Islamic extremism
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Islamic extremism, Islamist extremism or radical Islam refers a set of
Political definitions of Islamic extremism, such as that employed by the government of the United Kingdom, characterize it as any form of Islam that opposes "democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty, and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs."[2] In 2019, the United States Institute of Peace issued a report on extremism in fragile states, advocating the establishment of a shared understanding, operational framework for prevention, and international cooperation.[3]
Islamic extremism is different from
Definitions
Academic definition
The academic definition of radical Islam consists of two parts:
- The first being: Islamic thought that states that all ideologies other than Islam, whether associated with the West (capitalism or democracy) or the East (communism or socialism) have failed and have demonstrated their bankruptcy.[1]
- The second being: Islamic thought that states that (semi)secular regimes are wrong because of their negligence of Islam.[4]
United Kingdom High Courts definition
The UK High Courts have ruled in two cases on Islamic extremism, and provided definition.
Aside from those, two major definitions have been offered for Islamic extremism, sometimes using overlapping but also distinct aspects of extreme interpretations and pursuits of Islamic ideology:
- The use of violent tactics such as bombing and assassinations for achieving perceived Islamic goals (see Jihadism; or Zeyno Baran, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Eurasian Policy at the Hudson Institute, prefers the term Islamist extremism)[5]
- An extremely conservative view of Islam,[6] which does not necessarily entail violence[7] (see also Islamic fundamentalism [Baran again prefers the term Islamism]).[5]
UK High Court rulings
There are two UK High Court cases that explicitly address the issue of Islamic extremism.[8]
- May 2016: An Appeal from the Crown Court and Central Criminal Court: several individuals' cases considered together.[9]
- October 2016: In which the Judge concluded that Imam Shakeel Begg is an Islamic Extremist, and does not uphold Begg's claim that the BBC had libelled him by saying so.[10]
May 2016 appeal case
The judge refers to several grounds: section 20 of the 2006 Act; the definition of "terrorism" in section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and the decision of the Supreme Court in R v Gul.[9]
October 2016 Shakeel Begg case
Begg, a prominent Muslim public figure and Imam at Lewisham Islamic Centre since 1998 lost his 2016 court case of
In Charles Haddon-Cave's findings he wrote:[10]
Extremist Islamic positions
118. In my view, the following constitute "extremist" Islamic positions (or indicia thereof).
- First, a 'Manichean' view of the world. A total, eternal 'Manichean' worldview is a central tenet of violent Islamic extremism. It divides the world strictly into 'Us' versus 'Them': those who are blessed or saved (i.e. the "right kind" of Muslim) on the one hand and those who are to be damned for eternity (i.e. the "wrong kind" of Muslim and everyone else) on the other. For violent Islamic extremists, the "wrong kind" of Muslim includes moderate Sunni Muslims, all Shia Muslims, and many others who are "mete for the sword" and can be killed, and anyone who associates or collaborates" with them...
- Second, the reduction of jihad (striving in God's cause) to qital (armed combat) ('the Lesser Jihad')...
- Third, the ignoring or flouting of the conditions for the declaration of armed jihad (qital), i.e. the established Islamic doctrinal conditions for the declaration of armed combat (qital) set out above...
- Fourth, the ignoring or flouting of the strict regulations governing the conduct of armed jihad, i.e. the stipulations in the Qur'an and the Sunna for the ethics of conducting qital set out above. Thus, the use of excessive violence, attacks on civilians, indiscriminate 'suicide' violence and the torture or the murder of prisoners would constitute violation of these regulations of jihad...
- Fifth, advocating armed fighting in defence of Islam (qital) as a universal individual religious obligation (fard al 'ayn)...
- Sixth, any interpretation of Shari'a (i.e. religious law laid down by the Qur'an and the Sunna) that required breaking the 'law of the land'...
- Seventh, the classification of all non-Muslims as unbelievers (kuffar)...
- Eighth, the extreme Salafist Islamism doctrine that the precepts of the Muslim faith negate and supersede all other natural ties, such as those of family, kinship and nation...
- Ninth, the citing with approval the fatwa (legal opinions) of Islamic scholars who espouse extremist view...
