Mycale
Mount Mycale | |
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Μυκάλη Samsun Dağı | |
Aydin Province, Republic of Turkey
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Parent range | Aydin Mountain Range in the Menderes Massif |
Geology | |
Mountain type | Ridge, 20 km (12 mi) long |
Climbing | |
Easiest route | Hike |
Mycale (
In the Late Bronze Age, it may have been known under the Hittite name Arrinnanda.
In classical Greece nearly the entire ridge was a promontory enclosed by the Aegean Sea. Geopolitically it was part of Ionia with Priene placed on the coast on the south flank of the mountain and Miletus on the coast opposite to the south across the deep embayment into which the Maeander River drained. Somewhat further north was Ephesus.
The ruins of the first two Ionian cities mentioned with their harbor facilities remain but today are several miles inland overlooking instead a rich agricultural plain and delta parkland created by deposition of sediments from the river, which continues to form the geological feature named after it, maeanders. The end of the former bay remains as a lake, Çamiçi Gölü (Lake Bafa). Samsun Daği, or Mycale, still has a promontory.
The entire ridge was designated as a national park in 1966; Dilek Yarimadisi Milli Parki ("Dilek Peninsula National Park") has 109.85 km2 (27,145 acres), which is partly accessible to the public. The remainder is a military reservation. The park's isolation has encouraged the return of the native ecology, which is 60% maquis shrubland. It is a refuge for species that used to be more abundant in the region.
Geophysics
Western Turkey is mainly
Mount Mycale is part of a larger ridge, which continues in
Mycale is scored transversely by numerous ravines through which sources drain. The biggest ravine is Oluk Gorge, with cliffs 200 m (656 ft) high. The main permanent streams are the Bal Deresi, the Sarap Dami and the Oluk Dereleri. The ample water supply supports a verdant maquis.
The rock is primarily
Ecology
The ridge and its environs offer a number of different ecologies. The crest is a sharp divide between the
The maquis vegetation includes
The mixed pine forest goes up to 700 m (2,297 ft). Its major plant species are
Some
Some birds are
History
Earliest references
Mycale,
A similar metaphor is to be found in the centuries-later Hymn to Delos of
The state of Melia
After the Late Bronze Age the entire Aegean region entered a historical period termed the
During this rise to prominence twelve cities were settled or resettled and emerged as Ionia speaking varieties of Ionic Greek[citation needed]. Vitruvius, however, says there were thirteen, the extra state being Melite, which "... as a punishment of the arrogance of its citizens was detached from the other states in a war levied pursuant to the directions of a general council (communi consilio); and in its place ... the city of Smyrna was admitted into the number of Ionian states (inter Ionas est recepta)."[6] There is no other mention of Melite anywhere but two fragments of Hecataeus say that Melia was a city of Caria and an inscription from Priene confirms that there had been a "Meliac War"[7] against a state located between Priene and Samos; i.e., on Mycale.
The inscription records the result of an arbitration between Priene and Samos by jurors from
Priene had now reopened the case arguing that their sale of plots from the land demonstrated their continuous ownership of it except for a brief period when an invasion of the
Panionium
The Melians had named their capital Carium, "of Caria" as a Greek word[further explanation needed]. Considering that it was placed in Ionia, the choice of name suggests a political statement of some sort, although the word may have had a different meaning in the Carian language, now lost except for a few dozen words. The Ionians leagued together to defeat it and continued the league, building a capital they called Panionium, "of all the Ionians" next to the former Carium. It rose to prominence while the Ionian confederacy was sovereign, became a memory when Ionia was incorporated into other states and empires and finally was lost altogether. The ancient writers remembered that it had been on the north side of the mountain, across the ridge from Priene.
After a few false identifications in modern times, the ruins of Melia and the Panionium were discovered in 2004 on Dilek Daglari, a smaller peak of Mycale, 15 km (9 mi) to the north of Priene at an elevation of 750 m (2,461 ft).[11] The Carium must be the early 7th century BC town surrounded by a triangular wall in places as thick as 3 m (10 ft).
The
The temple believed to the
Whether this body existed before the Meliac War is uncertain. Vitruvius' commune consilium seems to translate koinon. Some analysts have postulated an association as early as 800 BC but whether formally constituted remains unknown. There is no sign of it yet on Mycale unless Carium had in fact been it.
Battle of Mycale
In 479 BC, Mycale was the site of one of the two major battles that ended the second
Notes
- ^ Smith, William (1850). "Mycale". New Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology and Geography. London: John Murray.. Downloadable Google Books.
- ^ Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1995). "Geology". Turkey: A Country Study. GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ Candan, Osman; O. Özcan Dora (February 1998). "Granulite, eclogite and blueschist relics in the Menderes Massif: an approach to pan-African and tertiary metamorphic evolution" (PDF). Geological Bulletin of Turkey. 41 (1): 3.
- ^ UNEP:WCMC (1988). "Turkey: Dilek Yarimadisi NP (Dilek Peninsula)". United Nations Environment Programme: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from the original on 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
- ^ Morris, Sarah (2000). "Potnia Aswiya: Anatolian Contributions to Greek Religion". In Laffineur, Robert; Hägg, Robin (eds.). Potnia: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Göteborg. Université de Liège: Aegeum 22 2001. pp. 425–428. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-22. Retrieved 2008-02-05..
- ^ Vitruvius, Marcus (2008). Thayer, Bill (ed.). de Architectura: Book IV Chapter 1 Sections 4-5. LacusCurtius..
- Melos.
- ^ Syll. 599 - in English translation.
- ^ RC. 7 - in English translation.
- ^ A discussion of the arbitration in English can be found at Tod, Marcus Niebuhr (1913). International Arbitration Amongst the Greeks. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. pp. 135–140. Downloadable Google Books. Most of the inscription can be found in Müller, Carolus (1848). Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum: Volumen Secundum (in Greek and Latin). Paris: Editore Ambrosio Firmin Didot. pp. 336–337, Fragment 7, Maeandrii Milesii. Downloadable Google Books.
- ^ a b "Recent Finds in Archaeology: Panionion Sanctuary Discovered in Southwest Turkey". Athena Review. 4 (2): 10–11. 2005. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
- ISBN 0-415-29898-9.
- ^ Pausanias (2000–2008). "Description of Greece 7.24.5". Theoi Greek Mythology: Poseidon Cult 2: II Helike Town in Akhaia. The Theoi Project: Greek Mythology. Retrieved 2008-08-02. Strabo's contention (8.7.2, quoted on same page) that the "Akhaians later gave the model of the temple to the Ionians" cannot be true, as the submersion did not occur until 373 BC.
- ^ Pausanias, 1.25.1, 3.7.9, 8.52.3; Thucydides, 1.89.
- ^ Herodotus, 9.90, 9.96.
References
- ISBN 0-674-99133-8.
- ISBN 0-674-99300-4.
- Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton. 1910. .
External links
- Lendering, Jona (1996–2008). "Mycale (Dilek Dagi)". Livius articles on ancient history. Archived from the original on 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- "Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2008-01-31.