Moors murders
Ian Brady and Myra Hindley | |
---|---|
Life imprisonment (whole life tariff) | |
Details | |
Victims | 5 |
Span of crimes | 12 July 1963 – 6 October 1965 |
Country | United Kingdom |
Date apprehended |
|
The Moors murders were carried out by Ian Brady and Myra Hindley between July 1963 and October 1965, in and around Manchester, England. The victims were five children—Pauline Reade, John Kilbride, Keith Bennett, Lesley Ann Downey, and Edward Evans—aged between 10 and 17, at least four of whom were sexually assaulted. The bodies of two of the victims were discovered in 1965, in graves dug on Saddleworth Moor; a third grave was discovered there in 1987, more than twenty years after Brady and Hindley's trial. Bennett's body is also thought to be buried there, but despite repeated searches it remains undiscovered.
The pair were charged only for the murders of Kilbride, Downey and Evans, and received
Characterised by the press as "the most evil woman in Britain",[1] Hindley made several appeals against her life sentence, claiming she was a reformed woman and no longer a danger to society, but was never released. She died in 2002 in West Suffolk Hospital, aged 60, after serving 36 years in prison.
Brady was diagnosed as a psychopath in 1985 and confined in the high-security Ashworth Hospital. He made it clear that he wished to never be released and repeatedly asked to be allowed to die. He died in 2017, at Ashworth, aged 79, having served 51 years.
The murders were the result of what Malcolm MacCulloch, professor of forensic psychiatry at Cardiff University, described as a "concatenation of circumstances".[2] The trial judge, Justice Fenton Atkinson, described Brady and Hindley in his closing remarks as "two sadistic killers of the utmost depravity".[3] Their crimes were the subject of extensive worldwide media coverage.
Background
Ian Brady
Ian Brady was born in the
Brady's behaviour worsened at Shawlands; as a teenager he twice appeared before a juvenile court for housebreaking. He left the academy aged 15 and took a job as a tea boy at a
Within a year of moving to Manchester, Brady was caught with a sack full of
In January 1959, Brady applied for, and was offered, a clerical job at Millwards Merchandising, a wholesale chemical distribution company based in
Myra Hindley
Myra Hindley was born in Crumpsall on 23 July 1942[17][18] to parents Nellie and Bob Hindley, and raised in Gorton, then a working-class area of Manchester dominated by Victorian slum housing. Her father was an alcoholic who was frequently violent towards his wife and children. The family home was in poor condition, and Hindley was forced to sleep in a single bed next to her parents' double bed. Their living situation deteriorated further when Hindley's younger sister, Maureen, was born in August 1946. The following year five-year-old Myra was sent to live nearby with her grandmother.[19]
Hindley's father had served with the
In June 1957,[23] one of Hindley's closest friends, 13-year-old Michael Higgins, invited Hindley to go swimming with friends at a local disused reservoir, but she instead went out elsewhere with another friend. Higgins drowned in the reservoir; and Hindley—a good swimmer—was deeply upset and blamed herself. She took up a collection for a wreath; his funeral was held at St Francis's Monastery in Gorton Lane.
The monastery where Hindley had been
Hindley's first job was as a junior clerk at a local electrical engineering firm. She ran errands, typed, made tea, and was well liked enough that when she lost her first week's wage packet, the other women took up a collection to replace it.[26] At 17, she became engaged after a short courtship but called it off several months later after deciding the young man was immature and unable to provide her with the life she wanted.[27] Hindley took weekly judo lessons at a local school but found partners reluctant to train with her as she was often slow to release her grip. She took a job at Bratby and Hinchliffe, an engineering company in Gorton, but was dismissed for absenteeism after six months.[28]
As a couple
In January 1961, the 18-year-old Hindley joined Millwards as a typist. Within months he [Brady] had convinced me that there was no God at all: he could have told me that the earth was flat, the moon was made of green cheese, and the sun rose in the west, I would have believed him, such was his power of persuasion.[37]
Hindley began to change her appearance further, wearing clothing considered risqué such as high boots, short skirts and leather jackets, and the two became less sociable to their colleagues.
As murderers
What they were doing was out of the scope of most people's understanding, beyond the comprehension of the workaday neighbours who were more interested in how they were going to pay the gas bill or what might happen in the next episode of Coronation Street or Doctor Who. In 1960s Britain, people did not kidnap and murder children for fun. It was simply beyond the realms of most people's comprehension, and this is why they managed to get away with it for so long.
Chris Cowley[46]
Hindley claimed that Brady began to talk about "committing the perfect murder" in July 1963,
By June 1963, Brady had moved in with Hindley at her grandmother's house in Bannock Street, Gorton, and on 12 July, the two murdered their first victim, 16-year-old Pauline Reade. Reade had attended school with Hindley's younger sister Maureen, and had also been in a short relationship with David Smith, a local teenager with three criminal convictions for minor crimes. Police found nobody who had seen Reade immediately before her disappearance, and although the 15-year-old Smith was questioned by police, he was cleared of any involvement in her death.[49]
Their next victim, 12-year-old John Kilbride, was lured away from a market in the town of Ashton-under-Lyne on 23 November and murdered on Saddleworth Moor, where his body was buried. A huge search was undertaken, with over 700 statements taken, and 500 "missing" posters printed. Eight days after he failed to return home, 2,000 volunteers scoured waste ground and derelict buildings.[50] Hindley hired a vehicle a week after Kilbride went missing, and again on 21 December, apparently to make sure the burial sites at Saddleworth Moor had not been disturbed. In February 1964, she bought a second-hand Austin Traveller, but soon after traded it for a Mini van.
