Micronesia

This article is about the geographical region of Micronesia. For the sovereign state, see Federated States of Micronesia.

Not to be confused with Macaronesia.

Main articles:

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2013)

Climate

The region has a tropical marine climate moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds. There is little seasonal temperature variation. The dry season runs from December or January to June and the rainy season from July to November or December. Because of the location of some islands, the rainy season can sometimes include typhoons.

History

Prehistory

The

Further migrations by other Austronesians also followed, likely from Sulawesi, settling Palau and Yap by around 1000 BCE. The details of this colonization, however, are not very well known.^[24][25][27] In 200 BCE, a loosely connected group of Lapita colonists from Island Melanesia also migrated back northwards, settling the islands of eastern Micronesia almost simultaneously. This region became the center of another wave of migrations radiating outwards, reconnecting them with other settled islands in western Micronesia.^[24][25]

Around 800 CE, a second wave of migrants from Southeast Asia arrived in the Marianas, beginning what is now known as the

Construction of

• 
  Central Nan Madol (map)
• 
  Nan Madol
• 
  Leluh
• 
  Latte stones
• 
  Rai stone

Early European contact

The earliest known contact with Europeans occurred in 1521, when a Spanish expedition under Ferdinand Magellan reached the Marianas.^[32] This contact is recorded in Antonio Pigafetta's chronicle of Magellan's voyage, in which he recounts that the Chamorro people had no apparent knowledge of people outside of their island group.^[33] A Portuguese account of the same voyage suggests that the Chamorro people who greeted the travellers did so "without any shyness as if they were good acquaintances".^[34]

Further contact was made during the sixteenth century, although often initial encounters were very brief. Documents relating to the 1525 voyage of Diogo da Rocha suggest that he made the first European contact with inhabitants of the Caroline Islands, possibly staying on the Ulithi atoll for four months and encountering Yap. Marshall Islanders were encountered by the expedition of Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón in 1529.^[35] Other contact with the Yap islands occurred in 1625.^[36]

Colonisation and conversion

In the early 17th century

.

When Russian explorer Otto von Kotzebue visited the Marshall Islands in 1817, he noted that Marshallese families practiced infanticide after the birth of a third child as a form of population planning due to frequent famines.^[37]

In 1819, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions—a Protestant group—brought their Puritan ways to Polynesia. Soon after, the Hawaiian Missionary Society was founded and sent missionaries into Micronesia. Conversion was not met with as much opposition, as the local religions were less developed (at least according to Western ethnographic accounts). In contrast, it took until the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries for missionaries to fully convert the inhabitants of Melanesia; however, a comparison of the cultural contrast must take into account the fact that Melanesia has always had deadly strains of malaria present in various degrees and distributions throughout its history (see De Rays Expedition) and up to the present; conversely, Micronesia does not have—and never seems to have had—any malarial mosquitos nor pathogens on any of its islands in the past.^[38]

German–Spanish Treaty of 1899

In the

.

The treaty, which was signed by Spanish Prime Minister Francisco Silvela on 12 February 1899, transferred the Caroline Islands (Kosrae in the east to Palau in the west), the Mariana Islands, and other possessions to Germany. Under German control, the islands became a protectorate and were administered from German New Guinea. Nauru had already been annexed and claimed as a colony by Germany in 1888.

20th century

In the early 20th century, the islands of Micronesia were divided between three foreign powers:

• the United States, which took control of Guam following the Spanish–American War of 1898 and claimed Wake Island;
• Germany, which took Nauru and bought the Marshall, Caroline and Northern Mariana Islands from Spain; and
• the British Empire, which took the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati).

During

Nauru became independent in 1968.

21st century

Today, most of Micronesia are independent states, except for the U.S. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam and Wake Island, which are U.S. territories.

States and dependencies

Country	Population (July 2021 estimate)[40][41]	Area (km2)	Population density (/km2)	Urban population	Life expectancy	Literacy rate	Official language(s)	Main religion(s)	Ethnic groups
Federated States of Micronesia	113,131	702	158	22%	71.2	89%	English	Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%, others 3%	Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 7.8%
Guam (United States)	170,534	540	299	93%	78.2	99%	English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%[42]	Roman Catholic 85%, Buddhism 3.6, other religion 11.4%	Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%, white 6.9%, other 8.6%, mixed 9.8%
Kiribati	128,874	811	152	44%	64.0	92%	English, Gilbertese (de facto)	Roman Catholic 55%, Protestant 36%	Micronesian 98.8%
Marshall Islands	42,050	181	293	71%	71.5	93.7%	Marshallese 98.2%, English	Protestant 54.8%, other Christian 40.6%	Marshallese 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, other 2%
Nauru	12,511	21	480	100%	65.0	99%[43]	Nauruan[f], English (de facto)	Nauru Congregational Church 35.4%, Roman Catholic 33.2%, Nauru Independent Church (Protestant)[44] 10.4%, Baha'i faith 10%, Buddhism 9%	Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%
Northern Mariana Islands (United States)	49,481	464	113	91%	76.9	97%	English, Chamorro and Carolinian[45]	Roman Catholic, Buddhism 10.6%	Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%, White 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8%
Palau	18,024	459	47	81%	71.5	92%	Palauan 64.7%[d], English	Roman Catholic 41.6%, Protestant 23.3%	Palauan 69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%, Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other 3.2%
Total	534,606	3,178

