Music of the United Kingdom

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This article is about music from the United Kingdom. For UK Music, the industry organisation, see UK Music.

Music of United Kingdom
General topics
Genres
Specific forms
Ethnic music
Traditional music
Media and performance
Music awards
Music charts
Music media
Media in the United Kingdom
Nationalistic and patriotic songs
National anthem
"God Save the King"
Regional music
Local forms
Related areas
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Promenade concert at the Royal Albert Hall
in 2004

Throughout the

Irish, and Welsh folk music as well as other British styles of music heavily influenced American music such as American folk music,[1] American march music,[2] old-time,[3] ragtime,[4] blues,[5] country,[6] and bluegrass.[7] The UK has birthed many popular music genres such as beat music, psychedelic music, progressive rock/pop, heavy metal, new wave, and industrial music
.

In the 20th century, influences from the music of the United States, including blues, jazz, and rock and roll, were adopted in the United Kingdom. The "British Invasion"—spearheaded by Liverpool band the Beatles, often regarded as the most influential band of all time[8]—saw British rock bands become highly influential around the world in the 1960s and 1970s. Pop music, a term which originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for "rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced",[9] was developed by British artists like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones,[10] whom among other British musicians led rock and roll's transition into rock music.

Background and classical music

Main articles: Early music of the British Isles, Classical music of the United Kingdom, and Baroque music of the British Isles
rota, polyphonic votive antiphons and the carol in the medieval
era.

Church music and religious music were profoundly affected by the

English language opera developed in the early Baroque period of the later seventeenth century.[13]
In contrast, court music of the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, although having unique elements remained much more integrated into wider European culture.

The Baroque era in music, between the

Interregnum.[14] Under the restored Stuart monarchy the court became once again a centre of musical patronage, but royal interest in music tended to be less significant as the seventeenth century progressed, to be revived again under the House of Hanover.[15]

Sir Edward Elgar

British chamber and orchestral music drew inspiration from continental Europe as it developed into modern classical music. The Baroque era in British music can be seen as an interaction of national and international trends, sometimes absorbing continental fashions and practices and sometimes attempting, as in the creation of ballad opera, to produce an indigenous tradition.[16] However, arguably the most significant British composer of the era, George Frideric Handel, was a naturalised German, who helped integrate British and continental music and define the future of the classical music of the United Kingdom that would be officially formed in 1801.[17]

Musical composition, performance and training in the United Kingdom inherited European classical traditions of the eighteenth century (above all, in Britain, from the example of Handel) and saw a great expansion during the nineteenth century.[18] Romantic nationalism encouraged clear national identities and sensibilities within the countries of the United Kingdom towards the end of the nineteenth century, producing many composers and musicians of note and drawing on the folk tradition.[19]

These traditions, including the cultural strands drawn from the United Kingdom's constituent nations and provinces, continued to evolve in distinctive ways through the work of such composers as Arthur Sullivan, Gustav Holst, Edward Elgar, Hubert Parry, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten,[20] Michael Tippett, Peter Maxwell Davies and Harrison Birtwistle. Notable living British classical composers include Michael Nyman, James MacMillan, Jeremy Peyton Jones, Gavin Bryars, Andrew Poppy, Judith Weir, Sally Beamish and Anna Meredith.

Timeline of British classical music, and its preceding forms

World War IIWorld War ICrimean WarReform Act 1832Battle of TrafalgarAct of Union 1800Act of Union 1707English Civil WarUnion of CrownsJames MacMillan (musician)John TavenerHarrison BirtwistlePeter Maxwell DaviesBenjamin BrittenMichael TippettRalph Vaughan WilliamsEdward ElgarHubert ParryArthur SullivanWilliam Sterndale BennettThomas Augustine ArneGeorge Frideric HandelHenry PurcellOrlando GibbonsThomas TomkinsThomas CampionJohn DowlandThomas MorleyWilliam ByrdThomas TallisHenry VIII of EnglandJohn HothbyJohn Dunstable