Keith Bennett, also aged 12, disappeared in the Longsight district of Manchester on 16 June 1964. His stepfather, Jimmy Johnson, became a suspect; in the two years following Bennett's disappearance, Johnson was taken for questioning on four occasions. Detectives searched under the floorboards of the family home, and on discovering that the houses in the row were connected, extended the search to the entire street.[51]
Hindley's sister, Maureen, married David Smith on 15 August 1964. The marriage was hastily arranged and performed at a
In 1964, Hindley, her grandmother, and Brady were rehoused as part of the post-war slum clearances in Manchester, to 16 Wardle Brook Avenue in the new overspill estate of Hattersley, near the Cheshire town of Hyde. Brady and Hindley became friendly with Patricia Hodges, an 11-year-old girl who lived at 12 Wardle Brook Avenue. Hodges accompanied the two on their trips to Saddleworth Moor to collect peat, something that many householders on the new estate did to improve the soil in their gardens, which were full of clay and builder's rubble.[53] The couple never harmed Hodges, since she lived only a few doors away, which would have made it easier for police to solve any disappearance.[54]
Early on
Despite a huge search, she was not found. Her step-father Alan West was treated as a suspect by police and repeatedly questioned over her disappearance, but no evidence was uncovered and the disappearance remained unsolved for nearly a year.The following day, Hindley brought her grandmother back home.[57] By February 1965, Hodges had stopped visiting Wardle Brook Avenue, but Smith was still a regular visitor. Brady gave Smith books to read, and the two discussed robbery and murder.[58] On Hindley's 23rd birthday in July 1965, her sister and brother-in-law, who had until then been living with relatives, were rehoused in Underwood Court, a new multi-storey block of flats not far from Wardle Brook Avenue. The two couples began to see each other more regularly, but usually only on Brady's terms.[59][60]
During the 1990s, Hindley claimed that she took part in the killings only because Brady had drugged her, was blackmailing her with pornographic pictures he had taken of her, and had threatened to kill Maureen.[30] In 2008 Hindley's solicitor, Andrew McCooey, reported that she told him:
I ought to have been hanged. I deserved it. My crime was worse than Brady's because I enticed the children and they would never have entered the car without my role ... I have always regarded myself as worse than Brady.[61]
Murders
Pauline Reade
On 12 July 1963, Brady told Hindley that he wanted to commit the "perfect murder". After work he instructed her to drive a borrowed van around while he followed on his motorcycle; when he spotted a likely victim he would flash his headlight.[62] Driving down Gorton Lane, Brady saw a young girl and signalled Hindley, who did not stop because she recognised the girl as an eight-year-old neighbour of her mother.[63] Sometime after 7:30 pm,[64] on Froxmer Street, Brady signalled Hindley to stop for 16-year-old Pauline Reade, a schoolmate of Hindley's sister Maureen on her way to a dance; Hindley offered Reade a lift. At various times Hindley gave conflicting statements about the extent to which she, versus Brady, was responsible for Reade being selected as their first victim,[65] but said she felt that there would be less attention given to the disappearance of a teenager than of a young child.[66]
Once Reade was in the van, Hindley asked her to help in searching Saddleworth Moor for an expensive lost glove; Reade agreed and they drove there. When Brady arrived on his motorcycle, Hindley told Reade he would be helping in the search. Hindley later claimed that she waited in the van while Brady took Reade onto the moor. Brady returned alone after about thirty minutes, and took Hindley to the spot where Reade lay dying; Reade's clothes were in disarray and she had been nearly decapitated[67] by two cuts to the throat, including a four-inch incision across her voice box "inflicted with considerable force" and into which the collar of her coat and a throat chain had been pushed.[68] When Hindley asked Brady whether he had raped Reade, Brady replied, "Of course I did." Hindley stayed with Reade while Brady retrieved a spade he had hidden nearby on a previous visit, then returned to the van while Brady buried Reade. In Brady's account, Hindley was not only present for the attack, but participated in the sexual assault.[69]
John Kilbride
In the early evening of 23 November 1963, at a market in
Keith Bennett
Early in the evening of 16 June 1964, Hindley asked twelve-year-old Keith Bennett, who was on his way to his grandmother's house in Longsight,[72] for help in loading some boxes into her Mini Pick-up, after which she said she would drive him home. Brady was in the back of the van. Hindley drove to a lay-by on Saddleworth Moor and Brady went off with Bennett, supposedly looking for a lost glove. After about thirty minutes Brady returned alone, carrying a spade that he had hidden there earlier, and, in response to Hindley's questions, said that he had sexually assaulted Bennett and strangled him with a piece of string.[73]
Lesley Ann Downey
Brady and Hindley visited a funfair in Ancoats on 26 December 1964 and noticed that 10-year-old Lesley Ann Downey was apparently alone. They approached her and deliberately dropped some shopping they were carrying, then asked her for help in taking the packages to their car, and then to Wardle Brook Avenue. At the house, Lesley Ann Downey was undressed, gagged, and forcibly posed for photographs before being raped and killed, perhaps strangled with a piece of string. The attack was recorded on a reel-to-reel audio tape, with both Brady and Hindley's voices appearing, as their victim screamed and begged for mercy. Hindley later maintained that she went to run a bath for her and found the victim dead when she returned; Brady claimed that Hindley committed the murder. The following morning Brady and Hindley drove Downey's body to Saddleworth Moor,[74] and buried her—naked with her clothes at her feet—in a shallow grave.[75]
Edward Evans
On the evening of 6 October 1965, Hindley drove Brady to Manchester Central railway station, where she waited outside in the car whilst he selected a victim. After a few minutes Brady reappeared in the company of 17-year-old Edward Evans, an apprentice engineer who lived in Ardwick, to whom he introduced Hindley as his sister. Brady later claimed that he had picked up Evans for a sexual encounter. They drove to Brady and Hindley's home at Wardle Brook Avenue, where they relaxed over a bottle of wine.
At some point Brady sent Hindley to fetch Smith, her brother-in-law.[76] Hindley's family had not approved of Maureen's marriage to Smith, who had several criminal convictions, including actual bodily harm and housebreaking, the first of which, wounding with intent, occurred when he was 11.[77] Throughout the previous year Brady had been cultivating a friendship with Smith, who had become "in awe" of Brady, something that increasingly worried Hindley as she felt it compromised their safety.[78]
Hindley returned with Smith and told him to wait outside for her signal, a flashing light. When the signal came, Smith knocked on the door and was met by Brady, who asked if he had come for "the miniature wine bottles",[76] and left him in the kitchen saying that he was going to collect the wine. Smith later told the police:
I waited about a minute or two then suddenly I heard a hell of a scream; it sounded like a woman, really high-pitched. Then the screams carried on, one after another really loud. Then I heard Myra shout, "Dave, help him," very loud. When I ran in I just stood inside the living room and I saw a young lad. He was lying with his head and shoulders on the couch and his legs were on the floor. He was facing upwards. Ian was standing over him, facing him, with his legs on either side of the young lad's legs. The lad was still screaming ... Ian had a hatchet in his hand ... he was holding it above his head and he hit the lad on the left side of his head with the hatchet. I heard the blow, it was a terrible hard blow, it sounded horrible.[79]
Smith then watched Brady throttle Evans with a length of electrical cord.[80] Brady sprained his ankle in the struggle, and Evans's body was too heavy for Smith to carry to the car on his own, so they wrapped it in plastic sheeting and put it in the spare bedroom with the intention of disposing of it later.[81]
Investigation
Arrest
After the murder of Edward Evans, Smith agreed to return the following morning with his dead daughter's
Initial analysis
Though Hindley was not initially arrested, she demanded to go with Brady to the police station, taking her dog.[86] She refused to make any statement about Evans's death beyond claiming it had been an accident, and was allowed to go home on the condition that she return the next day.[87] Over the next four days Hindley visited her employer and asked to be dismissed so that she would be eligible for unemployment benefits. On one of these occasions, she found an envelope belonging to Brady which she burned in an ashtray; she claimed she did not open it but believed it contained plans for bank robberies.
