Music of Philadelphia
The
The city has played an equally prominent role in developing popular music. In the early years of rock and roll, a number of South Philadelphia-born popular vocalists made Philadelphia and popular music virtually synonymous, including Chubby Checker, Frankie Avalon, and Bobby Rydell. This led to the airing of the popular rock and roll dance show American Bandstand, hosted by Dick Clark from the WPVI-TV studios at 46th and Market Streets at the time, where teenagers would descend in droves after school to be televised dancing to the latest hits on the pop charts in front of a national audience.
Music venues and institutions
Philadelphia has a wide variety of performance venues for music. The city's most senior venue is the famed Academy of Music. Established in 1857, the academy is the longest continuously operating opera house in the United States that is still being used for its original purpose. At the very center of Philadelphia's musical life, the academy is home to many internationally recognized performance ensembles, including the Philly Pops, the Philadelphia Ballet, and Opera Philadelphia. The academy also presents touring artists and musical theatre of the highest caliber.[2]
The most recent addition to the city's list of venues is the
Also of major importance to the city is the Mann Center for the Performing Arts, one of the largest outdoor amphitheatres in the United States.[3] Established in 1976 as the Robin Hood Dell West, the Mann Center is the summer performance space for the Philadelphia Orchestra. It is also host to major touring artists from all genres of music and is Philadelphia's main venue for popular entertainers. In addition to the Mann Center, the Tower Theater, in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania, just outside Philadelphia serves as a destination for many top touring acts.
The Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts is another notable venue in the city. Founded in 1971, the center now includes the University of Pennsylvania's Irvine Auditorium, Zellerbach Theatre and Harold Prince Theatre.[4] The center offers a varied program of more than 170 performances each year, including concerts, theatre, and dance.
Philadelphia has a thriving jazz and cabaret scene, largely due to the efforts of the
Philadelphia's diverse ethnic groups have established several organizations that promote their musical styles, including the
Other local institutions include the Philadelphia Gay Men's Chorus, founded in 1981,[7] and the Mendelssohn Club, a choral group that dates back to the 19th century. The Mendelssohn Club was founded by William Gilchrist, one of the major figures of 19th century music in the city.[8] Also of note is the Philadelphia Youth Orchestra, one of the most highly regarded children's groups in the United States, having performed worldwide since forming in 1939.[9]
A local and highly respected musical novelty is the
Music festivals and annual events
Major music festivals in Philadelphia include the West Oak Lane Jazz Festival (formerly held annually in June), the Bach Festival of Philadelphia (since 1976), and the long-standing and historical Philadelphia Folk Festival.[11] There are also a number of different summer concert series and ethnic festivals held at Penn's Landing, including the Smooth Jazz Summer Nights Series in August. The Jazz on the Ave Music Festival (since 2006) typically takes place in mid August on Broad Street and Cecil B. Moore Avenue featuring Jazz, Soul, Gospel and R&B, as well as some contemporary urban music. The Philadelphia Céilí Group is a prominent local organization that promotes Irish music, and runs a festival, which the Group claims is among the oldest continuous Irish traditional festivals in the U.S.[12] Not too far from the city is the annual Concerts Under the Stars summer festival in Upper Merrion township.
Perhaps the most famous annual musical event in Philadelphia is the
History
17th century
The earliest music in the Philadelphia region was that of the indigenous peoples of the area, though little is known about their music. The city was founded in 1682 by William Penn of England on land granted to him by Charles II as a place of refuge for victims of religious persecution. As a result, much of the city's early music history is tied to sacred music from a variety of different religious traditions. The city's German immigrants were influential in establishing a vibrant musical culture among Protestant churches and in the field of music publishing during the first half of the 18th century.
While non-religious music was actively performed in homes and in private social clubs during the early
18th century
Philadelphia became an important center for music in
The city of Philadelphia has also been a major center for
Performances of early non-religious music were originally relegated to the home or private social clubs in the city. The earliest known private concert was given in 1734, the first known public concert in 1757. Subscription concerts featuring a chamber orchestra were initiated in that year, including music by contemporary English, Italian, German and Bohemian composers, largely through the efforts of Governor John Penn and Francis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and amateur composer and performer.