Folk music

Each of the four

brass bands. Realisation of this led to three folk revivals, one in the late-19th century, one in the mid-20th century and one at the start of the 21st century which keeps folk music as an important sub-culture within society.[21]

English folk music

Main article:
Folk music of England

England has a long and diverse history of folk music dating back at least to the medieval period and including many forms of music, song and dance. Through three periods of revival from the late nineteenth century much of the tradition has been preserved and continues to be practiced.[21] It led to the creation of a number of fusions with other forms of music that produced subgenres such as British folk rock, folk punk and folk metal and continues to thrive nationally and in regional scenes, particularly in areas such as Northumbria and Cornwall.[22]

Gaels folk music

Northern Irish folk music

Main article:
Folk music of Ireland

Ireland, including Northern Ireland, has vibrant folk traditions. The popularity of traditional instruments such as fiddles has remained throughout the centuries even as analogues in Great Britain died out. Perhaps the most famous modern musician from Northern Ireland influenced by folk tradition is Van Morrison.

Scottish folk music

Main article: Scottish folk music
Scottish traditional group The Tannahill Weavers

Scottish folk music includes many kinds of songs, including

Incredible String Band
.

Welsh folk music

Main article: Music of Wales

Wales is a

Celtic country that features folk music played at twmpathau (communal dances) and gwyl werin (music festivals). Welsh music also includes male voice choirs and songs accompanied by a harp. Having long been subordinate to English culture, Welsh musicians in the late 20th century had to reconstruct traditional music when a roots revival began. This revival began in the late 1970s and achieved some mainstream success in the UK in the 1980s with performers like Robin Huw Bowen
, Moniars and Gwerinos.

Early British popular music

Main article: Early British popular music

In the sense of commercial music enjoyed by the people, British popular music can be seen to originate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the arrival of the broadside ballad, which were sold cheaply and in great numbers until the nineteenth century.[23] Further technological, economic and social changes led to new forms of music in the 20th century, including the brass band, which produced a popular and communal form of classical music.[24] Similarly, the music hall sprang up to cater for the entertainment of new urban societies, adapting existing forms of music to produce popular songs and acts.[25] In the 1930s, the influence of American Jazz led to the creation of British dance bands, who provided a social and popular music that began to dominate social occasions and the radio airwaves.[26]

Modern British popular music

Main article: British popular music
See also:
British pop

Pioneering and developments

Britain has influenced popular music disproportionately to its size, due to its linguistic and cultural links with many countries, particularly the United States and many of its former colonies like Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and its capacity for invention, innovation and fusion, which has led to the development of, or participation in, many of the major trends in popular music.

hip hop, pop and rock music
, have particularly flourished in Britain since the twentieth century.

In the early-20th century, influences from the United States became most dominant in popular music, with young performers producing their own versions of American music, including

rock n' roll from the late 1950s and developing a parallel music scene. During the early 1960s, the British Invasion, led by the Beatles, further entrenched British performers as major drivers of the development of pop and rock music. According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the term "pop music" "originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced".[9]

The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's "earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience [...] since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA [a Swedish act], etc."[10] Since then, rock music and popular music contributed to a British-American collaboration, with trans-Atlantic genres being exchanged and exported to one another, where they tended to be adapted and turned into new movements.