In the meantime, the police were uncovering more evidence and became convinced that Hindley was actively involved in the murder of Edward Evans and other possible victims. On 11 October, she too was arrested and taken into custody. She was charged as an
Police searching the house at Wardle Brook Avenue found an old exercise book with the name "John Kilbride", which made them suspect that Brady and Hindley had been involved in the unsolved disappearances of other children and teenagers.[88] Brady told police that he and Evans had fought, but insisted that he and Smith had murdered Evans and that Hindley had "only done what she had been told".[89] Smith said that Brady had asked him to return anything incriminating, such as "dodgy books", which Brady then packed into suitcases; he had no idea what else the suitcases contained or where they might be, though he mentioned that Brady "had a thing about railway stations". A search of left-luggage offices turned up the suitcases at Manchester Central railway station on 15 October;[90] the claim ticket was later found in Hindley's prayer book.[91] Inside one of the cases were - among an assortment of costumes, notes, photographs and negatives - nine pornographic photographs of a young girl, soon identified as Lesley Ann Downey, naked and with a scarf tied across her mouth, and a sixteen-minute audiotape recording of a girl identifying herself as "Lesley Ann Weston"[b] screaming, crying, and pleading to be allowed to return home to her mother.[93][94] Lesley Ann Downey's mother was asked by police to look at the two photographs which were deemed appropriate in order to identify her daughter, and also identified the voice from the recording, too, was of her daughter.[95]
Officers making inquiries at neighbouring houses spoke to 12-year-old Patricia Hodges, who had on several occasions been taken to Saddleworth Moor by Brady and Hindley, and was able to point out their favourite sites along the A635 road.[96] Police immediately began to search the area, and on 16 October found an arm bone protruding from the peat, which was presumed at first to be that of John Kilbride, but which the next day was identified as that of Lesley Ann Downey, whose body was still visually identifiable; her mother was able to identify the clothing which had also been buried in the grave.[97]
Also among the photographs in the suitcase were a number of scenes of the Moors. Smith had told police that Brady had boasted of "photographic proof" of multiple murders, and officers, struck by Brady's decision to remove the apparently innocent landscapes from the house, appealed to locals for assistance finding locations to match the photographs. On 21 October they found the "badly
The investigating officers suspected Brady and Hindley of murdering other missing children and teenagers who had disappeared from areas in and around Manchester over the previous few years, and the search for more bodies continued for a while after the discovery of John Kilbride's body, but with winter setting in it was called off in November. Various newspapers were also keen to name possible further victims of the "Moors Murders", with Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett being two of them.[101]
Presented with the evidence of the tape recording, Brady admitted to taking the photographs of Downey, but insisted that she had been brought to Wardle Brook Avenue by two men who had subsequently taken her away again, alive. By 2 December, Brady had been charged with the murders of Kilbride, Downey and Evans. Hindley had been charged with the murders of Downey and Evans, and being an accessory to the murder of Kilbride.
Many of the photographs taken by Brady and Hindley on the moor featured Hindley's dog Puppet, sometimes as a puppy. To help date the photos, detectives had a veterinary surgeon examine the dog to determine his age; the examination required a general anaesthetic from which Puppet did not recover. Hindley was furious, and accused the police of murdering the dog – one of the few occasions detectives witnessed any emotional response from her.[106] Hindley wrote to her mother:
I feel as though my heart's been torn to pieces. I don't think anything could hurt me more than this has. The only consolation is that some moron might have got hold of Puppet and hurt him.[107]
Trial
The 14-day trial began in a specially-prepared court room at Chester Assizes before Mr Justice Fenton Atkinson, on 19 April 1966.[35] The dock was fitted with bulletproof glass to protect Brady and Hindley because it was feared that someone might try to kill them, such was the public outrage at the crimes.[108] Other elaborate security precautions included a public address system costing £2,500 and £500 worth of telephone equipment.[108] National and international journalists covering the trial booked up most of the city's hotel rooms.[109] Onlookers – some travelling for hours – would stand outside Chester Assizes every day during the trial.[109]
Brady and Hindley were charged with murdering Evans, Downey and Kilbride.
Smith was the chief prosecution witness. Before the trial, the
Both Brady and Hindley entered pleas of not guilty;[118] Brady testified for over eight hours, Hindley for six.[119] Brady admitted to striking Evans with the axe, but claimed that someone else had killed Evans, pointing to the pathologist's statement that his death had been "accelerated by strangulation"; Brady's "calm, undisguised arrogance did not endear him to the jury [and] neither did his pedantry", wrote Duncan Staff.[120] Hindley denied any knowledge that the photographs of Saddleworth Moor found by police had been taken near the graves of their victims.[121]
The sixteen-minute tape recording[97][c] of Downey, on which the voices of Brady and Hindley were audible, was played in open court. Hindley admitted that her attitude towards Downey was "brusque and cruel", but claimed that was only because she was afraid that someone might hear the child's screams. Hindley claimed that when Downey was being undressed she herself was "downstairs"; when the pornographic photographs were taken she was "looking out the window"; and that when Downey was being strangled she "was running a bath".[121]
On 6 May, after having deliberated for a little over two hours,[123] the jury found Brady guilty of all three murders, and Hindley guilty of the murders of Downey and Evans. As the death penalty for murder had been abolished six months earlier, the judge passed the only sentence that the law now allowed for murder: life imprisonment. Brady was sentenced to three concurrent life sentences and Hindley was given two, plus a concurrent seven-year term for harbouring Brady in the knowledge that he had murdered Kilbride.[35] Brady was taken to HM Prison Durham and Hindley was sent to HM Prison Holloway.[121]
In his closing remarks, Mr Justice Atkinson described the murders as "truly horrible" and the accused as "two sadistic killers of the utmost depravity";
He described Brady "wicked beyond belief" and said he saw no reasonable possibility of reform and suitability for parole for him, though he did not think the same necessarily true of Hindley once "removed from [Brady's] influence".[124] Throughout the trial Brady and Hindley "stuck rigidly to their strategy of lying",[125] and Hindley was later described as "a quiet, controlled, impassive witness who lied remorselessly".[35]
Later investigation
Since Brady and Hindley's arrests, newspapers had been keen to connect them to other missing children and teenagers from the area. One such victim was Stephen Jennings, a three-year-old West Yorkshire boy who was last seen alive in December 1962; his body was found buried in a field in 1988, but the following year his father, William Jennings, was found guilty of his murder.[126] Jennifer Tighe, a 14-year-old girl who disappeared from an Oldham children's home in December 1964, was mentioned in the press some forty years later but was confirmed by police to be alive.[127] This followed claims in 2004 that Hindley had told another inmate that she and Brady had murdered a sixth victim, a teenage girl.[128]
In 1985, Brady allegedly told Fred Harrison, a journalist working for The Sunday People, that he had killed Reade and Bennett,[129] something the police already suspected as both lived near Brady and Hindley and had disappeared at about the same time as Kilbride and Downey. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) reopened the investigation, now to be headed by Detective Chief Superintendent Peter Topping, head of GMP's Criminal Investigation Department (CID).[130]