After the
The earliest known performance of a musical drama in Philadelphia was
During the revolutionary period expensive theatrical entertainments were prohibited, except during the time of the British occupation, and the ban remained in effect until 1789. After the ban was lifted, Philadelphia became one of the nation's main theatrical centers. The New American Company, founded in 1792 by Reinagle and
19th century
Philadelphia's Holy Trinity Church published the first German-American Catholic catechism in 1810, while the music director of St. Augustine's Catholic Church, Benjamin Carr, also published hymnbooks in the early 19th century. Carr's 1805 work introduced "
Philadelphia's African American musical heritage dates back to colonial times, and gained some national and international renown beginning with Frank Johnson, who settled in Philadelphia around 1809. Johnson composed marches and quadrilles that became very popular; he even performed for Queen Victoria in 1837. By the end of the century, African Americans in Philadelphia had their own musical institutions, including a symphony orchestra and choral societies.[18]
With the inauguration of the
Philadelphia's
In the second half of the 19th century, two additional opera houses were opened: the Chestnut Street Opera House (1885) and the Grand Opera House (1888). With three houses available, the city was able to attract touring companies that featured the finest European stars. A number of American premières were directed by Gustav Hinrichs at the Grand: Cavalleria rusticana (1891), L'amico Fritz (1892), Les pêcheurs de perles (1893), Manon Lescaut (1894) and Hinrich's own opera, Onti-Ora (1890).
The city's first resident orchestra of importance, the
The city's large
The Philadelphia Roman Catholic musical tradition produced the celebrated and controversial composer
Philadelphia's population, like those of other major American metropolitan areas, grew steadily more diverse in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with immigrants from Ireland, Russia, and Italy landing on the banks of the Delaware Bay and constituting the largest groups. Philadelphia became a regional center for Italian music and also produced a number of well-regarded Irish musicians and groups.[21]
In the 19th century, Philadelphia was an important center for the composition, publication and performance of popular music, and by the second half of the century more than 100 composers were writing songs and dances for the theatre and salon.
20th century
Philadelphia Orchestra
Philadelphia became home to the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1900, for much of its history considered preeminent among American orchestras and one of the "Big Five" American ensembles. The Orchestra was initially led by Fritz Scheel; in 1907, Karl Pohlig took up its baton. But it was the conductor Leopold Stokowski who made the Orchestra one of the most prominent in the country. Stokowski jointly held the conductor's post with Eugene Ormandy beginning in 1936, with Ormandy taking over completely in 1938.
Under the direction of Stokowski and Ormandy, the Philadelphia Orchestra produced several well-known recordings in the 20th century, including the 1940 score for the Disney film Fantasia, and the Orchestra under the flamboyant "Stokie" with his gift for self-promotion pursued an ambitious schedule of national and international tours, becoming the template for the modern classical orchestra in the 20th century. After Stokowski's departure, Ormandy led the Orchestra into the 1970s, preserving its lustrous sound and relying on the popular classical repertoire that had made the "Philly sound" famous, when it became the first American orchestra to visit China and perform in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing; the Chinese tour was well received and has since been repeated three times.[22]
The 20th century saw the Orchestra become the first of its kind to make electric recordings, to perform on its own commercially sponsored radio broadcast, to perform on the soundtrack of a feature film, The Big Broadcast, to appear on a national television broadcast, to record the complete Beethoven symphonies on compact disc, to give a live cybercast of a concert on the Internet, and to tour Vietnam.[22]
Opera
The Philadelphia Opera House was built over the course of just a few months in 1908 by impresario Oscar Hammerstein I. The house was initially the home of Hammerstein's opera company, the Philadelphia Opera Company, but was sold to the Metropolitan Opera of New York City in 1910, when it was renamed the Metropolitan Opera House. The Metropolitan Opera's association with the city of Philadelphia began during its first season, presenting its entire repertoire in the city during January and August 1884. The company's first Philadelphia performance was of Faust (with Christina Nilsson) on January 14, 1884, at the Chestnut Street Opera House. The Met continued to perform annually in Philadelphia for nearly eighty years, taking the entire company to the city on selected Tuesday nights throughout the opera season. With the exception of ten years spent performing in Hammerstein's opera house, the Met mostly performed at the Academy of Music. In 1961 the Met's regular visits ceased after having given close to 900 performances in Philadelphia.