David Bowie was dubbed the "Greatest Rock Star Ever" in Rolling Stone[28]

Britain's most significant contribution to popular music during the 20th century was towards the expansion of rock music. Progressive rock was predicated on the "progressive" pop groups from the 1960s who combined rock and roll with various other music styles such as Indian ragas, oriental melodies and Gregorian chants, like the Beatles and the Yardbirds.[29] According to AllMusic, the emergence of psychedelic rock in the mid-1960s resulted from British bands who made up the British Invasion of the US market.[30] Many of the top British bands during the 1960s experienced art school during their youth,[31] and espoused an approach based on art and originality—which came to create art rock.[32]

As a diverging act to the popular

platform shoes and glitter—this is widely associated with David Bowie.[35] Rolling Stone argued that the Sex Pistols, a prominent punk rock band, came to spark and personify one of the few truly critical moments in pop culture—the rise of punk during the 1970s.[36]

Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, when many bands began disassociating themselves from punk.[37] Gothic rock emerged from post-punk in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s by bands including Siouxsie and the Banshees,[38] Joy Division,[39][38][40] Bauhaus,[39] and the Cure.[38] Other subgenres of rock invented by or radically changed by British acts include blues rock, ska, British folk rock, folk punk, shoegaze, and Britpop.

Post-rock era

In addition to advancing the scope of rock music, British acts developed

group Bee Gees were the most prominent performers of the disco music era in the mid-to-late 1970s, and came be to known as the "Kings of Disco" by media outlets.[41] The Second British Invasion, which derived from the British Invasion of the US in the 1960s, consisted of music acts from the United Kingdom that became popular in the United States during the early-to-mid 1980s primarily due to the cable music channel MTV.[42]

These

new romantic movement which became a major part in the Second British Invasion of the US. British rock bands, most notably Def Leppard and Iron Maiden,[44] also became part of the renewed popularity of British music.[45] Newsweek magazine ran an issue which featured Scottish singer Annie Lennox of Eurythmics and Boy George on the cover of its issue with the caption Britain Rocks America – Again, while Rolling Stone would release an "England Swings: Great Britain invades America's music and style. Again." issue in November 1983.[43] Pop-star George Michael was one of the most popular acts of the MTV Generation, cementing this position with his hugely successful Faith album in 1987.[46]

During most of the 1990s,

Grammy Awards than any other woman who was born outside the US.[52] This wave of popular British soul singers led to a consideration of whether a third British Invasion was taking place—this time a soul invasion—in contrast to the 1960s rock and pop, and 1980s new wave and synthpop invasions
.

Ed Sheeran's ÷ Tour became the highest-grossing of all time in August 2019

English singer

best-selling girl groups in the world.[54][55]

Immigration musical impact

Highlighting the influence of immigrants in the United Kingdom during the 21st century,

British Asians have popularised Bhangra
within the South Asian diaspora.