On 3 July 1985, DCS Topping visited Brady, then being held at HM Prison Gartree in Leicestershire, but found him "scornful of any suggestion that he had confessed to more murders".[131] Police nevertheless decided to resume their search of Saddleworth Moor, once more using the photographs taken by Brady and Hindley to help them identify possible burial sites. In November 1986, Bennett's mother wrote to Hindley begging to know what had happened to her son, a letter that Hindley seemed to be "genuinely moved" by.[132] It ended: "I am a simple woman, I work in the kitchens of Christie's Hospital. It has taken me five weeks labour to write this letter because it is so important to me that it is understood by you for what it is, a plea for help. Please, Miss Hindley, help me."[133]
Police visited Hindley – then being held in HM Prison Cookham Wood in Kent – a few days after she received the letter, and although she refused to admit any involvement in the killings, she agreed to help by looking at photographs and maps to try to identify spots she had visited with Brady.[134] She showed particular interest in photos of the area around Hollin Brown Knoll and Shiny Brook, but said that it was impossible to be sure of the locations without visiting the moor.[135] Home Secretary Douglas Hurd agreed with DCS Topping that a visit would be worth risking despite security problems presented by threats against Hindley.[136] Writing in 1989, Topping said that he felt "quite cynical" about Hindley's motivation in helping the police. Although Winnie Johnson's letter may have played a part, he believed that Hindley, knowing of Brady's "precarious" mental state, was concerned he might co-operate with the police and reap any available public-approval benefit.[137]
On 16 December 1986, Hindley made the first of two visits to assist the police search of the moor.[138] Police closed all roads onto the moor, which was patrolled by 200 officers, some armed. Hindley and her solicitor left Cookham Wood at 4:30 am, flew to the moor by helicopter from an airfield near Maidstone, and then were driven, and walked, around the area until 3:00 pm. Hindley had difficulty connecting what she saw to her memories, and was apparently nervous of the helicopters flying overhead.[136] The press described the visit as a "fiasco", a "publicity stunt", and a "mindless waste of money",[139] but DCS Topping defended it, saying "we needed a thorough systematic search of the moor ... It would never have been possible to carry out such a search in private."[139]
On 19 December, David Smith, then 38, spent about four hours on the moor helping police identify additional areas to be searched.
Police visited Brady in prison again and told him of Hindley's confession, which at first he refused to believe. Once presented with some of the details that Hindley had provided of Reade's abduction, Brady decided that he too was prepared to confess, but on one condition: that immediately afterwards he be given the means to commit suicide, a request with which it was impossible for the authorities to comply.[145]
At about the same time, Johnson sent Hindley another letter, again pleading with her to assist the police in finding the body of her son Keith. In the letter, Johnson was sympathetic to Hindley over the criticism surrounding her first visit. Hindley, who had not replied to the first letter, responded by thanking Johnson for both letters, explaining that her decision not to reply to the first resulted from the negative publicity that surrounded it. She claimed that, had Johnson written to her fourteen years earlier, she would have confessed and helped the police. She also paid tribute to DCS Topping, and thanked Johnson for her sincerity.
In April 1987, news of Hindley's confession became public. Amidst strong media interest
Over the next few months interest in the search waned, but Hindley's clue had focused efforts on a specific area. On 1 July, after more than 100 days of searching, they found Reade's body 3 feet (0.9 m) below the surface, 100 yards (90 m) from where Downey's had been found.[150] Brady had been co-operating with the police for some time, and when this news reached him he made a formal confession to DCS Topping,[151] and in a statement to the press said that he too would help police in their search. He was taken to the moor on 3 July but seemed to lose his bearings, blaming changes in the intervening years; the search was called off at 3:00 pm, by which time a large crowd of press and television reporters had gathered on the moor.[152]
DCS Topping refused to allow Brady a second visit to the moor[151] before police called off their search on 24 August.[154] Brady was taken to the moor a second time on 8 December, and claimed to have located Bennett's burial site,[155][156] but the body was never found.[157]
Soon after his first visit to the moor, Brady wrote a letter to a BBC reporter, giving some sketchy details of five additional deaths that he claimed to have been involved in: a man in the Piccadilly area of Manchester, another victim on Saddleworth Moor, two more in Scotland, and a woman whose body was allegedly dumped in a canal.[158] Police, failing to discover any unsolved crimes matching the details that he supplied, decided that there was insufficient evidence to launch an official investigation.[159][160] Hindley told Topping that she knew nothing of these killings.[151]
Although Brady and Hindley had confessed to the murders of Reade and Bennett, the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) decided that nothing would be gained by a further trial; as both were already serving life sentences no further punishment could be inflicted.[14]
In 2003, the police launched Operation Maida, and again searched the moor for Bennett's body,[161] this time using sophisticated resources such as a US reconnaissance satellite which could detect soil disturbances.[162] In mid-2009, the GMP said they had exhausted all avenues in the search for Bennett, that "only a major scientific breakthrough or fresh evidence would see the hunt for his body restart".[163] It was stated that any further participation by Brady would be via a "walk through the moors virtually" using 3D modelling, rather than a visit by him to the moor.[164] Donations from the public funded a search by volunteers from a Welsh search and rescue team in 2010.[165] In 2012, it was claimed that Brady may have given details of the location of Bennett's body to a visitor; a woman was subsequently arrested on suspicion of preventing the burial of a body without lawful excuse, but a few months later the Crown Prosecution Service announced that there was insufficient evidence to press charges.[166] In 2017, the police asked a court to order that two locked briefcases owned by Brady be opened, arguing that they might contain clues to the location of Bennett's body; the application was declined on the grounds that no prosecution was likely to result.[167]
On 30 September 2022, Greater Manchester Police began a search for human remains on the moor after receiving information from amateur investigator and author Russell Edwards,[168][169] who had reportedly found a skull.[170] After seeing a photograph of a jaw bone, a spokesperson for the police said, of the identity of the remains, that it was "far too early to be certain".[171] On 1 October the police reported that no further remains had been found.[172] On 7 October the police announced they had ended their search without finding any sign of human remains.[173]
Incarceration
Brady
Following his conviction Brady was moved to HM Prison Durham, where he asked to live in
The trial judge recommended that Brady's life sentence should mean life, and successive Home Secretaries agreed with that decision. In 1982, the Lord Chief Justice Lord Lane said of Brady: "this is the case if ever there is to be one when a man should stay in prison till he dies".[177] The November 2007 death of John Straffen, who had spent 55 years in prison for murdering three children, meant that Brady became the longest-serving prisoner in England and Wales.[178]