Since the end of
Curtis Institute of Music
Also in the realm of serious music was the founding in 1924 of the classical conservatory, the
Chamber music
Philadelphia has also had an active
Choral music
Several notable local choruses existed in the city during the 20th century. The Philadelphia Choral Society (1897–1946), conducted by Henry Gordon Thunder, was the city's major chorus for many years. Other former choruses include The Treble Clef Club (1884–1934), the Palestrina Choir (1915–48), the Accademia dei Dilettanti di Musica (1928–60), the Pennsylvania Pro Musica (1972-2020).[24] Still flourishing are Mendelssohn Club of Philadelphia (1874), Singing City (1947), the Philadelphia Choral Arts Society (1982) and VoxAmaDeus (1989). The Philadelphia Singers, founded in 1971, was the city's principal professional choir under the direction of David Hayes, but disbanded in 2015. The Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale is the city's premier boys choir since 1968.
Popular music
Philadelphia also produced innovative performers in fields as varied as
Philadelphia's jazz heritage is noteworthy, especially as the city that
Punk rock
The city also has a distinguished history with local
Gospel
Philadelphia's gospel heritage stretches back to Charles Albert Tindley, a local reverend,[26] who composed many important hymns. Tindley's "I Do, Don't You" inspired the composer Thomas A. Dorsey, who credited Tindley with the innovation of gospel music. Tindley composed most of his works between 1901 and 1906, and was known for his booming preaching style.[27]
Philadelphia has produced a number of popular gospel acts, most famously the singer Clara Ward. Ward rose to fame after a performance at the National Baptist Convention in Philadelphia in 1943. Ward formed a group with several other local singers, and toured widely throughout the decade; the Clara Ward Singers were known for bringing a sense of style and glamour to the emerging gospel music industry.
The Dixie Hummingbirds are also one of Philadelphia's most famous International Quartet Groups, who are still performing today. Since early in the 1920s this group has remained :"The Gentlemen of Song", with their signature White Tails Suits and their inimitable harmony, keeps the Gospel Quartet alive and well in the 21st Century.
Irish music
Philadelphia became home to a large community of Irish immigrants in the 1840s, and then continually through the later 19th and 20th centuries. These immigrants brought with them many styles of traditional
Modern Philadelphia has contributed a number of important performers of Irish music, most famously Mick Moloney, John Vesey, Kevin McGillian, and Séamus Egan, each of whom were part of a nationwide resurgence of interest in traditional Irish-American music.[28] In Philadelphia, this revival of traditional music built on the work of earlier pioneers like Ed Reavy, a composer who began working in the 1930s.