Politics

The Pacific Community (SPC) is a regional intergovernmental organisation whose membership includes both nations and territories in the Pacific Ocean and their metropolitan powers.

Economy

Nationally, the primary income is the sale of fishing rights to foreign nations that harvest tuna using huge

.

Most residents of Micronesia can freely move to and work within, the United States. Relatives working in the US that send money home to relatives represent the primary source of individual income. Additional individual income comes mainly from government jobs and work within shops and restaurants.

The

consists mainly of scuba divers that come to see the coral reefs, do wall dives and visit sunken ships from WWII. Major stops for scuba divers in approximate order are Palau, Chuuk, Yap and Pohnpei. Some private yacht owners visit the area for months or years at a time. However, they tend to stay mainly at ports of entry and are too few in number to be counted as a major source of income.

Copra production used to be a more significant source of income, however, world prices have dropped in part to large palm plantations that are now planted in places like Borneo.

Demographics

The people today form many ethnicities, but all are descended from and belong to the Micronesian culture.^[46]

Because of this mixture of descent, many of the ethnicities of Micronesia feel closer to some groups in Melanesia, or the Philippines. A good example of this are the Yapese people who are related to Austronesian tribes in the northern Philippines.^[47] Genetics also show a significant number of Micronesian have Japanese paternal ancestry: 9.5% of males from Micronesia as well as 0.2% in East Timor carry the Haplogroup D-M55.^[48]

There are also substantial Asian communities found across the region, most notably in the Northern Mariana Islands where they form the majority and smaller communities of Europeans who have migrated from the United States or are descendants of settlers during European colonial rule in Micronesia.

Though they are all geographically part of the same region, they all have very different colonial histories. The US-administered areas of Micronesia have a unique experience that sets them apart from the rest of the Pacific. Micronesia has great economic dependency on its former or current motherlands, something only comparable to the French Pacific. Sometimes, the term American Micronesia is used to acknowledge the difference in cultural heritage.^[49]

A 2011 survey found that 93.1% of Micronesian are Christians;^[50] a survey in 2022 showed that 99% were Christian.^[51]

Indigenous groups

Micronesians

Carolinian people

It is thought that ancestors of the

faith.

The immigration of Carolinians to

.

Chamorro people

The

to the south.

The Chamorro language is included in the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian family. Because Guam was colonized by Spain for over 300 years, many words derive from the Spanish language. The traditional Chamorro number system was replaced by Spanish numbers.^[52]

Chuukese people

The

. The home atoll of Chuuk is also known by the former name Truk.

Nauruan people

The

The origin of the Nauruan people has not yet been finally determined. It can possibly be explained by the last Malayo-Pacific

were already crossed with the Melanesians in this area.

Kaping people

The roughly 3000 residents of the Federated States of Micronesia that reside in Kapingamarangi, nicknamed 'Kapings', live in one of the most remote locations in both Micronesia and the world at large. Their home atoll is almost 800 km (500 mi) from the nearest point of immigration.^{[citation needed]} There are no regular flights; the only reliable way to legally visit is to travel on a high-speed sailboat to the atoll. Owing to this difficulty, few sailors travelling the Pacific attempt to visit. The local language is the Kapingamarangi language. The children typically attend high school on Pohnpei where they stay with relatives in an enclave that is almost exclusively made up of Kapings.^{[citation needed]}

Immigrant groups

East, South, and Southeast Asian people

There are large

Japanese rule in Micronesia also led to Japanese people settling the islands and marrying native spouses. Kessai Note, the former president of the Marshall Islands has partial Japanese ancestry by way of his paternal grandfather, and Emanuel Mori, the former president of the Federated States of Micronesia, is descended from one of the first settlers from Japan, Koben Mori.