Although Brady refused to work with Ashworth's psychiatrists, he occasionally corresponded with people outside the hospital—subject to prison authorities' censorship[179]— including Lord Longford, writer Colin Wilson, and various journalists.[180] In one letter, written in 2005, Brady claimed that the murders were "merely an existential exercise of just over a year, which was concluded in December 1964". By then, he claimed, he and Hindley had turned their attention to armed robbery, for which they had begun to prepare by acquiring guns and vehicles.[d][182]
During several years of interactions with
Myra gets the potentially fatal brain condition, whilst I have to fight simply to die. I have had enough. I want nothing, my objective is to die and release myself from this once and for all. So you see my death strike is rational and pragmatic. I'm only sorry I didn't do it decades ago, and I'm eager to leave this cesspit in a coffin.[189]
In 2001, Brady wrote The Gates of Janus, which was published by the US underground publisher Feral House. The book, Brady's analysis of serial murder and specific serial killers, sparked outrage when announced in the UK.[190] In the book, Brady recounted his friendship in prison with the "teacup poisoner" Graham Young, who shared Brady's admiration for Nazi Germany.[191]
According to Cowley, Brady regretted Hindley's imprisonment and the consequences of their actions, but not necessarily the crimes themselves. He saw no point in making any kind of public apology; instead, he "expresse[d] remorse through actions".[192] Twenty years of transcribing classical texts into braille came to an end when the authorities confiscated Brady's translation machine, for fear it might be used as a weapon. He once offered to donate one of his kidneys to "someone, anyone who needed one",[193] but was blocked from doing so. According to Wilson, "it was because these attempts to express remorse were thrown back at him that he began to contemplate suicide".[194] In 2006 officials intercepted 50 paracetamol pills hidden inside a hollowed-out crime novel sent to Brady by a female friend.[195]
The mother of the remaining undiscovered victim, Keith Bennett, received a letter from Brady at the end of 2005 in which, she said, he claimed that he could take police to within 20 yards (18 m) of her son's body but the authorities would not allow it. He did not refer directly to Bennett by name and did not claim he could take investigators directly to the grave, but spoke of the "clarity" of his recollections.[196]
In 2012, Brady applied to be returned to prison, reiterating his desire to starve himself to death.
After receiving
Hindley
Hindley lodged an unsuccessful appeal against her conviction immediately after the trial.
Hindley was told that she should spend twenty-five years in prison before being considered for parole. The Lord Chief Justice agreed with that recommendation in 1982, but in January 1985 Home Secretary Leon Brittan increased her tariff to thirty years.[177] By that time Hindley claimed to be a reformed Catholic. Downey's mother was at the centre of a campaign to ensure that Hindley was never released from prison, and until her death in February 1999, she regularly gave television and newspaper interviews whenever Hindley's release was rumoured.[209] In February 1985, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher told Brittan that his proposed minimum sentences of thirty years for Hindley and forty years for Brady were too short, saying, "I do not think that either of these prisoners should ever be released from custody. Their crime was the most hideous and cruel in modern times."[210][211]
In 1987, Hindley admitted that the plea for parole she had submitted to the Home Secretary eight years earlier was "on the whole ... a pack of lies",
When in 2002 another life sentence prisoner challenged the Home Secretary's power to set minimum terms, Hindley and hundreds of others, whose tariffs had been increased by politicians, looked likely to be released.[219] Hindley's release seemed imminent and plans were made by supporters for her to be given a new identity.[220] Home Secretary David Blunkett ordered the GMP to find new charges against Hindley to prevent her release from prison. The investigation was headed by Superintendent Tony Brett, and initially looked at charging Hindley with the murders of Reade and Bennett, but the advice given by government lawyers was that because of the DPP's decision taken fifteen years earlier, a new trial would probably be considered an abuse of process.[221]
On 25 November 2002, the Law Lords agreed that judges, not politicians, should decide how long a criminal spends behind bars, and stripped the Home Secretary of the power to set minimum sentences.
Aftermath
David Smith became "reviled by the people of Manchester"[231] for financially profiting from the murders.[232] During the trial, Maureen—eight months pregnant—was attacked in the lift of the building in which she and Smith lived. Their home was vandalised, they regularly received hate mail, and Maureen wrote that she could not let her children out of her sight when they were small.[233] After declining to prosecute the News of the World, Attorney General Sir Elwyn Jones came under political pressure to impose new regulations on the press, but was reluctant to legislate on "chequebook journalism". Instead, he accepted the offer of the Press Council to produce a "declaration of principle" which was published in November 1966 and included rules forbidding criminal witnesses being paid or interviewed—but the News of the World promptly rejected the declaration and the council had no power to enforce its provisions.[234]
After stabbing another man during a fight, in an attack he claimed was triggered by the abuse he had suffered since the trial, Smith was sentenced to three years in prison in 1969.[231] That same year his children were taken into the care of the local authority. Maureen moved from Underwood Court to a single-bedroom property, and found work in a department store. Subjected to whispering campaigns and petitions to remove her from the estate where she lived, Maureen received no support from her family—her mother had supported Myra during the trial. On his release from prison, Smith moved in with a 15-year-old girl who became his second wife and won custody of his three sons. Maureen managed to repair the relationship with her mother, and moved into a council property in Gorton. She divorced Smith in 1973,[235] and married a lorry driver, Bill Scott, with whom she had a daughter.[236]
Maureen and her immediate family made regular visits to see Hindley, who reportedly adored her niece. In 1980, Maureen suffered a
In 1972, Smith was
Reade's mother was admitted to Springfield Mental Hospital in Manchester. She was present, under heavy sedation, at the funeral of her daughter on 7 August 1987.[248] Five years after their son was murdered, Sheila and Patrick Kilbride divorced.[238] Downey's mother died in 1999 from cancer of the liver. Since her daughter's death, she had campaigned to ensure that Hindley remained in prison, and doctors said that the stress had contributed to the severity of her illness.[249] Bennett's mother continued to visit Saddleworth Moor, where it is believed that Bennett is buried.[250][251][252] She died in August 2012.[253]
Manchester City Council decided in 1987 to demolish the house in which Brady and Hindley had lived on Wardle Brook Avenue, and where Downey and Evans were murdered, citing "excessive media interest [in the property] creating unpleasantness for residents".[254]
In November 2017 it was revealed that, without the knowledge of her family, some of the remains of Pauline Reade, including her jaw bone, had been kept at the University of Leeds by Greater Manchester Police. GMP apologised to the Reade family.[255] In October 2018 her remains were re-buried at her grave in Gorton Cemetery, Manchester.[256]
Lasting notoriety
The photographs and tape recording of the torture of Downey exhibited in court, and the nonchalant responses of Brady and Hindley, helped to ensure their lasting notoriety. Brady, who said that he did not want to be released, was rarely mentioned in the news, but Hindley's insistent desire to be released made her a figure of public hate—especially as she failed to confess to involvement in the Reade and Bennett murders for twenty years.