Philadelphia's most famous contribution to Irish traditional music is Mick Moloney. Moloney was from County Limerick, and was a musician both in Limerick and in Dublin, playing the banjo and singing; he was also a member of the popular folk group The Johnstons. Having emigrated to Philadelphia in 1973, Moloney has lectured widely on Irish culture and music and founded the organization Green Fields of America, which promotes Irish-American music. Egan is a multi-instrumentalist originally from Philadelphia, though he moved back to County Mayo as a young man, and has there become a prominent musician. He is co-founder of the Irish music band Solas, and he co-wrote Sarah McLachlan's hit song "I Will Remember You", featured in the soundtrack for the film The Brothers McMullen, for which Egan also provided the score.[28]
Roman Catholic church music
Montani was from New York, but became prominent in Philadelphia as an editor for liturgical music at local publishers, and music director at several Philadelphia Catholic high schools. By the 1920s, he had grown in stature, forming the
Montani's St. Gregory Hymnal was used throughout Philadelphia-area Catholic churches until after the
Jazz
Philadelphia developed an early jazz scene, beginning with
Philadelphia's African American population grew greatly as a result of immigration from the south during World War 2, when future luminaries like the Heath Brothers, Dizzy Gillespie and John Coltrane moved to Philadelphia from the Carolinas. Philadelphia's mid-20th century jazz heritage includes an important role in the development of bebop, a style most closely associated with New York. In the 1940s, Philadelphia jazz was based out of clubs along Columbia Avenue in North Philadelphia and clubs like the Clef Club, the Showboat, and Pep's in South Philadelphia.[32]
The city produced a number of
In 1970, Philadelphia became the home of
The city has a thriving jazz radio station in
1950s pop
Philadelphia's first major contribution to mainstream American pop music was the television show
Philadelphia's 1950s-era musical output included the rock pioneer
Philadelphia's famous 1950s performers also included
Beginning in the late 1950s, when he came to fame as a dancer on American Bandstand, the influential dj and media personality Jerry Blavat was a major force in promoting Philadelphia's music, particularly that of Black artists, until his death in 2023.[37]
Philly soul
In the 1960s, Philadelphia soul began to develop its own sound, drawing from the girl group sound with "strong pop melodies and brassy, upbeat production (without as much use of) interactive harmonies",[38] while other performers, like the funky Howard Tate and Solomon Burke adopted a more Southern soul-style sound. Major girl group-oriented acts included Brenda & the Tabulations, with their string-dominated doo wop hit "Dry Your Eyes", Barbara Mason's sultry vocals on "Yes, I'm Ready" and Claudine Clark's "raucous" sound.[39]
R&B and soul-oriented indie labels in the 1960s included Phil-LA and Arctic Records, where the songwriting and producing team of
In the early 1970s, Philly soul broke through with its most popular recordings of the era. Gamble and Huff's
By the early 1980s, Philadelphia soul had declined greatly in popularity. Audiences continued to embrace disco, with groups such as The Trammps and Sister Sledge leading the way. Drummer Earl Young had codified the beat itself, with a distinct hi-hat pattern.[42] Another one of Philadelphia's major contributions was the local veteran Patti LaBelle, who became a major pop singer. The city remained important musically, giving rise to widely popular local blue-eyed soul duo Hall & Oates among many more.
Rock music
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2023) |
In the late 20th century and early 21st century, Philadelphia's local music scene produced a number of respected performers from a variety of fields, including jazz, R&B, rock, hip hop, and dancehall. The city's most historically important contribution to popular music since the 1980s was a major part in the early evolution of East Coast hip hop, a style based out of New York City.
Hardcore punk
Grindcore, industrial music, and hardcore punk are also a part of Philadelphia's modern music scene, built around labels like Relapse and Dancing Ferret, respectively.[43]
Classical music
Philadelphia has a thriving classical music scene. Many orchestras, choral groups, chamber groups, and new music ensembles call it home. Several famous and successful composers live in Philadelphia, including Jennifer Higdon.
Electronic music
Philadelphia has a diverse
Philadelphia's electronic music scene includes DJs who play
Some of Philadelphia's current event companies produce many special events throughout the year. Sundae gained notability by their "Sundae" parties, which have recently started a moving Monday called "Rover" that isits different venues. Worship produces the long-running house monthly "Shakedown", which features at least two visits a year from Josh Wink. In 2010, Bryon Stout launched Philadelphia's first successful house music internet radio station, Deephouselounge.com. The station streams 24/7 around the world with live broadcasts daily.