A significant number of Micronesians were shown to have paternal genetic relations with Japanese Haplogroup D-M55. Genetic testing found that 9.5% of males from Micronesia as well as 0.2% in East Timor^[60] carry what is believed to reflect recent admixture from Japan. That is, D-M116.1 (D1b1) is generally believed to be a primary subclade of D-M64.1 (D1b), possibly as a result of the Japanese military occupation of Southeast Asia during World War II.^[48]

European people

The 2010 census results of Guam showed 7.1% were white while the 2005 census for Palau showed 8% were European. Smaller numbers at 1.9% in Palau and 1.8% in the Northern Mariana Islands were recorded as "white". In conjunction to the European communities there are large amounts of mixed Micronesians, some of which have European ancestry.

Languages

The largest group of languages spoken in Micronesia are the Micronesian languages. They are in the family of Oceanic languages, part of the Austronesian language group. They descended from the Proto-Oceanic, which in turn descended via Proto-Malayo-Polynesian from Proto-Austronesian. The languages in the Micronesian family are Marshallese, Gilbertese, Kosraean, Nauruan, as well as a large sub-family called the Chuukic–Pohnpeic languages containing 11 languages.

On the eastern edge of the Federated States of Micronesia, the languages Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi represent an extreme westward extension of the Polynesian branch of Oceanic.

Finally, there are two Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken in Micronesia that do not belong to the Oceanic languages: Chamorro in the Mariana Islands and Palauan in Palau.

Culture

Animals and food

By the time Western contact occurred, although Palau did not have dogs, they did have fowls and possibly pigs. Pigs are not native to Micronesia.

Architecture

The book Prehistoric Architecture in Micronesia argues that the most prolific pre-colonial Micronesian architecture is: "Palau's monumental sculpted hills, megalithic stone carvings and elaborately decorated structure of wood placed on piers above elevated stone platforms".[62] The archeological traditions of the Yapese people remained relatively unchanged even after the first European contact with the region during Magellan's 1520s circumnavigation of the globe.^[27]

Art

Micronesia's artistic tradition has developed from the

, stylized bowls, canoe ornaments, ceremonial vessels and sometimes sculptured figures. Women created textiles and ornaments such as bracelets and headbands. Stylistically, traditional Micronesian art is streamlined and of a practical simplicity to its function, but is typically finished to a high standard of quality. ^[63] This was mostly to make the best possible use of what few natural materials they had available to them.^[64]

The first half of the 20th century saw a downturn in Micronesia's cultural integrity and a strong foreign influence from both western and Japanese Imperialist powers. A number of historical artistic traditions, especially sculpture, ceased to be practiced, although other art forms continued, including traditional architecture and weaving. Independence from colonial powers in the second half of the century resulted in a renewed interest in, and respect for, traditional arts. A notable movement of contemporary art also appeared in Micronesia towards the end of the 20th century.^[65]

Cuisine

The cuisine of the Mariana Islands is tropical in nature, including such dishes as Kelaguen as well as many others.

Marshallese cuisine comprises the fare and foodways of the Marshall Islands, and includes local foods such as breadfruit, taro root, pandanus and seafood, among others.

Palauan cuisine includes local foods such as cassava, taro, yam, potato, fish and pork. Western cuisine is favored among young Palauans.

Education

The educational systems in the nations of Micronesia vary depending on the country and there are several higher-level educational institutions.

The

is a partnership of the University of Hawaii, American Samoa Community College, College of Micronesia, Northern Marianas College and the University of Guam.

In the Federated States of Micronesia, education is required for citizens aged 6 to 13,[66] and is important to their economy.^[67] The literacy rate for citizens aged 15 to 24 is 98.8%.^[68] The College of Micronesia-FSM has a campus in each of the four states with its national campus in the capital city of Palikir, Pohnpei. The COM-FSM system also includes the Fisheries and Maritime Institute (FMI) on the Yap islands.^[69][70]

The public education in Guam is organized by the Guam Department of Education. Guam also has several educational institutions, such as University of Guam, Pacific Islands University and Guam Community College, There is also the Guam Public Library System and the Umatac Outdoor Library.

Weriyeng^[71] is one of the last two schools of traditional navigation found in the central Caroline Islands in Micronesia, the other being Fanur.^[72]

The

).

The College of the Marshall Islands is a community college in the Marshall Islands.