See also

Notes

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  2. ^ "Music and the Revolution | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  3. ^ "Old-time music". Last.fm. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  4. ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
    , retrieved 2022-08-21
  5. ^ "blues | Definition, Artists, History, Characteristics, Types, Songs, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  6. ^ "TSHA | Country Music". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  7. ^ "History of Bluegrass Music |". bluegrassheritage.org. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  8. ^ Ira A. Robbins. "Encyclopædia Britannica Article". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  9. ^ a b R. Middleton, et al., "Pop", Grove music online, retrieved 14 March 2010. (subscription required) Archived 13 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b "Pop", The Oxford Dictionary of Music, retrieved 9 March 2010.(subscription required) Archived 12 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ R. McKitterick, C. T. Allmand, T. Reuter, D. Abulafia, P. Fouracre, J. Simon, C. Riley-Smith, M. Jones, eds, The New Cambridge Medieval History: C. 1415- C. 1500 (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 319.
  12. ^ W. Lovelock, A Concise History of Music (Frederick Ungar, 1953), p. 57.
  13. ^ R. H. Fritze and W. Baxter Robison, Historical dictionary of late medieval England, 1272-1485 (Greenwood, 2002), p. 363; G. H. Cowling, Music on the Shakespearian Stage (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 6.
  14. ^ J. P. Wainright, 'England ii, 1603-1642' in J. Haar, ed., European Music, 1520-1640 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2006), pp. 509-21.
  15. ^ T. Carter and J. Butt, The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 280, 300, 433 and 541.
  16. ^ M. Lubbock, The Complete Book of Light Opera (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962) pp. 467-8.
  17. ^ E. Arweck and W. J. F. Keenan, Materializing Religion: Expression, Performance and Ritual (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), p. 167.
  18. ISBN 0-7130-0238-7
    , p. 62.
  19. ISBN 0-19-515878-4
    , p. 47.
  20. ISBN 0-674-37501-7
    , p. 292.
  21. ^
    ISBN 0-7190-2914-7
    .
  22. ISBN 0-19-515878-4
    .
  23. ^ B. Capp, ‘Popular literature’, in B. Reay, ed., Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (Routledge, 1985), p. 199.
  24. ^ T. Herbert, The British Brass Band: a Musical and Social History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 4-5.
  25. ^ Diana Howard London Theatres and Music Halls 1850-1950 (1970).
  26. ^ C. Parsonage, The evolution of jazz in Britain, 1880-1935 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005), pp. 197-200.
  27. ^ P. Childs, M. Storry, Encyclopedia of contemporary British culture (London: Taylor & Francis, 1999), p. 412.
  28. ^ Sheffield, Rob (2016-01-11). "Why David Bowie Was the Greatest Rock Star Ever". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  29. ^ Prown & Newquist 1997, p. 78.
  30. ^ "Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  31. ^ MacDonald 1998, p. xiv.
  32. ^ Lindberg et al. 2005, pp. 104–106.
  33. ^ "The Rolling Stones | Biography & History". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  34. ISBN 978-0-7872-9969-9. Archived
    from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  35. ^ "Glam Rock". Encarta. Archived from the original on 28 August 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  36. ^ "The Sex Pistols". RollingStone.com. 2001. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  37. ISBN 1-899855-13-0
    .
  38. ^ a b c "NME Originals: Goth". NME. 2004. Archived from the original on January 26, 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  39. ^ a b Abebe, Nitsuh (24 January 2007). "Various Artists: A Life Less Lived: The Gothic Box". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  40. ^ Rambali, Paul (July 1983). "A Rare Glimpse into a Private World". The Face. Curtis' death wrapped an already mysterious group in legend. From the press eulogies, you would think Curtis had gone to join Chatterton, Rimbaud and Morrison in the hallowed hall of premature harvests. To a group with several strong gothic characteristics was added a further piece of romance. The rock press had lost its great white hope, but they had lost a friend. It must have made bitter reading.
  41. ^ "Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps". Theaustralian.com.au. Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  42. ^ "MTV launches the 'second British invasion'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  43. ^ a b Simon Reynolds, Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978–1984, pp. 340, 342–3.
  44. ^ "Band Bio". ironmaiden.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  45. ^ "Culture Club, Police, Duran Duran lead Second Invasion Scripps-Howard News Service printed by The Pittsburgh Press October 31, 1984". Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  46. ^ "Keeping the 'Faith': Six Writers Remember the Six Classic Hit Singles From George Michael's 30-Year-Old Debut". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  47. ^ Stryker McGuire (2009-03-29). "This time I've come to bury Cool Britannia". The Observer. Archived from the original on 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  48. ^ Alex Henderson. "British Soul". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2010-11-04.
  49. ^ "Dubstep Music Genre Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  50. ^ "Local Groove Does Good: The Story Of Trip-Hop's Rise From Bristol". npr.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  51. ^ David Jefferies. "Adele: Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  52. ^ Grein, Paul (26 November 2019). "Beyoncé, Taylor Swift & Lady Gaga Could All Move Up List of Female Artists With the Most Grammys". Billboard. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  53. ^ a b "Ed Sheeran named 'artist of the decade'". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  54. ^ "Little Mix: Everything you need to know about the UK's biggest girl group ". Heat World. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  55. ^ "Little Mix are ready to own their status as the biggest girl band in the world". Gay Times UK. 4 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  56. ^ "Academic study finds grime as 'disruptive and powerful' as punk". BBC News. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.

References

External links
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