Music of Indonesia
Music of Indonesia |
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Regional music |
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As it is a country with many different
The music of Java, Sumatra, Bali, Flores (Lesser Sunda Islands) and other islands have been well documented and recorded, and further research by Indonesian and international scholars is also ongoing. The music in Indonesia predates historical records, various
In general, traditional music and songs of Indonesia compromises a strong beat and harmony with strong influence from Indian,Java,Arabic,Chinese and Malay classical music. The influence is strongly visible in the popular traditional music genre of Dangdut.[3][4][5]
Musical instruments
The musical identity of Indonesia as we know it today began as the
Indonesia is the home of gong chime, gong chime is a generic term for a set of small, high-pitched bossed pot gongs. The gongs are ordinarily placed in order of pitch, with the boss upward on cords held in a low wooden frame. The frames can be rectangular or circular (the latter are sometimes called "gong circles"), and may have one or two rows of gongs. They are played by one to four musicians, each using two padded sticks to strike them. They are an important instrument in many Indonesian musical ensembles, such as gamelan, kulintang, and talempong.
Gamelan
The most popular and famous form of Indonesian music is probably
In the Central Java, gamelan is intricate and meticulously laid out. The central melody is played on a metallophone in the centre of the orchestra, while the front elaboration and ornamentation on the melody, and, at the back, the gongs slowly punctuate the music. There are two tuning systems. Each gamelan is tuned to itself, and the intervals between notes on the scale vary between ensembles. The metallophones cover four octaves, and include types like the
Gamelan from eastern Java is less well-known than central or western parts of the island. Perhaps most distinctive of the area is the extremely large gamyak drum. In West Java, formerly
In Indonesia, gamelan often accompanies dance,
Gamelan's role in rituals is so important that there is a Javanese saying, "It is not official until the gong is hung".
Talempong
Talempong is a traditional instrument of the
Kulintang
Kolintang or kulintang is a
The main purpose for kulintang music in the community is to function as social entertainment at a professional, folk level.[13] This music is unique in that it is considered a public music in the sense everyone is allowed to participate.[14] Not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate.[15] These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. Traditionally, when performers play kulintang music, their participation is voluntary.[16] Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the community and nothing more.[17] kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music, primarily in the way the latter constructs melodies within a framework of skeletal tones and prescribed time interval of entry for each instruments. The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for such things as improvisations to be more prevalent.
Angklung
Angklung is a bamboo musical instrument native to Sundanese people of West Java. It is made out of bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame. The tubes are carved so that they have a distinctive resonant pitch when being vibrated. Each angklung only plays one note.[18] This musical instrument made of bamboo is played by shaking it. The sound of the Angklung is generated from the impact of bamboo tubes. It has a distinctive sound that vibrates in a composition of 2, 3, to 4 notes in each size.
Angklung existed before the Hindu era in Indonesia. In the days of the
The types of bamboo that are commonly used as musical instruments are black bamboo (awi wulung) and ater bamboo (awi temen), which when dry are whitish yellow. Each note (barrel) is produced from the sound of the bamboo tube in the form of a blade (wilahan) for each bamboo segment from small to large. Each bamboo size has a different pitch.
Suling
Suling is the
Kacapi suling
Kacapi suling is a type of
Kendang
Kendang or Gendang is a two-headed drum used by peoples from
One of the best known variations of the Kendang is the Gendang beleq. Gendang beleq is a traditional music from
Sasando
Sasando is a plucked string instrument native of Rote island of East Nusa Tenggara. The parts of sasando are a bamboo cylinder surrounded by several wedges where the strings are stretched, surrounded by a bag-like fan of dried lontar or palmyra leaves (Borassus flabellifer), functioned as the resonator of the instrument.
Tapanuli ogong
Musical performance from Tapanuli area of North Sumatra. Tapanuli ogong is a form of dance music played with a type of lute, trumpet and flute.
Sape Dayak
The sapeʼ (sampek, sampeʼ, sapek) is a traditional lute of the Kenyah and Kayan community who live in the longhouses that line the rivers of East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan and North Kalimantan. Sape' are carved from a single bole of wood, with many modern instruments reaching over a metre in length. Technically, the sape is a relatively simple instrument, with one string carrying the melody and the accompanying strings as rhythmic drones. In practice, the music is quite complex, with many ornamentations and thematic variations.
