Musketeer

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses of this term, see Musketeer (disambiguation).
A South Indian musketeer, holding a musket; ca.1780

A Dutch musketeer, holding a musket; painting by Jacob van Gheyn in 1608


A musketeer (French: mousquetaire) was a type of soldier equipped with a musket. Musketeers were an important part of early modern warfare, particularly in Europe, as they normally comprised the majority of their infantry. The musketeer was a precursor to the rifleman. Muskets were replaced by breech loading rifles as the almost universal firearm for modern armies during the period 1850 to 1870. The traditional designation of "musketeer" for an infantry private survived in the Imperial German Army until World War I.

Asia

Ming gunman using multi barreled repeating firearm
Musketeers in China from the Ming dynasty.

Han East Asia

The

Qing dynasties (1644–1911). Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598 AD, the Shenqipu, contains illustrations of Ottoman Turkish and European musketeers together with detailed diagrams of their muskets.[2] There was also an illustration and description of how the Han people had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position when firing, while favoring the use of European-made muskets.[3] The Han people also built the first repeating firearm: several barrels behind a small wooden shield. The gunman would turn these barrels lighting each barrel with a slow match one by one. These weapons were most effective when fired from walls or high positions. Needham considered this weapon to be a "primitive machine-gun".[4][5][6]

Indian Sub-continent

gunsmiths created matchlock muskets for the Mughal infantry[7] plus some combination weapons
.

Europe

Spain

A tercio musketeer c. 1650

In the

phalanx in function, but was far more flexible and deadly. Musketeers were developed by the Spanish during the Italian Wars so as to deal with the heavily armored French Gendarmes. An arquebus was not powerful enough to take down an armored knight, but a wall gun was. Spanish field commanders wanted to bring the firepower of a small wall gun onto the battlefield yet have it be as maneuverable as an arquebus. The solution was a bigger arquebus, but the additional weight made it extremely difficult to support the barrel during aiming and firing; hence, the musket rest, the precursor to the monopod.[8] Furthermore, musketeers were the first infantry to give up armor entirely.[9] Other than the musket rest, the musketeer's equipage was upgraded from a powder flask to a bandolier. Due to the difficulty in manipulating the musket rest and the strength needed to handle the heavier gun, musketeers were stronger men and paid more than the rest of the infantry.[10]

France

Uniforms of Musketeers of the Guard, 1660–1814

The

dragoons.[11] At the Battle of Fontenoy
in 1745 the King's Musketeers served as regular cavalry, charging British infantry with drawn swords.

As one of the junior units in the Royal Guard, the Musketeers were not closely linked to the royal family. Traditional bodyguard duties were in fact performed by the

Garde du Corps and the Cent-suisses. Because of its later establishment, the Musketeers were open to the lower classes of French nobility or younger sons from noble families whose oldest sons served in the more prestigious Garde du Corps and Chevau-legers (Light Horse). The Musketeers, many of them still teenagers, soon gained a reputation for fighting spirit and unruly behaviour.[12]

Their high esprit de corps gained royal favor for the Musketeers, and they were frequently seen at court and in Paris. Shortly after their creation,

Louis XIV, to the disgust of both the King's Musketeers and the Cardinal's Musketeers. The Musketeers were subsequently reorganized as a guard cavalry regiment of two companies. The King's Musketeers became the first company, popularly known as "Grey Musketeers" (mousquetaires gris), while the Cardinal's Musketeers became the second company, known as "Black Musketeers" (mousquetaires noirs) for riding grey and black horses, respectively. From their establishment, the musketeers wore blue cloak-like cassocks, lined with red and edged with silver embroidery. From 1688, the cassocks were replaced by smaller soubrevestes or sleeveless coats in the same colours. In the early decades of the corps, the musketeers had worn civilian dress under their cassocks, according to personal taste and means, but in 1677 a scarlet uniform was adopted.[13]