Lord Longford, a Catholic convert, campaigned to secure the release of "celebrated" criminals, and Hindley in particular, which earned him constant derision from the public and the press. He described Hindley as a "delightful" person and said "you could loathe what people did but should not loathe what they were because human personality was sacred even though human behaviour was very often appalling".[263] Tabloid newspapers branded him a "loony" and a "do-gooder" for supporting Hindley, whom they described as evil. She became a long-running source of material for the press, which printed embellished tales of her "cushy" life at the "5-star" Cookham Wood Prison and her liaisons with prison staff and other inmates.[264]
The book The Loathsome Couple by Edward Gorey (Mead, 1977) was inspired by the Moors murders.[265] Manchester band The Smiths' song "Suffer Little Children", from their 1984 self-titled debut album, was also inspired by the case. The case featured in two television dramas in 2006, See No Evil: The Moors Murders and Longford.[266][267]
See also
- Fred and Rosemary West - Husband-and-wife British serial killers active in Gloucester between 1967 and 1987. It was first reported in May 1995 that Hindley and Rosemary - who were both incarcerated in HMP Durham at the time - had formed a "friendship".[268] Hindley denied the claims.[269] Rosemary acknowledged that they knew each other from being on the same wing, but denied further speculation that the two were “having an affair”.[270]
- Maria Pearson - Currently Britain's longest-serving female prisoner, noted for only serving one year less than Myra Hindley as of 2023[271]
- List of solved missing person cases
- Thrill killing
- List of serial killers in the United Kingdom
References
Notes
- ^ Brady told the police thirty years later that everything he had ever done was in Crime and Punishment.[41] Brady also claimed that Dostoevsky and Nietzsche were his biggest influences.[42]
- ^ Downey's stepfather was named Alan West.[92]
- ^ Brady made more than one copy of the tape recording;[122] the version played in court was sixteen minutes in length.[97]
- Forensic psychologist Chris Cowley writes, "So there was a gap in the murder cycle, this is not unusual with serial killers, but in most cases the gaps between murders get shorter, not longer. The so-called "cooling-off" periods diminish on a timeline. In Brady's case, this did not happen: it went the other way. So their next killing [i.e. Evans] was out of sequence and it went badly wrong for pretty much everyone concerned, not least their victim.[181]
Citations
- ^ "Hindley: I wish I'd been hanged". BBC News. 29 February 2000. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 294
- ^ a b Carmichael (2003), p. 2
- ^ Keightley (2017), p. 24.
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 17–19
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 28
- ^ "Beware the cat killers: A revolution in tackling domestic violence has begun". The Independent. 2 August 2019.
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 19–20
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 20–21
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 24
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 122
- ^ a b Cowley (2011), p. 29
- ^ Staff (2007), pp. 122–123
- ^ a b Topping (1989), p. 249
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 123
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 23–25
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 2
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 30
- ^ Staff (2007), pp. 39–46
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 38
- ^ Staff (2007), pp. 49–50
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 50
- ^ "FreeBMD: Deaths: June 1957". freebmd.org.uk. 19 September 2001. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 7
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 36
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 8
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 12–13
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 14
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 69
- ^ a b McVeigh, Karen (16 November 2002), "Death at 60 for the woman who came to personify evil", The Scotsman, retrieved 17 February 2009
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 27
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 29
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 76
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 31
- ^ a b c d e f g Davenport-Hines, Richard, "Hindley, Myra (1942–2002)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, retrieved 5 July 2009 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 32
- ^ Carmichael (2003), p. 6
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 32–33
- ^ a b Lee (2010), p. 93.
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 35
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 89.
- ^ Keightley (2017), p. 36.
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 126.
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 37–40
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 40–41
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 140
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 81
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 80
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 41–45
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 46–47
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 50–55
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 56–58
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 137
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 62–65
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 65
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 67
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 69
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 70–71
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 73
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 71–73
- ^ Edge, Simon (11 October 2008), "Evil of the Lady Killers", The Express, retrieved 10 September 2009
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 82–85
- ^ Lee (2010), pp. 112
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 43
- ^ Lee (2010), pp. 110–13
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 83
- ^ Lee (2010), pp. 114–16
- ^ "Coroner commends police after Moors verdict", The Herald – Google News Archive Search, 13 April 1988, retrieved 17 October 2016
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 115–16
- ^ Lee (2010), pp. 130–135
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 90–92
- ^ Lee (2010), pp. 144–146
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 95–96
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 106
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 34
- ^ a b Staff (2007), pp. 184–186
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 22
- ^ Staff (2007), pp. 183–184
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 78
- ^ Williams (1967), p. 266
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 186
- ^ Benfield (1968), pp. 150–1
- ^ Benfield (1968), p. 151.
- ^ a b Topping (1989), pp. 120–121
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 85
- ^ Staff (2007), pp. 193–194
- ^ a b Topping (1989), pp. 122–124
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 33
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 122
- ^ Lee (2010), pp. 234–235
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 107
- ^ "Stepfather of Moors Murder Victim Lesley Ann Downey Dies". Manchester Evening News. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ Goodman (1973), p. 28
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 35
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 35–36
- ^ Goodman (1973), p. 27
- ^ a b c "Two women at 'bodies on moors' trial cover their ears", The Times, no. 56616, Times Digital Archive, 27 April 1966, p. 9, retrieved 11 August 2009
- ^ Goodman (1973), p. 28-29
- ^ "Couple on Moors Murder Charge", The Times, no. 56459, Times Digital Archive, 22 October 1965, p. 8, retrieved 11 August 2009
- ^ "Couple in Court Two Minutes", The Times, no. 56465, Times Digital Archive, 29 October 1965, p. 15, retrieved 11 August 2009
- ^ Goodman (1973), pp. 30–32
- ^ "Clerk Accused Of Three Murders", The Times, no. 56495, Times Digital Archive, 3 December 1965, p. 17, retrieved 25 September 2009
- ^ "Hearing Of Moors Murder Case In Camera", The Times, no. 56498, Times Digital Archive, 7 December 1965, p. 6, retrieved 25 September 2009
- ^ "Prosecution tells how a youth of 17 died", The Times, no. 56499, Times Digital Archive, 8 December 1965, p. 15, retrieved 28 September 2009
- ^ "How The Chester Chronicle covered the infamous Moors Murders trial", Chester Chronicle, 20 April 2016, retrieved 19 September 2019
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 37
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 213
- ^ a b "How Chester was the focus of the nation during Moors Murderers trial – Pt1". Chester Chronicle. 18 April 2016.