Genres
The diverse world of Indonesian music genres was the result of the musical creativity of its people, and also the subsequent cultural encounters with foreign musical influences into the archipelago. Next to distinctive native form of musics, several genres can traces its origin to foreign influences; such as gambus and qasidah from Middle Eastern Islamic music, keroncong from Portuguese influences, and dangdut with notable Hindi music influence.
Folk music
Indonesian regional folk pop musics reflects the diversity of
Tembang Sunda
Jaipongan
Jaipongan is a very complex rhythmic dance music from the Sundanese people of western Java. The rhythm is liable to change seemingly randomly, making dancing difficult for most listeners. Its instruments are entirely Sundanese, completely without imported instruments. It was invented by artists like Gugum Gumbira after Sukarno prohibited rock and roll and other western genres in the 1960s.
Gambus
, is the Middle-Eastern-derived Islamic vocal and instrumental music. These traditions began to be incorporated throughout many areas of Indonesia by the 16th century.Qasidah modern
The contemporary form of Islamic Middle Eastern-influenced music in Indonesia is exemplified by the band Debu, that feature a sufism approach on music to spread their message.
Kroncong
Perhaps the most famous
After World War II and during Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949) and afterwards, kroncong was associated with patriotism, since many of Indonesian poets and patriotic songs authors uses kroncong and somewhat jazz fusion as the genre of their works. The patriotic theme and romantic wartime romance was obvious in the works of Ismail Marzuki, such as "Rayuan Pulau Kelapa", "Indonesia Pusaka", "Sepasang Mata Bola", "Keroncong Serenata" and "Juwita Malam". These patriotic songs can be sung in hymn or even in orchestra, but most often was sung in kroncong style known as kroncong perjuangan (struggle kroncong). The kroncong divas; Waldjinah, Sundari Sukoco and Hetty Koes Endang, was instrumental in reviving the style in the 1980s.
Langgam Jawa
There is a style of kroncong native to Surakarta (Solo) called langgam jawa, which fuses kroncong with the gamelan seven-note scale.
Gambang kromong
Early in the 20th century, kroncong was used in a type of theatre called Komedi Stambul; adapted for this purpose, the music was called gambang kromong. Gambang kromong is quite prevalent in Betawi culture of Jakarta.
Tanjidor
Tanjidor is a traditional Betawi musical ensemble of Jakarta.[22] The instruments used are almost the same as a military marching band and/or corps of drums/drum and bugle corps, usually consists of tuba or sousaphone, trumpet, clarinet, tambourine and drums.[23] The term tanjidor was derived from Portuguese tanger (playing music) and tangedor (playing music outdoors), subsequently adopted in Betawi language as tanji (music).[23] Other than Jakarta, tanjidor musical ensamble is also can be found in Pontianak, West Kalimantan.[24]
Campursari
A musical fusion style of traditional Javanese music and
Dangdut
Dangdut is a popular traditional music genre of Indonesia which is partly derived of Indian, Arab, and Malay music. It consists of melodious and harmonical music with the main Tabla as the percussion beat especially in the classical dangdut versions. It was originally an Indonesian dance music that has spread throughout Southeast Asia, became the dominant pop style in the mid-1970s. Famous for its throbbing beat and the slightly moralistic lyrics that appeal to youth, dangdut stars dominate the modern pop scene. However dangdut—especially performed by female singers—also often featuring suggestive dance movements and naughty lyrics to appeal the larger audience. This development was strongly opposed by the conservative older generation dangdut artist.
Dangdut is based around the singers, and stars include
Contemporary music
The contemporary music of Indonesia is diverse and vibrant.[according to whom?] Throughout its history, Indonesian musicians were open to foreign influences of various music genres of the world. American jazz was heavily marketed in Asia, and foxtrots, tangos, rumbas, blues and Hawaiian guitar styles were all imitated by Indonesian musicians.[25] As the result, various genres were developed within Indonesian music frame: Indonesian pop, rock, jazz, and hip hop.