D'Artagnan
's monument in Paris

In terms of recruitment, entry into the Musketeers was much sought after by those sons of the aristocracy who did not possess the quarterings of nobility required for the Garde du Corps and Chevau-legers.[14] These two senior guard units were closed to all but the highest ranking and wealthy noble families. Accordingly for lesser gentry, or ambitious commoners, service in the Musketeers was the only way to join a mounted unit in the royal household and perhaps catch the King's eye. However, enlistment did require both letters of recommendation and evidence that a recruit had the family means to support the costs of service. These included the provision of horses, swords, clothing, a servant and equipment. Only the musket, the sleeveless soubreveste and the distinctive blue cassock were provided by the monarch.[15]

In 1776, the Musketeers were disbanded by

Louis XVI for budgetary reasons. Following the first Bourbon Restoration, the Musketeers were reestablished on 6 July 1814 along with the other military units of the former royal household. These expensive and aristocratic regiments proved ineffective when Napoleon returned from Elba, mostly dispersing, though some accompanied Louis XVIII into brief exile. Following the second restoration of the monarchy, the Musketeers were finally disbanded on 31 December 1815.[16]

Decades later, starting in 1844, this group was the subject of the now-famous serial publication

Monsieur d'Artagnan, capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi (Memoirs of Mister d'Artagnan, lieutenant captain of the first company of the King's Musketeers) by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (Cologne, 1700),[17] a fictionalized account of the life of Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673). Other musketeers served as inspirations for some of the other characters. Isaac de Porthau (1617–1712) was the inspiration for Dumas's character Porthos. Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Troisville
(1598–1672), was fictionalized as Monsieur de Tréville.

Other Musketeers include:

Sweden

Gustav II Adolf, the Swedish Army brought to maturity the new style of fighting that made Sweden into a great power in the 17th century. This style of fighting became the new standard throughout Europe and its colonies in the latter stages of musket dominated warfare. Manuals based on Gustav's own revolutionised the training and tactics of western armies.[citation needed
]

Britain

A heraldic supporter: a musketeer of the Honourable Artillery Company, in sand, 19th century

The iconic musket carrying "

Land Pattern Musket
, or Brown Bess. He was well trained by the standards of the time, training with live ammunition. A fully trained redcoat could fire four times a minute. This, combined with the technique of firing by companies (a method wherein blocks of men fired smaller volleys in succession, creating a wave of fire down the front of the regiment), made it possible for the British musketeer to win pitched battles, often against superior numbers.

The term "musketeer" was rarely used in the titles of regiments. Examples include the 106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers), the 110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers) and the 112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers), all raised and disbanded in the 1760s.

The musket was withdrawn from service with the British Army in 1854, replaced by the muzzle-loading Minié rifle, which had an accurate range of over three times that of the Brown Bess which it replaced.[18]

Eurasia

Ottoman Empire

An illustration of Janissaries.

The

Arabia and North Africa used muskets to conquer Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and were one of the earliest users of muskets in a military conflict. It also utilized large cannons, including the Great Turkish Bombard
.

Russia

Main article: Streltsy

Streltsy (

firearms and bardiches
. They are also collectively known as Strelets Troops (Стрелецкое Войско).

Streltsy in 1674

The first streltsy units were created by

hereditary. The bearded strelsty were organized into regiments, each with a long coat (kaftan) and pointed cloth hat of a distinctive colour. By 1680, there were 20 regiments of Moscow streltsy totaling 20,048 men and comprising about 12 per cent of the total army[20] (along with cossacks, militia and an increasing number of regular soldiers). In addition, there were significant numbers of frontier and garrison streltsy serving outside Moscow, although these were less formally drilled and equipped.[21]

The Muscovite government was chronically short of cash so that the streltsy were often not paid well. While "entitled" to something like four rubles a year in the 1550s, they were often allowed to farm or trade in order to supplement their incomes. Textiles for clothing and foodstuffs were sometimes issued as part of their pay. A commander of one hundred musketeers (sotnik) received up to 20 roubles a year and a regimental head (streletski golova) between 30 and 60.[22]