- ^ a b "How The Chester Chronicle covered the infamous Moors Murders trial – Pt2". Chester Chronicle. 19 April 2016.
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 222
- ^ Hamilton, Fiona (20 April 1966), "Boy tricked into seeing murder, moors trial Q.C. says", The Times, Times Digital Archive, retrieved 16 September 2009
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 225
- ^ "Mr Godfrey Heilpern", The Times, no. 58774, Times Digital Archive, 5 May 1973, p. 14
- ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ Bingham (2016), p. 235.
- ^ Bingham (2016), p. 237.
- ^ Bingham (2016), pp. 230, 238.
- ^ "A Most Unusual Trial", TIME Magazine, vol. 87, no. 17, 29 April 1966, p. 40, retrieved 5 September 2019 – via EBSCOhost
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 38
- ^ Staff (2007), pp. 227–228
- ^ a b c Topping (1989), p. 39
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 70
- ^ "Life sentences on couple in moors case", The Times, Times Digital Archive, 7 May 1966, retrieved 29 July 2009
- ^ "Obituary: Myra Hindley", BBC News, 15 November 2002, retrieved 12 June 2007
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 229
- ^ "Life for man who killed son in 1962", Evening Times, 24 May 1989, retrieved 20 September 2018
- ^ Linton, Deborah (20 April 2010), "Moors murder "victim" is 'alive", retrieved 20 September 2018
- ^ Chronicle, Evening (14 February 2004), "Myra told of victim No. 5", retrieved 20 September 2018
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 252
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 10
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 13
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 260–261
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 42–43
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 262
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 43–52
- ^ a b Ritchie (1988), pp. 264–265
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 44
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 55
- ^ a b c Ritchie (1988), p. 266
- ^ Smith, Ian (20 December 1986). "Witness helps in search of moors". The Times. No. 62646. p. 3 – via find.galegroup.com. (subscription required)
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 72–75
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 268
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 153
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 146–147
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 157–158
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 268–269
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 269
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 160–164, 171–172
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 270–274
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 274
- ^ a b c Ritchie (1988), p. 276
- ^ Topping (1989), pp. 188–196
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 253
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 223
- ^ Lewis, James (9 December 1987), "Ian Brady resumes search for boy's grave", The Guardian, p. 3, retrieved 1 September 2019
- ^ "Brady "success"", The Times, no. 62948, Times Digital Archive, 10 December 1987, p. 2, retrieved 1 September 2019
- ^ Cummins, Foley & King (2019), p. 18.
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 206
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 232
- ^ "1987: Moors murderer claims more killings", 4 August 1987, retrieved 20 September 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk
- ^ "Police call off search for Moors murder victim", independent.co.uk, 1 July 2009, retrieved 22 September 2017
- ^ "Spy satellite used in fresh bid to reveal Moors Murderers final secret", standard.co.uk, 6 June 2008, retrieved 22 September 2017
- ^ "Moors victim mother's Brady plea", BBC News, 1 January 2009, retrieved 1 July 2009
- ^ Parmenter, Tom (2 July 2009), "Brady Banned From Fresh Moors Searches", Sky News, archived from the original on 5 October 2012, retrieved 24 September 2009
- ^ "Moors Murders: Donations fund search for Keith Bennett", BBC News, 27 March 2010, retrieved 27 March 2010
- ^ "Ian Brady's mental health advocate will not face charges", BBC News, 11 February 2013, retrieved 9 June 2014
- ^ "Moors Murders: 'Unlock Ian Brady's briefcases' plea". BBC News. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Police to begin dig for Moors murder victim 58 years after he went missing". The Independent. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ "Moors Murders: Search for Keith Bennett's body restarts". BBC News. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ "Police dig for Moors victim Keith Bennett after skull reportedly found". The Guardian. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ "Moors Murders: Search for Keith Bennett's body restarts". BBC News. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "Moors Murders: No remains yet found in search for Keith Bennett". BBC News. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ "Search ends for Moors murder victim Keith Bennett after no remains found". The Guardian. 7 October 2022.
- ^ "Brady chooses to remain alone", The Times, no. 56656, Times Digital Archive, 13 June 1966, p. 1, retrieved 25 September 2009
- ^ "Ian Brady: A fight to die", BBC News, 3 October 2000, retrieved 12 June 2007
- ^ Gould, Peter (October 2002), "Ian Brady seeks public hearing", BBC News, retrieved 12 June 2007
- ^ a b c "What will Hindley's lawyers argue?", BBC News, 7 December 1997, retrieved 12 June 2007
- ^ "UK's longest-serving prisoner, Straffen, dies", The Daily Telegraph, 20 November 2007, archived from the original on 23 May 2008, retrieved 22 September 2009
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 17
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 16
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 41
- ^ Gould, Peter (27 October 2005), "Brady claims murders 'had ended'", BBC News, retrieved 11 August 2009
- ^ Cowley (2011), pp. 51, 74
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 61
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 124
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 177
- ^ PMID 10720341
- ^ Finn, Gary (30 October 1999), "Ian Brady force-fed in secure hospital", The Independent, retrieved 25 September 2009
- ^ a b Tran, Mark (10 March 2000), "Brady loses bid to die", The Guardian, retrieved 29 September 2009
- ^ "US publisher defends Brady book", BBC News, 18 October 2001, retrieved 22 September 2009
- ISBN 978-1627310109.
- ^ Cowley (2011), pp. 256–257
- ^ Cowley (2011), p. 256
- ^ Chancellor, Alexander (4 February 2006), "Let Ian Brady die", The Guardian, retrieved 29 August 2012
- ^ "Brady drugs smuggling bid foiled", BBC News, 28 January 2006, retrieved 12 June 2007
- ^ "Brady writes to victim's mother", BBC News, 21 February 2006, retrieved 22 September 2009
- ^ "Ian Brady will not necessarily kill himself if moved to jail, tribunal hears", guardian.co.uk, 25 June 2013, retrieved 29 June 2013
- ^ Pidd, Helen (28 June 2013), "Ian Brady should stay in psychiatric hospital, tribunal rules", The Guardian, retrieved 20 July 2018
- ^ "Ian Brady's ashes "not to be scattered at Saddleworth Moor"", BBC News, 16 May 2017, retrieved 16 May 2017
- ^ "Ian Brady: Moors Murderer "would remove feeding tube"", BBC News, 21 September 2017, retrieved 23 September 2017
- ^ "Moors Murderer Ian Brady died of natural causes, coroner confirms", Glasgow Evening Times, 21 September 2017, retrieved 23 September 2017
- ^ "Moors Murders: Judge rules on Ian Brady body disposal". BBC News. 13 October 2017.