Indonesian music also plays a vital role in the Indonesian creative pop culture,[
Today the Indonesian music industry enjoys nationwide popularity. Thanks to common culture and intelligible languages between Indonesian and Malay, Indonesian music enjoyed regional popularity in neighbouring countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. However, the overwhelming popularity of Indonesian music in Malaysia had alarmed the Malaysian music industry. In 2008 Malaysian music industry demanded the restriction of Indonesian songs on Malaysian radio broadcasts.[26]
Orchestra
Western classical music reached Indonesia in the era of Dutch East Indies as early as the 18th century, but it was enjoyed only by a handful of wealthy Dutch plantation owners and officers in elite social clubs and ballrooms such as Societeit Harmonie in Batavia and Societeit Concordia in Bandung. De Schouwburg van Batavia (today Gedung Kesenian Jakarta) was designed as a concert hall in the 19th century. Classical music has been restricted to the refined, wealthy and educated high-class citizen, and never penetrated the rest of the population during the East Indies colonial era.[citation needed] The type of western-derived music that transcended the social barrier at that time was Kroncong, known as lower-class music.
An amateur group called Bataviasche Philharmonic Orchestra was established in Dutch colonial times. It became the NIROM orchestra when the radio broadcasting station Nederlandsch-Indische Radio Omroep Maatschappij was born in 1912. Today it is known as Jakarta Symphony Orchestra that has existed in the country's musical world for almost a century through its changing formats to suit prevailing trends and needs. In 1950, a merger of the Cosmopolitan Orchestra under Joel Cleber and the Jakarta Studio Orchestra under Sutedjo and Iskandar appeared as the Djakarta Radio Orchestra under Henkie Strake for classical repertoires, and the Jakarta Studio Orchestra led by Syaiful Bachri specialised in Indonesian pieces. In 2010 Jakarta Symphony Orchestra staged a comeback after a fairly long absence.[27]
In the 1960s to 1980s classical music in Indonesia aired mainly by the national radio broadcasting service Radio Republik Indonesia (
The Indonesian composer who is considered most prominent and well known worldwide in the classical / contemporary music is
Today, major cities like Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Medan and Batam are no strangers to orchestral music, with their own symphony groups. Jakarta, for instance, has its Nusantara Symphony Orchestra, the Twilite Orchestra and the Jakarta Chamber Orchestra.
Indonesia also has many patriotic songs that are used, played, and memorized by the population, some of these national songs are used during the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies, Japanese Occupation, and today Indonesia. Many of these songs have been recorded using orchestral recordings on different albums such as 'Simfoni Negeriku' conducted by Addie MS.
Pop
Indonesian pop music today, known simply as "pop Indonesia" sometimes influenced by trends and recordings from West music,.
Koes Bersaudara later formed as Koes Plus is considered one of the pioneers of Indonesian pop and rock and roll music in the 1960s and 1970s. The American and British music influences were obvious in the music of Koes Bersaudara, The Beatles were known to be the main influences of this band. Several Indonesian musician were survived through decades and become Indonesian music legends, such as pop and ballad singers Iwan Fals and Chrisye; rock legend God Bless, Panbers, and D'Lloyd; dangdut maestro Rhoma Irama. One of the most influential Indonesian singers in pop music scene, especially during early 2000, is Agnes Monica, who had later known as Agnez Mo.
In late 90s through 2000s, the popular bands include
Some of Indonesian pop bands are rekindled with their
Indonesian pop music from the 1980s and 1980 are commonly referred to as "Indonesian city pop", due to their perceived similarities to the Japanese genre. The Japanese city pop itself gained popularity among youngsters and amateur musicians in the late 2010s via the Internet.
The most recent foreign influences on Indonesian pop music are influenced from Japanese pop. Several bands such as J-Rocks emulate Japanese pop culture. Girl groups are also spreading among boy bands, such as 7icons and Cherrybelle, as well as JKT48 which is an offshoot of the Japanese AKB48.
Rock
Just like pop music, Indonesian rock scene also was heavily influenced by the development of rock music in America. The most influential Indonesian rock bands was probably
Jazz fusion
Some of Indonesian musicians and bands were exploring the
Indie scene
By the end of the 2000s decade, several indie bands such as Mocca, White Shoes & the Couples Company, and Efek Rumah Kaca emerged into the mainstream, providing soundtracks for film and subsequent tours in overseas territories. Upon entering the new decade (2010s), indie music broke into mainstream culture with its far greater appeal amongst adolescents due to its minimalist, melancholic sounds and age-related lyrics. The commercial breakthrough for its genre was led by Payung Teduh, Fourtwenty, Stars and Rabbit, Danilla, Banda Neira, Barasuara, and Fiersa Besari.
