Mycoplankton

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Mycoplankton are

There is a large amount of diversity among aquatic fungi. These fungi may be classified using three groups:[11]

• Lower fungi – adapted to marine habitats (zoosporic fungi, including mastigomycetes: oomycetes & chytridiomycetes)
• Higher fungi – filamentous, modified to planktonic lifestyle (hyphomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes)
• Terrestrial fungi – contain appendages of marine fungi (trichomycetes)

The majority of mycoplankton species are higher fungi, found in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla.^[8]

Genome sequencing is a common way to assess and categorize aquatic fungi. Fungi are Eukaryotes, and as such it is often the 18s rDNA which is sequenced.^[7]

According to fossil records, fungi date back to the late Proterozoic era, 900-570 million years ago. It is hypothesized that mycoplankton evolved from terrestrial fungi, likely in the Paleozoic era (390 million years ago).^[2] The methods and pathways of terrestrial fungi's adaption to the marine environment are still under study.

Biogeochemical contributions

There are multiple biogeochemical cycles in the Earth's oceans in which Mycoplankton play a role.^[12] They are a part of the microbial loop and other forms of nutrient cycling, including the mycoplankton specific mycoflux and mycoloop.^[13]

Cycling of organic nutrients

Mycoplankton, like all fungi, play an essential roll in the degradation of detritus and organic matter from plants, as well as other larger organisms.^[14][15] By working with other microbial communities, mycoplankton efficiently convert particulate organic matter to dissolved organic matter as part of biogeochemical cycling.^[12] Mycoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria mediate carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and other nutrient fluxes in marine ecosystems.^[16] The incorporation of dissolved organic carbon into microbe biomass is what is known as the microbial loop.^[13]

Mycoplankton are often found in higher abundances near the surface, as well as in shallow waters. This is indicative of a connection between mycoplankton and the upwelling of organic matter. Phytoplankton communities are also abundant in the euphotic zone, which provides further evidence for the role of Mycoplankton in consumption of organic matter.^[3][10]

Mycoloop and mycoflux

Mycoplankton are important in controlling phytoplankton and zooplankton populations. The mycoloop is very similar to the microbial loop, as the basis of both is for microbes to make material accessible to organisms that occupy higher trophic levels. Through the mycoloop phytoplankton are transformed such that they are able to be grazed upon by zooplankton. This function is performed by parasitic marine fungi (mycoplankton).^[13]

The mycoflux is understudied, but believed to be a part of carbon capture in aquatic habitats. Functionally, this process involves aquatic fungi breaking down organic matter.^[13]

Benthic shunt

Another process which mycoplankton take part in is known as the benthic shunt. This process takes place in the benthic zone, the sediments at the bottom of the water. The benthic shunt is typically referred to in relation to freshwater aquatic environments, but the concept is relevant and takes place in marine habitats as well. The benthic shunt is basically energy and nutrient flow as directed by lower trophic level organisms, such as mycoplankton.^[13]

Role in food webs

Due to their significant contributions to nutrient cycling, mycoplankton play a large role in regulation of food webs. Aquatic fungi such as mycoplankton degrade and convert organic matter into other forms. In a way, mycoplankton contributions to aquatic food webs are the biogeochemical services that they perform. The grazer food chain and the microbial food chain are inherently intertwined, as the dissolved organic carbon at the base of the microbial food chain originally comes from material excreted by grazers from the grazer food chain.^[8] Not only are the new forms of organic matter more palatable by macro plankton, but the process of conversion releases substrates which support bacterial growth.^[7] This in turn allows for the bacteria and macro plankton to support even higher trophic levels. This is a form of bottom-up control of aquatic food webs.

Communities

While mycoplankton are found in a variety of aquatic environments, their distribution, abundance, and diversity vary throughout these environments.^[7] There is typically a greater amount of diversity and a larger abundance of mycoplankton in coastal waters, due to the extra availability of nutrients. There also exists variation in community composition and diversity at different depths. The control factors for the distribution of mycoplankton is thought to be variable.^[8]

See also

• Algae – Diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
• Biological pump – Carbon capture process in oceans
• Marine fungi

References