Law

Understanding Law in Micronesia notes that The Federated States of Micronesia's laws and legal institutions are "uninterestingly similar to [those of Western countries]". However, it explains that "law in Micronesia is an extraordinary flux and flow of contrasting thought and meaning, inside and outside the legal system". It says that a knee-jerk reaction would be that law is disarrayed in the region and that improvement is required, but argues that the failure is "one endemic to the nature of law or to the ideological views we hold about law".^[73]

The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, a United Nations Trusteeship administered by the United States, borrowed heavily from United States law in establishing the Trust Territory Code during the Law and Development movement of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Many of those provisions were adopted by the new Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia when the Federated States of Micronesia became self-governing in 1979.^[73]

Media

In September 2007, journalists in the region founded the Micronesian Media Association.^[74]

Music and dance

Micronesian music is influential to those living in the Micronesian islands.

. It covers a range of styles from traditional songs, handed down through generations, to contemporary music.

Traditional beliefs suggest that the music can be presented to people in dreams and trances, rather than being written by composers themselves. Micronesian folk music is, like Polynesian music, primarily vocal-based.

In the Marshall Islands, the

, nowadays only for very special occasions.

Popular music, both from Micronesia and from other areas of the world, is played on radio stations in Micronesia.[75]

Sports

The region is home to the Micronesian Games.^[77] This quadrennial international multi-sport event involves all of Micronesia's countries and territories except Wake Island.

Nauru has two national sports, weightlifting and Australian rules football.^[78] According to 2007 Australian Football League International Census figures, there are around 180 players in the Nauru senior competition and 500 players in the junior competition,^[79] representing a participation rate of over 30% overall for the country.

Religion and mythology

The predominant religion in Micronesia is Christianity (93%)^[50] According to 2023 government statistics, 55% of the population were Catholic and 42% were Protestant, while 2% belonged to other Christian denominations. Other religious groups exist including Baha’is, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, and Muslims.^[51]

mythological beings. It was noted that 2.7% of the population followed folk religions in 2014.^[51]

There are several significant figures and myths in the traditions of the Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.

Shinto shrines dating from during or after World War II exist in some Micronesian countries.^[80]

