Mycangium
The term mycangium (pl., mycangia) is used in
Some species of
Origin
These structures were first systematically described by Helene Francke-Grosmann at 1956.[4] Then Lekh R. Batra[5] coined the word mycangia:[6] modern Latin, from Greek myco 'fungus' + angeion 'vessel'.
Function
The most common function of mycangia is preserving and releasing symbiotic inoculum. Usually, the symbiotic inoculum in mycangia will benefit their vectors (typically insect or mites), helping them to adapt to the new environment or provide nutrients of the vectors themselves and their descendants.[7]
For example, the ambrosia beetle (Euwallacea fornicatus) carries the symbiotic fungus Fusarium. When the beetle bores a host plant, it releases the symbiotic fungus from its mycangium. The symbiotic fungus becomes a plant pathogen, acting to weaken the resistance of host plant.[8] In the meantime, the fungus grows quickly in the galleries as the main food of beetle.[8] After reproduction, maturing beetles will fill their mycangia with symbiont before hunting for a new host plant.[9]
Therefore, mycangia play an important role in protecting the inoculum from degradation and contamination. The structures of mycangia always resemble a pouch or a container, with caps or a small opening that reduce the possibility of contaminants from outside.[4] How mycangia release their inoculum is still unknown.
Mycangia and symbiotic inoculum
Most of the inoculum in mycangia are fungi. The symbiotic inoculum of most bark and ambrosia beetles are fungi belonging to Ophiostomatales (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetidae) and Microascales (Ascomycota: Hypocreomycetidae).[7] Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of woodwasps are Amylostereaceae (Basidiomycota: Russulales).[10] Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of lizard beetles are yeast (Ascomycota: Saccharomycetales).[11] Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of ship-timber beetles are Endomyces (Ascomycota: Dipodascaceae).[12] Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of leaf-rolling weevils are Penicillium fungi (Ascomycota: Trichocomaceae).[13] In addition to the above primary symbiotic fungi, secondary fungi and some bacteria have been isolated from mycangia.[14]
Mycangia in insects
Mycangia in bark and ambrosia beetles
Mycangia of
Mycangia in woodwasps (horntails)
Mycangia of the
Mycangia in lizard beetles
One species of lizard beetle Doubledaya bucculenta (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Erotylidae) has mycangia on the tergum of the eighth abdominal segment. This ovipositor-associated mycangia is only present in adult females. Before Doubledaya bucculentnta deposit their eggs and inject the symbiotic microorganisms on a recently dead bamboo, they will excavate a small hole through the bamboo culm.[11]
Mycangia in ship-timber beetles
The ship-timber beetle (Coleoptera: Lymexylidae) is another family of wood-boring beetles that live with symbiotic fungi. Buchner first discovered their mycangia located on the ventral side of the long ovipositor.[20] These mycangia form a pair of integumental pouches at either side near the tip of oviduct. When the female lays the eggs, new eggs are coated with the fungal spores.
Mycangia in leaf-rolling weevils
Females of the leaf-rolling weevil in the genus Euops (Coleoptera: Attelabidae) store symbiotic fungi in the mycangia, which is between the first ventral segment of the abdomen and the thorax.[13] Different from ovipositor-associate mycangia in woodwasps, lizard beetles, and ship-timber beetles, mycangia of leaf-rolling weevils is a pair of spore incubators at the anterior end of the abdomen. This mycangium is formed by the coxa and the metendosternite at the posterior end of the thorax.[10]
Mycangia in stag beetles
Mycangia of the stag beetles (
References
- S2CID 20763037.
- ^ a b Francke-Grossmann H. (1967). Ectosymbiosis in wood inhabiting insects. In: M. Henry (ed.) Symbiosis, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York. pp.141-205.
- S2CID 86284129.
- ^ a b Francke-Grosmann, H. 1956. Hautdrüsen als träger der pilzsymbiose bei ambrosiakäfern. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 45: 275–308.
- JSTOR 3626562.
- JSTOR 3626562.
- ^ PMID 27860522.
- ^ PMID 23608321.
- ^ "tea shot-hole borer, Euwallacea fornicatus". Featured Creatures.
- ^ S2CID 30261494.
- ^ PMID 22848648.
- ^ Lyngnes, A. R. (1958). "Studier over Hylecoetus dermestoides L. under et angrep på bjorkestokker på Sunnmore 1954-1955". Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrif. 10: 221–235.
- ^ S2CID 29669166.
- PMID 22546962.
- ISBN 978-0-8493-1286-1.
- PMID 26367271.
- ISSN 0008-4301.
- ^ Buchner, P. 1928: Holznahrung und Symbiose. Vortrag gehalten auf dem X internationalen Zoologentag zu Budapest am 8. September 1927. Berlin: Springer, pp. 13–16.
- .
- ISSN 0031-1049.
- S2CID 2650646.
- S2CID 2650646.
- ^ Tanahashi M., Fremlin M. (2013). "The mystery of the lesser stag beetle Dorcus parallelipipedus (L.) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) mycangium yeasts". Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society. 72 (510): 146–152.
- PMID 27432353.
- ^ Fremlin M.; Tanahashi M. (2015). "Sexually-dimorphic post-eclosion behaviour in the European stag beetle Lucanus cervus (L.) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)". Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft. 88: 29–38.