Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
Class: | Actinomycetia |
Order: | Mycobacteriales |
Family: | Mycobacteriaceae |
Genus: | Mycobacterium |
Subgenus: | |
Species: | M. avium |
Subspecies: | M. a. subsp. paratuberculosis
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Trinomial name | |
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Bergey et al. 1923) Thorel et al. 1990
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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an obligate
Pathophysiology
MAP causes
Recent studies have shown that MAP present in milk can survive pasteurization, which has raised human health concerns due to the widespread nature of MAP in modern dairy herds. MAP survival during pasteurization is dependent on the D72C-value of the strains present and their concentration in milk.[8] It is heat resistant and is capable of sequestering itself inside white blood cells, which may contribute to its persistence in milk. It has also been reported to survive chlorination in municipal water supplies.
MAP is a slow growing organism and is difficult to culture. Bacterial cultures were regarded as Gold standards for detection of MAP. Detection is very limited in fresh tissues, food, and water. Recently, John Aitken and Otakaro Pathways have discovered a method to culture MAP from human blood. Testing is ongoing. Professor John Hermon-Taylor of King's College London is developing a new vector type anti MAP vaccine which he claims is both curative and preventative. Stage 1 human trials began in January 2017 and concluded successfully in September 2019. He is also developing a companion MAP blood test.[citation needed][non-primary source needed]
It is not susceptible to antituberculosis drugs (which can generally kill
Crohn's disease
MAP is recognized as a multi-host mycobacterial pathogen with a proven specific ability to initiate and maintain systemic infection and
MAP has been found in larger numbers within the intestines of Crohn's disease patients[10] and in significant amount of irritable bowel syndrome patients[11] compared to those with ulcerative colitis or otherwise healthy controls. One study concluded that MAP "may act as a causative agent, have a role in the context of secondary infection, which may exacerbate the disease, or represent non-pathogenic colonisation."[6] The Crohns MAP Vaccine is an experimental vaccine based on this hypothesis.[12]
Genome
The genome of MAP strain K-10 was sequenced in 2005 and found to consist of a single circular chromosome of 4,829,781 base pairs, and to encode 4,350 predicted
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
- ^ "Study finds bacteria in milk linked to rheumatoid arthritis". MedicalXpress. University of Central Florida. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
- PMID 2397193.
- PMID 19602288..
- PMID 16043998. Archived from the originalon 2011-08-13.
- ^ PMID 17714674.
- PMID 33735385.
- ^ Mullan, W.M.A. (2015). HTST pasteurization. Is it time to raise statutory time / temperature conditions to destroy Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)?. [On-line]. Available from: https://www.dairyscience.info/index.php/food-model/277-htst-pasteurization.html . Accessed: 30 July 2018. Updated October, 2017; April 2018. [1]
- ^ "Johne's Information Center". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
- PMID 1644328.
- PMID 17913930.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in 15 of 20 (75%) patients with irritable bowel syndrome, 3 of 20 (15%) healthy controls, and 20 of 23 (87%) people with Crohn's disease
- ^ "The Crohn's Vaccine". Crohn's MAP Vaccine. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
- PMID 16116077.