- Tenth, any teaching which, expressly or implicitly, encourages Muslims to engage in, or support, terrorism or violence in the name of Allah.[10][11]
Key influences of radical Islam
Early Islam
According to the academic definition of radical Islam, the second condition for something to be called radical Islam, is that it is antigovernmental. Consequently, a government is a condition for radical Islam. However, even though the
Kharijites
Islamic extremism dates back to the
The Islamic tradition traces the origin of the Kharijities to the
These original Kharijites opposed both ʿAlī and Mu'awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by ʿAlī, who was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in guerilla warfare against the Umayyads, but only became a movement to be reckoned with during the Second Fitna (the second Islamic Civil War) when they at one point controlled more territory than any of their rivals. The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr's bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured the oasis town of al-Ta'if.[15]
The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Umayyads until they were finally put down in 699 CE. The more moderate Ibadi Kharijites were longer-lived, continuing to wield political power in North and East Africa and in eastern Arabia during the 'Abbasid period. Because of their readiness to declare any opponent as apostate, the extreme Kharijites tended to fragment into small groups. One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points.
- First, they were principled egalitarians, holding that any pious Muslim ("even an Ethiopian slave") can become Caliph and that family or tribal affiliation is inconsequential. The only requirements for leadership are piety and acceptance by the community.
- Second, they agreed that it is the duty of the believers to depose any leader who falls into error. This second principle had profound implications for Kharijite theology. Applying these ideas to the early history of the caliphate, Kharijites only accept Abu Bakr and 'Umar as legitimate caliphs. Of 'Uthman's caliphate they recognize only the first six years as legitimate, and they reject 'Ali altogether.
By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa' wrote his political treatise early in the 'Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the Islamic heartlands. The memory of the menace they had posed to Muslim unity and of the moral challenge generated by their pious idealism still weighed heavily on Muslim political and religious thought, however. Even if the Kharijites could no longer threaten, their ghosts still had to be answered.[15] The Ibadis are the only Kharijite group to survive into modern times.
Ibn Taymiyyah
Modern Islam
Salafism and Wahhabism
Part of a series on:
Sab'u Masajid , Saudi Arabia |
---|
Islam portal |
The
The
Wahhabism has been described as a conservative, strict, and
22 months after the
Contemporary Islam
The contemporary period begins after 1924. With the
Muhammad Abduh
Rashid Rida
Hassan al-Banna
Abul A'la al-Maududi
Sayyid Qutb
Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam.[43][44][53] Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an apologist.[53] He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue,[43][53] and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān (In the shade of the Qurʾān) and his 1966 manifesto Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq (Milestones), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government.[53][54] Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and across the Muslim world adopted many of his Islamist principles.[43][53]
According to Qutb, the
Active Islamic extremist groups
Groups
Group Name | Banner | Home Base | Leaders | Strength | Casualties | Ideology | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Qaeda | Afghanistan, Pakistan, and MENA region | Osama bin Laden † (1988–2011) Ayman al-Zawahiri † (2011–2022) Saif al-Adel (de facto; 2022–present) |
300–3,000[55][56] | 4,400 casualties[57] | Sharia law, and rid the Muslim world of any Non-Muslim influences by following the doctrine and teachings of the Egyptian Islamist ideologue and propagandist Sayyid Qutb.[58] The title translates to "Organization of the Base of Jihad".
| ||
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb | Kabylie Mountains, Algeria
|
Abdelmalek Droukdel | 800–1,000+[59] | 200+ | AQIM is a Government of Algeria and replace it with an Islamic state .
| ||
Al-Mourabitoun a.k.a. al-Qaeda West Africa |
Mali, Niger, and Libya | Mokhtar Belmokhtar | Under 100 (French claim) | Killed 27 in the 2015 Bamako hotel attack. | Affiliated branch of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb listed above. | ||
Ansar al-Sharia in Yemen a.k.a. Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula |
Yemen | Nasir al-Wuhayshi † (2011–15) Qasim al-Raymi † (2015 – 2020)[60] |
2,000+ | Over 250 killed in the 2013 Sana'a attack.[61]
|
AQAP is considered the most active[62] of al-Qaeda's branches, or "franchises", that emerged due to weakening central leadership.[63] The U.S. Government believes AQAP to be the most dangerous al-Qaeda branch due to its emphasis on attacking the "far enemy" and its reputation for plotting attacks on overseas targets.[61][64] | ||
al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
|
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar | Asim Umar | 300[65][66] | Claims 6 killed in assassinations. Naval frigate hijacking attempted in 2014. | AQIS is a Myanmar, and Bangladesh in order to establish an Islamic state .