Hip hop
The first major pop hip hop acts from Philadelphia were
It was
Despite the fact that Philadelphia is one of the birthplaces of hardcore rap, the upbeat and party-driven
Jamaican music
Philadelphia is home to the sixth-largest Jamaican population of any city in the United States.[48] Jamaican music clubs, devoted to styles like dancehall, have become a major part of the Philadelphia nightclub scene in the early first decade of the 21st century. Clubs like Upper Deck, Genesis, Pinnacle and Reef have been mainstays of the Philadelphia dancehall scene. Many of these clubs hold dancehall contests, though there is no single such contest that is extremely famous or semi-official in the city.[21]
R&B and neo soul
Philadelphia has been the epicenter of the neo soul movement in R&B, with such acts like Jill Scott, Jazmine Sullivan, and Musiq Soulchild.[1] The Roots helped pave the way for an entire generation of artists that came to be known as the Soulquarians. Erykah Badu, D'Angelo and Bilal defined the sound of this movement. Pop star John Legend attended the University of Pennsylvania and was so inspired by the local music scene that he made the decision to pursue it full time.
More recently, Philadelphia has been home to a multitude of new sultry neo-soul sounds, including vocalists such as Rosa Nice, who has worked with legendary producer Pop Traxx, also known as Leon Huff Jr., together reaching the top of the Philadelphia independent music charts.
Rock/indie music
Rock and Roll was arguably birthed by
The area includes critically acclaimed rock and metal bands, including
See also
References
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- ISBN 9780922915712. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
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Notes
- ^ a b "The Sounds Of Philadelphia". Press Kit. Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on February 22, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2006.
- ^ "The Academy of Music History". Academyofmusic.org. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ "Mann Center for the Performing Arts — Visit Philadelphia —". Visitphilly.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ [1] Archived November 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [2] Archived February 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Italian Radio in the US and Canada". Italiansinfonia.com. May 24, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ "The Philadelphia Gay Men's Chorus". Pgmc.org. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ a b [3] Archived December 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [4] Archived July 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [5] Archived February 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Unterberger, pgs. 74 - 76, with the Bach Festival
- ^ [6] Archived April 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Unterberger, pg. 73
- ^ Chase, pg. 38
- ^ Chase, pgs. 47 - 48
- ^ a b c d e f g "Philadelphia's Historic Contributions to Catholic Liturgical Music". Adoremus.org. November 22, 1903. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ Chase, pgs. 77–78 Chase calls Philadelphia "the leading cultural center" of the post-Revolutionary War United States.
- ^ "Stories from PA History". ExplorePAHistory.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ Burk, Cassie, Virginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 44 - 45
- ^ "The Orpheus Club of Philadelphia - The Oldest Men's Chorus in the Country". Orpheusclub.org. May 21, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
- ^ a b [7] Archived May 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Philadelphia Orchestra (Symphony Orchestra) - Short History". Bach-cantatas.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ "Curtis Institute of Music". Curtis.edu. May 31, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Pro Musica". Guidestar.org. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ Blush
- ^ "Stories from PA History". ExplorePAHistory.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ [8] Archived June 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Sawyers, pgs. 247 - 248
- ^ Tom Cooney. "The last papal visit to Philadelphia: John Paul II in 1979". Philly.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ a b c "|Sustainability, Sustainable Cities, Urban Life". Newcolonist.com. July 26, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ "Stories from PA History". ExplorePAHistory.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ a b "Stories from PA History". ExplorePAHistory.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ Unterberger, pg. 68
- ^ [9] Archived February 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Unterberger, pg. 67 "Unscathed" is from Unterberger
- ^ Unterberger, pp. 69–70
- ^ "Jerry Blavat, 'The Geator with the Heater,' dies at 82".
- ^ a b Unterberger, pg. 70
- ^ Unterberger, pg. 70 Unterberger calls Clark "raucous", and refers to "Dry Your Eyes" as "indicative of Philly soul's future directions with its string arrangement"
- ^ Unterberger, pgs. 71 - 72
- ^ "The Ebonys Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More". AllMusic.
- ^ Young, Earl. "Earl Young explains his revolutionary disco drum beat!". Youtube. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
- ^ [10] Archived November 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [11] Archived October 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Follow Us. "It's a Jungle Out There". Citypaper.net. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ Follow Us. "Bad Rap?". Citypaper.net. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ "The East Coast Started This War pg 1". Daveyd.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ "American FactFinder - Results". Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2016.