In the late 17th century, the Streltsy of Moscow began to actively participate in a struggle for power between different government groups, supporting dissidents and showing hostility towards any foreign innovations.[23]

After the fall of

Peter the Great engaged in a process of gradual limitation of the streltsy's military and political influence. In order to counter their power, Peter began to raise a new regular army, still armed with muskets but disciplined, uniformed and organised along West European lines. In spite of these measures, the streltsy revolted yet again while Peter was on his Great Embassy in Europe. The four regiments involved were disbanded and 1,200 of the mutineers were executed. The remainder were exiled, had their property confiscated and were banned from future military employment.[24] The entire corps was technically abolished in 1689; however, after having suffered a defeat at Narva in 1700, the government retained some streltsy units in service.[25]

Gradually, the streltsy were incorporated into the regular army. At the same time, the Tsarist government started to disband the Municipal Streltsy. Liquidation of the last streltsy units (by then social rather than military groups) was finally completed by 1728.[26]

The

Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments of the Imperial Guard replaced the streltsy as the political and military force closest to the tsar.[27]

Africa

A small musketeer force was authorized in Kongo mostly made up of the mestiço, who were mixed race Kongolese with Portuguese ancestry. Over 300 musketeers served in the Kongo army against the Portuguese at the Battle of Mbwila in 1665.[28][29] Musketeers were employed into the Wydah army from 1680 AD but they did not completely replace the spearmen, swordsmen and archers. In war, the Musketeers were first to go into action as they fought in the front ranks of the army.[30]

See also

Gallery

  • Musketeer from Altblau regiment (1624–1650) from Swedish army with musket and with bardiche (long poleaxe)
    Musketeer from Altblau regiment (1624–1650) from Swedish army with musket and with bardiche (long poleaxe)
  • 18th-century musketeers from Świdnica (reconstruction).
    18th-century musketeers from Świdnica (reconstruction).

References

  1. ^ Chase 2003, p. 141.
  2. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 447–454.
  3. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 449–452.
  4. ISBN 0-521-30358-3
    . makes its appearance, but now alongside all kinds of more modern things, such as mobile armoured shields for field-guns, bullet-moulds and muskets, and even a kind of primitive machine-gun. b The fire-lance was not yet quite dead
  5. ISBN 962-209-188-1
    . Once again the li hua ch'iang makes its appearance, but now alongside all kinds of more modern things, such as ... for field-guns, bullet moulds, and muskets, and even a kind of primitive machine- gun.96 The fire-lance was not yet quite
  6. ISBN 978-0-7566-4219-8
    .
  7. ISBN 1-85532-344-3
    .
  8. ISBN 979-8429737126.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  9. ISBN 979-8429737126.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  10. ^ Parker, Geoffrey (1972). The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road. Cambridge University Press. p. 274.
  11. ISBN 9781780968612
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-78096-861-2
    .
  13. ISBN 9781780968612
    .
  14. ISBN 978-1-78096-861-2
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-78096-861-2
    .
  16. ISBN 978-1-78096-861-2
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-78096-861-2
    .
  18. ^ R. M. Barnes, A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army, Sphere Books, p. 95.
  19. ISBN 1-85532-413-X
    .
  20. ISBN 1-84176-925-8
    .
  21. ISBN 1-84176-925-8
    .
  22. ISBN 1-84176-925-8
    .
  23. ISBN 1-85532-315-X
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0809464586
    .
  25. ISBN 1-85532-315-X
    .
  26. ISBN 1-84176-925-8
    .
  27. ISBN 1-85532-315-X
    .
  28. JSTOR 2164997
    .
  29. S2CID 144152478
    .
  30. S2CID 163027192
    .

Sources

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