| ||
Islamic State Caliphate
|
Northeastern Nigeria, Chad, Niger, Mali, and northern Cameroon[67] | Mohammed Yusuf † (founder
2002 - 2009) |
Estimates range between 500 and 9,000[68][69][70] | Since 2009, it has killed 20,000 and displaced 2.3 million. | Title means "Western education is forbidden", founded as a Islamic State's West Africa Province (ISWAP).[67]
| ||
Hamas (acronym for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyah, "Islamic Resistance Movement")[71] |
Gaza Strip | Khaled Meshaal
|
16,000+[72] | Since 1988, numerous rocket attacks and suicide bombers targeting Israel and Israelis. | Founded as an offshoot of the Egyptian State of Israel .
| ||
Hezbollah a.k.a. The Party of Allah |
Lebanon | Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah
|
1,000+[73] | Since 1982, numerous . | |||
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (commonly known as ISIS, ISIL, IS, or Daesh)
|
Iraq and Syria (occupied territories) | Abu Musab al-Zarqawi † (founder 1999 - 2006) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi † (2010 - 2019) Abu Ibrahimi al-Hashimi al-Qurashi † (2019 - 2022)[76] Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (2022)[77]Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi (2022-2023) Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (2023-present) |
40,000–200,000 at its height across all 'provinces'[78][79] | 30,000+ killed, including the | . | ||
Jemaah Islamiyah | Southeast Asia: | Abu Bakar Bashir
|
5,000[82] | Over 250 killed in bombings throughout Indonesia since 2002 | With a name meaning "Islamic Congregation" (frequently abbreviated JI), terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah (regional Islamic caliphate) in Southeast Asia.[84]
| ||
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan a.k.a. Pakistani Taliban |
Northwest Pakistan | Maulana Fazlullah
|
25,000[85] | hundreds | TTP is an umbrella organization of various Sunnī Islamist and militant groups protecting foreign Islamic terrorists hiding in the mountains of Pakistan. Not to be confused with the Afghani Taliban. | ||
Jaish-e-Mohammed | Kashmir, India | Masood Azhar | Aim is to annex Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan. Operates primarily in Jammu and Kashmir. | ||||
Lashkar-e Tayyiba
a.k.a. LeT |
Kashmir, India | Hafiz Saeed | Aim is to annex Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan and, ultimately, install Islamic rule throughout South Asia. Operational throughout India, especially in the northern region of Jammu and Kashmir since at least 1993.[86] | ||||
Allied Democratic Forces | Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo | ||||||
National Thowheeth Jama'ath | Sri Lanka | 269 (excluding 9 bombers) | Convert Sri Lanka into an Islamic caliphate |
Foreign political support
According to the British historian Mark Curtis, in his book Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam, Britain has been accused of consistently supporting radical Islam to combat secular nationalism. Because the secular nationalists threatened to seize the resources of their countries and use it for internal development, which was not accepted by England.[87] The United States, like Britain before it, has been accused of historically supporting radical Islam in the face of secular nationalism, seen as a major threat to Western colonial dominance. Chomsky and coauthors accuse Israel of destroying Egypt and Syria in 1967, two bastions of secular Arab nationalism opposed to Saudi Arabia, which they view as the leader of radical Islam.[88]
See also
- Antisemitism in the Arab world
- Antisemitism in Islam
- Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
- Islam and other religions
- Islam and secularism
- Islam and violence
- Islam and war
- Islamic views on slavery
- Islam Yes, Islamic Party No
- Islamic extremism in Mali
- Islamic extremism in Northern Nigeria
- Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt
- Islamic extremism in the United States
- Islamic terrorism
- Islamism
- List of Islamist terrorist attacks
- Mujahideen
- Petro-Islam
- Qutbism
- Racism in Muslim communities
- Religious fanaticism in Islam
- Salafi movement
- International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism (by region)
- Salafi jihadism
- Wahhabism
- Takfirism
- Violent extremism
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Further reading
- Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). "The Ideologues". Homegrown: ISIS in America (1st ed.). ISBN 978-1-7883-1485-5.
- LCCN 2006012361.
- Ramakrishna, Kumar (2022). Extremist Islam: Recognition and Response in Southeast Asia. OCLC 1267403660.
- Shultz, Richard H. (April 2008). "A Global Salafi Jihad Insurgency: Myth or Reality?". Global Insurgency Strategy and the Salafi Jihad Movement. INSS Occasional Paper. Vol. 66. USAF Academy. pp. 42–86.
- Ullah, Haroon K. (2017). Digital World War: Islamists, Extremists, and the Fight for Cyber Supremacy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300231106.
External links
- Quotations related to Islamic extremism at Wikiquote