Notable contemporary artists
- Agnez Mo
- Benyamin Sueb
- Bing Slamet
- Brian Immanuel(Rich Brian)
- Chrisye
- Ebiet G. Ade
- Fariz RM
- Gesang
- Gombloh
- Guruh Sukarnoputra
- Harry Roesli (1950s–1970s)
- Iwan Fals
- Nicole Zefanya (Niki)
- Titiek Puspa
- The Tielman Brothers, Eurasians originally from Indonesia who gained popularity in Europe. Their style is called Indorock, after the colonial term used for Eurasians: Indo-European, shortened to Indo.
- Rainych
- Stephanie Poetri
See also
- Anugerah Musik Indonesia
- Indo pop
- Indonesian rock
- List of Indonesian musicians and musical groups
- List of Indonesian composers
- List of Indonesian rock bands
- List of Indonesian pop musicians
- Culture of Indonesia
- Music of Sunda
- Music of Java
- Music of Bali
- Music of Sumatra
- Indonesian popular music recordings
- Indonesian hip hop
- Rock music
- Pop music
References
- ^ "Indonesia - Geography". Country Studies.
- ^ MyIndo KC Ismail: Muzik Indonesia lebih progresif dari muzik Malaysia (in Malay)
- ^ Philip Yampolsky. "Music of Indonesia". Cambridge.org. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ^ "The Indonesia Music". guidetotheworldofmusic.com. 13 April 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ^ "Get Fascinated by these 5 Unique Traditional Indonesian Musical Instruments While You Stay at Home". indonesia.travel (in Indonesian). 13 April 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ^ Asia Sound Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ For a discussion of dance in Central Java in Surakarta, see Ganug Nugroho Adi, 'Dancing at the Mangkunegara', The Jakarta Post, 30 May 2012.
- ISBN 1-85828-017-6. Page 419–420.
- ^ a b Broughton, 420
- ^ Lindsay, 45
- ^ Butocan, Aga M. (2006). "Palabunibunyan". Kulintang and the Maguindanaos. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
- ^ Otto, Steven W.. "Repertorial Nomenclature in Muranao Kolintang Music." Asian Music Vol. 27, No. 2. (Spring – Summer, 1996), pp. 123-130.
- ^ Cadar, Usopay Hamdag. "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America." Asian Music 27(1996): 131-146.
- ^ Kalanduyan, Danongan S. "Maguindanaon Kulintang Music: Instruments, Repertoire, Performance, Contexts, and Social Functions." Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 3-18.
- ^ Cadar, Usopay H.. "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society." Asian Music Vol. 27, No. 2. (Spring – Summer, 1996), pp. 80-103.
- ^ Gaerlan, Barbara. Philippine Muslim Kulintang: Music of Modernization. 1991.
- ISBN 9781851095063.
Angklung has become a veritable symbol of Sundanese culture
- ^ "Unesco to Declare Indonesia's Angklung World Heritage". The Jakarta Globe. 8 October 2018.
- ^ Salam, Solichin (1992). Lombok pulau perawan: sejarah dan masa depannya. Kuning Mas. p. 85.
- ^ Nursanti, Ida (20 August 2004). "Grup Kasidah Nasida Ria Tetap Eksis" [Nasida Ria group still exists]. Suara Merdeka (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "From religious rituals to festive attractions: Indonesians prepare to celebrate Chinese New Year". The Jakarta Post. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ a b Media, Kompas Cyber (11 September 2009). "Mayor Jantje dan Tanjidor". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ "Grup Tanjidor yang Diperkuat Para Pemain Muda". Pontianak Post (in Indonesian). 13 October 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ a b National Geographic Indonesian Pop Music Archived 4 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Malaysian music industry wants Indonesian songs restricted Archived 24 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jakarta Symphony Orchestra returns
- ^ Orchestra Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Sources
- Bass, Colin. "No Risk -- No Fun!". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 131–142. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-85828-636-5
- Heaton, Jenny and Steptoe, Simon. "A Storm of Bronze". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 117–130. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-85828-636-5
External links
- Music of Indonesia Series of 20 CDs by Smithsonian Folkways
- (in French) Audio clips: Traditional music of Indonesia. Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. Accessed 25 November 2010.
- BBC TV channel 3 Audio (60 minutes): Music of Bali. Accessed 25 November 2010.
- BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Java, Jakarta to Solo. Accessed 25 November 2010.
- The traditional music of Indonesia
- Indonesian Fusion
- Various Types Of Indonesian Musical Instruments
- Listening to Balinese Gamelan: A Beginners' Guide from Connexions accessed 20/01/2012