Fungal infection
Mycosis | |
---|---|
Other names | Mycoses, culture, microscopic examination[6] |
Treatment | Antifungals[3] |
Frequency | Common[11] |
Deaths | 1.7 million (2020)[12] |
Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is
Fungi are everywhere, but only some cause disease.
Diagnosis is generally based on signs and symptoms,
Fungal infections have a world-wide distribution and are common, affecting more than one billion people every year.[11] An estimated 1.7 million deaths from fungal disease were reported in 2020.[12] Several, including sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis and mycetoma are neglected.[16]
A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals, and some can be transmitted from animals to people.[17]
Classification
Mycoses are traditionally divided into
ICD-11 codes
- 1F20 Aspergillosis
- 1F21 Basidiobolomycosis
- 1F22 Blastomycosis
- 1F23 Candidosis
- 1F24 Chromoblastomycosis
- 1F25 Coccidioidomycosis
- 1F26 Conidiobolomycosis
- 1F27 Cryptococcosis
- 1F28 Dermatophytosis
- 1F29 Eumycetoma
- 1F2A Histoplasmosis
- 1F2B Lobomycosis
- 1F2C Mucormycosis
- 1F2D Non-dermatophyte superficial dermatomycoses
- 1F2E Paracoccidioidomycosis
- 1F2F Phaeohyphomycosis
- 1F2G Pneumocystosis
- 1F2H Scedosporiosis
- 1F2J Sporotrichosis
- 1F2K Talaromycosis
- 1F2L Emmonsiosis
Superficial mycoses
Superficial mycoses include
-
Oral candidiasis
-
Tinea corporis
-
Pityriasis versicolor
Subcutaneous
Subcutaneous fungal infections include sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, and eumycetoma.[3]
Systemic
Systemic fungal infections include histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, mucormycosis, aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia and systemic candidiasis.[3]
Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens originate normally in the
Signs and symptoms
Most common mild mycoses often present with a rash.[2] Infections within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes.[3] Less common deeper fungal infections may present with pneumonia like symptoms or meningitis.[2]
Causes
Mycoses are caused by certain
Risk factors
Fungal infections are more likely in people with
Individuals being treated with antibiotics are at higher risk of fungal infections.[21]
Children whose
COVID-19
During the
Mechanism
Fungal infections occur after spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through a wound.[3]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is generally by signs and symptoms, microscopy, biopsy, culture and sometimes with the aid of medical imaging.[6]
Differential diagnosis
Some tinea and candidiasis infections of the skin can appear similar to
Some fungal infections such as coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis can present with fever, cough, and shortness of breath, thereby resembling COVID-19.[28]
Prevention
Keeping the skin clean and dry, as well as maintaining good hygiene, will help larger topical mycoses. Because some fungal infections are contagious, it is important to wash hands after touching other people or animals. Sports clothing should also be washed after use.[clarification needed][citation needed]
Treatment
Treatment depends on the type of fungal infection, and usually requires
Epidemiology
Worldwide, every year fungal infections affect more than one billion people.
According to the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, every year there are over 10 million cases of fungal asthma, around 3 million cases of long-term aspergillosis of lungs, 1 million cases of blindness due to fungal keratitis, more than 200,000 cases of meningitis due to cryptococcus, 700,000 cases of invasive candidiasis, 500,000 cases of pneumocystosis of lungs, 250,000 cases of invasive aspergillosis, and 100,000 cases of histoplasmosis.[32]
History
In 500BC, an apparent account of ulcers in the mouth by Hippocrates may have been thrush.[33] The Hungarian microscopist based in Paris David Gruby first reported that human disease could be caused by fungi in the early 1840s.[33]
SARS 2003
During the 2003 SARS outbreak, fungal infections were reported in 14.8–33% of people affected by SARS, and it was the cause of death in 25–73.7% of people with SARS.[34]
Other animals
A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals, and some can be transmitted from animals to people, such as Microsporum canis from cats.[17]
See also
- Fungal infection in plants § Fungi
- Actinomycosis
- Climate change and infectious diseases
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0.
- ^ a b c d e "Fungal Diseases Homepage | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5.
- ^ ICD-10CM. mycoses B35-B49.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-319-92299-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-119-64706-5.
- PMID 24563641.
- PMID 29984114.
- ^ a b c d "Fungal Diseases and COVID-19 | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-030-35146-5.
- ^ PMID 32548176.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4051-7056-7.
- ^ a b c d "Fungal Infections | Fungal | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-319-92299-7.
- PMID 28774696.
- ^ PMID 29538732.
- ^ a b c "Types of Fungal Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ "Thrush in Men". NHS. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
- ^ "Fungal infections: Introduction". Archived from the original on May 8, 2003. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ISBN 9781451153934.
- PMID 20166083.
- ISBN 978-3-0365-0554-1.
- PMID 32307254.
- ISBN 978-981-15-4813-0.
- ^ "Fungal Diseases and COVID-19". www.cdc.gov. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-12-824003-8.
- ^ "Fungal Diseases and COVID-19". www.cdc.gov. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
- ^ "CDC - DPDx - Pneumocystis". www.cdc.gov. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- PMID 28741610.
- S2CID 227067133.
- PMID 32078635.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-333-71492-8.
- PMID 32737747.