See also

• Flags of Oceania

References

Citations

1. Ancient Greek
   : μικρός mikrós "small" and νῆσος nêsos "island"
2. ^ Patrick Vinton Kirch, On the Road of the Winds: an Archeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2000:5.
3. ^ Kirch 2001, p. 167.
4. ISBN 9780890961070
   .
5. ISBN 9780071594561
   .
6. JSTOR 25168892
   .
7. ^ Bellwood, Peter (1988). "A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 26 (1): 107–117. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
8. JSTOR 24936983
   .
9. ISBN 9780198576952
   .
10. ISBN 9781920942854. Archived
    from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
11. ISBN 9789971696429. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
12. ^ Rainbird 2004, p. 6.
13. ^ « Although based on a superficial understanding of the Pacific islanders, Dumont d'Urville's tripartite classification stuck. Indeed, these categories — Polynesians, Micronesians, Melanesians — became so deeply entrenched in Western anthropological thought that it is difficult even now to break out the mould in which they entrap us (Thomas, 1989). Such labels provide handy geographical referents, yet they mislead us greatly if we take them to be meaningful segments of cultural history. Only Polynesia has stood the tests of time and increased knowledge, as a category with historical significance », Patrick Vinton Kirch, On the Road of the Winds : an Archeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2000 : 5.
14. ^ Kirch 2001, p. 165.
15. ^ "Geography Overview". Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Republic of the Marshall Islands. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013.
16. ^ "Bikini Atoll Reference Facts". Bikini Atoll. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
17. ^ Emery, Kenneth O.; Tracey, J. I. Jr.; Ladd, H.S. (1954). "Geology of Bikini and Nearby Atolls" (PDF). Retrieved 20 April 2021.
18. ^ "Operation Crossroads: Bikini Atoll". Navy Historical Center. Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on 21 May 2000. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
19. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Nauru". The World Factbook. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
20. ^ ^{a b} "Background Note: Nauru". State Department Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. September 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2006.
21. ^ Thaman, RR; Hassall, DC (1996). "Nauru: National Environmental Management Strategy and National Environmental Action Plan" (PDF). South Pacific Regional Environment Programme. p. 234.
22. ^ "The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the U.S. Pacific Remote Island Areas" (PDF). Pacific Regional Environment Programme.
23. ^ ^{a b} "Yap Islands State, Federated States of Micronesia | Ecoregions | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
24. ^
    ISBN 978-0470016176
    .
25. ^
    ISBN 9780190844950
    .
26. ^
    S2CID 44675525
    .
27. ^ ^{a b c} Morgan 1988, p. 30.
28. ^ Carson, Mike T. (2012). "An overview of latte period archaeology" (PDF). Micronesica. 42 (1/2): 1–79.
29. ^ Peterson, John A. (2012). "Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?" (PDF). Micronesica. 42 (1/2): 183–08.
30. PMID 26601144
    .
31. S2CID 161654405
    .
32. ISBN 9781851099511
    .
33. ^ Levesque, Rodrigue, ed. (1992–1997). History of Micronesia: A collection of source documents, Vols. 1–20. Quebec, Canada: Levesque Publications. pp. 249, 251.
34. ^ Rainbird 2004, p. 13-14.
35. ^ "Geological Survey Professional Paper". 1954. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
36. ^ Rainbird 2004, p. 14.
37. ISBN 9780824816438
    .
38. ISBN 9781573060011
    .
39. S2CID 154463511
    .
40. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
41. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
42. ^ "Languages of Guahan", The Guam Website - Afa Adai, n.d., archived from the original on 23 December 2013, retrieved 12 November 2010
43. ^ "Nauru". TalkTalk. Tiscali UK Limited. 2010. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
44. ^ "Nauru". TravelBlog. TravelBlog.org. 24 August 2006. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
45. ^ "Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Overview". Office of Insular Affairs. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
46. PMID 29379068
    .
47. ^ "Micronesians - Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage". everyculture.com.
48. ^
    PMID 25078354
    .
49. ISBN 9780824820176
    .
50. ^
    Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, archived from the original
    (PDF) on 15 August 2013
51. ^ ^{a b c} US State Dept 2022 report
52. OCLC 436267171
    .
53. ISBN 1-55369-293-4
    .
54. ISBN 9789820203884
    – via Google Books.
55. ^ "Guam Ethnic groups - Demographics". indexmundi.com.
56. ^ "Northern Mariana Islands Demographics Profile 2016". indexmundi.com.
57. ^ "Federated States of Micronesia Ethnic groups - Demographics". indexmundi.com.
58. ^ "Nauru Ethnic groups - Demographics". indexmundi.com.
59. ^ "Palau Ethnic groups - Demographics". indexmundi.com.
60. PMID 16328082
    .
61. ^ Morgan 1988, p. 3.
62. ^ Morgan 1988, p. 2.
63. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. Archived from the original
    on 1 December 2008.
64. ^ "Oceanic art". Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). Columbia University Press. 2006.
65. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. Archived from the original
    on 21 May 2009.
66. ^ "Education Profile of Micronesia, Micronesia Education, Education in Micronesia, Universities in Micronesia, Schools in Micronesia, Micronesia Education Profile". micronesiaeducation.info. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
67. ISBN 1-57306-023-2
    .
68. ^ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics". UNESCO. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
69. ^ "Fisheries and Maritime Institute". College of Micronesia - FSM. College Of Micronesia-FSM. 1 December 2011.
70. ^ "Outline of the Fisheries Training Project in the Federated States of Micronesia". Japan International Cooperation Agency. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Partner Country's Implementing Organization: Fisheries and Maritime Institute (FMI), College of Micronesia (COM)
71. ISBN 0-674-22425-6
    .
72. ISBN 0-226-90728-7
    . Retrieved 4 August 2010.
73. ^
    ISBN 9004097686
    .
74. ^ "Regional journalists form Micronesian media group". Saipan Tribune. 26 September 2007. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.
75. ^
    ISBN 978-1136095702
    .
76. ^ Telford, Hans W. (n.d.). "Music of the Pacific Island Nations". Music Archive for Pacific Island Nations. School of Arts, Southern Cross University. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.
77. ^ "Micronesian Games begin in Palau". Asia Pacific News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
78. Australian Government, archived from the original
    (PDF) on 3 December 2007
79. ^ "INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL CENSUS 2007: Clubs & Players - Internationally" (PDF). Australian Football League. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2011.
80. ^ Oskow, Noah (13 July 2020). "When Japan Ruled the Waves: The Forgotten Colonies of Micronesia". Unseen Japan. Retrieved 24 September 2023.

General bibliography

• Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2001). On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. University of California Press.
  ISBN 978-0-520-92896-1
  .
• Lal, Brij V.; Fortune, Kate (2000). The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia. University of Hawaii Press.
  ISBN 978-0-8248-2265-1
  .
• Morgan, William N. (1988). Prehistoric Architecture in Micronesia. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 30.
  ISBN 9780292786219
  .
• Rainbird, Paul (2004). The Archaeology of Micronesia. Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-521-65630-6
  .

Further reading

• Goetzfridt, Nicholas J.; Peacock, Karen M. (2002). Micronesian Histories: An Analytical Bibliography and Guide to Interpretations. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press.
  ISBN 0313291039
  .

External links

• History of Micronesia
• Micronesian Games