). "The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo: Danny Elfman's Circus Theater Origins". Medium. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
- ^ Sullivan, Dan (26 March 1975). "Return to Calculated Pandemonium". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ISBN 978-1402792304.
- ^ Huey, Steve. "California – Mr. Bungle : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
- ^ "POP MUSIC REVIEW : Mr. Bungle and Mike Patton of Faith No More at Lingerie". Los Angeles Times. January 12, 1991.
- ^ Central California Hip Hop sites.google.com 04-05-2015 Retrieved. 04-05-2015
- ^ a b Capper, Andy. "This is UKHC, Not LA". Vice. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Smith, Chris (September 1, 2003). "Gravity Records". Stylus Magazine. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
- ^ a b "Contributors". Radiosilencebook.com. 2008. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- ^ Kott, Paul. "Heroin – Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Heller, Jason (June 20, 2002). "Feast of Reason". Westword. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ Huey, Steve. "Drive Like Jehu – Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
- ^ a b Baron Zach (December 9, 2008). "Nostalgia Whiplash: Swing Kids and Unbroken Reunite in California". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
- ^ "Many appetites fulfilled at the Monterey Jazz Festival". Northside San Francisco. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
Sources
- ISBN 0-922915-71-7
- Nettl, Bruno (1965). Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents. Inglewood, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
External links
- California Music Awards (formerly the Bammies)
- collection of 19th century Californian sheet music
- California Worldfest (an annual gathering of world musicians)
- WPA recordings of 1930s folk music from California
- The California Traditional Music Society
- California Association for Music Education
- collection of California sheet music
- California Music Venues