- ^ "Moors Murders: Ian Brady's ashes disposed of at sea", BBC News, 3 November 2017, retrieved 3 November 2017
- ^ "Myra Hindley Loses Murder Appeal", The Times, no. 56765, Times Digital Archive, 18 October 1966, p. 1, retrieved 25 September 2009
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 162
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 250
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 164–166
- ^ Staff (2007), pp. 250–253
- ^ "Last wish of Moors murder mother", BBC News, 11 February 1999, retrieved 5 July 2009
- ^ Travis, Alan (20 July 2017), "Thatcher overruled minister to keep Moors murderers locked up for life", The Guardian, retrieved 20 July 2017
- ^ Easton, Mark (20 May 2017), "Ian Brady: How the Moors Murderer came to symbolise pure evil", BBC News, retrieved 14 February 2018,
Margaret Thatcher described their crimes as "the most hideous and evil in modern times".
- ^ Topping (1989), p. 140
- ^ a b Stanford, Peter (16 November 2002), "Myra Hindley", The Guardian, retrieved 25 September 2009
- ^ "Timetable of Moors murders case", The Guardian, 15 November 2002, retrieved 12 June 2007
- ^ Borrill, Rachel (10 February 1996), "Howard considers moving Hindley to open prison", The Irish Times, retrieved 22 August 2019
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 354
- ^ "Regina v. Secretary of State For The Home Department, Ex Parte Hindley", House of Lords, 30 March 2000, retrieved 16 March 2007
- ^ "1966: Moors murderers jailed for life", BBC News, 6 May 1966, retrieved 12 June 2007
- ^ "Killer challenges "whole life" tariff", BBC News, 21 October 2002, retrieved 12 June 2007
- London Evening Standard, 10 September 2002
- ^ Staff (2007), pp. 17–18
- ^ Gould, Peter (25 November 2002), "Raising killers' hopes of freedom", BBC News, retrieved 12 June 2007
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 346
- ^ Sapsted, David; Bunyan, Nigel (16 November 2002), "Myra Hindley, the Moors monster, dies after 36 years in jail", The Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on 11 January 2022, retrieved 20 September 2018
- ^ "Inquest tribute to Hindley's victims", BBC News, 18 November 2002, retrieved 1 October 2009
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 10
- ^ Addley, Esther (21 November 2002), "Funeral pariah", The Guardian, retrieved 29 September 2009
- ^ Staff (2007), p. 18
- ^ Lee (2010), p. 22
- ^ "Hindley's ashes "scattered in park"", Manchester Evening News, 27 February 2003, retrieved 8 August 2009
- ^ a b c Topping (1989), pp. 64–65
- ^ Bingham (2016), p. 241.
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 232
- ^ Bingham (2016), pp. 239–241.
- ^ "Decree for wife of Moors witness", The Times, no. 58734, Times Digital Archive, 17 March 1973, p. 2, retrieved 25 September 2009
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 232–239
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 238–240
- ^ a b Ritchie (1988), p. 49
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 240
- ^ Herbert, Ian (16 November 2002), "I have no compassion for her. I hope she goes to Hell. I wanted her to suffer like I have.", The Independent, archived from the original on 30 January 2011, retrieved 29 September 2009
- ^ Lister, Sam (20 November 2002), "Family glad Hindley died behind bars", Manchester Evening News, retrieved 11 November 2011
- ^ "Why Myra must never be freed; Scots detective who arrested evil Hindley ends 30-year silence", Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail, 29 October 1997
- ^ "Moors case witness cleared", The Times, no. 58626, 8 November 1972, p. 2, retrieved 25 September 2009
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 249
- ^ Cornwell, Naomi (28 June 2011), "Book by Moors Murder witness David Smith recalls horror", bbc.co.uk, retrieved 6 June 2018
- ^ Fallon, John (9 May 2012), "Man who helped jail Moors murderers dies of cancer", irishtimes.com, archived from the original on 20 July 2012, retrieved 27 May 2012
- ^ "Obituaries – David Smith", The Daily Telegraph, 30 June 2012, archived from the original on 11 January 2022, retrieved 28 December 2015
- ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 45
- ^ "Moors murder mother was "incredible"", BBC News, 10 February 1999, retrieved 29 September 2009
- ^ "Moors Murder mother Winnie Johnson in DVD appeal to Brady", BBC News, 25 April 2011, retrieved 18 August 2012
- ^ Copping, Jasper (18 August 2012), "Winnie Johnson, mother of Moors Murders victim Keith Bennett, dies", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 11 January 2022, retrieved 18 August 2012
- ^ Gould, Peter (1 July 2009), "What does Ian Brady know?", BBC News, retrieved 29 September 2009
- ^ "Moors Murder victim Keith Bennett's mother dies", BBC News, 18 August 2012, retrieved 18 August 2012
- ^ "Hindley Link Goes", The Times, no. 62892, Times Digital Archive, 6 October 1987, p. 2, retrieved 11 August 2009
- ^ Busby, Mattha (3 November 2017). "Police kept body parts of Moors murders victim without family's knowledge". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
- ^ "Moors Murders: Pauline Reade's remains reburied". BBC News. 29 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
- ^ Cummins, Foley & King (2019), pp. 127–128.
- ^ Cummins, Foley & King (2019), pp. 119–121, 127.
- ^ Birch (1994), p. 32
- ^ Young (2005), pp. 34–37.
- ^ Birch (1994), p. 43
- ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 281–90
- ^ "Lord Longford: Aristocratic moral crusader", BBC News, 3 August 2001, retrieved 12 June 2007
- ^ Birch (1994), pp. 44–46
- ^ Seufert, Christopher, "Goreytelling Episode 5: The Loathsome Couple", Topic, retrieved 15 December 2019
- ^ "From Myra Hindley to Three Girls: Maxine Peake's life and career", The Daily Telegraph, 15 May 2017, archived from the original on 11 January 2022,
ITV was preparing to make a film about the aftermath of the Moors Murders
- ^ Stanley, Alessandra (16 February 2007), "Longford – TV – Review", The New York Times, retrieved 17 June 2017
- ^ House, Chris; Graham, Dave (7 May 1995). "You're my best fiend". The Sunday Mirror via NewsBank. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Boggan, Steve (6 December 1995). "Hindley says reports of relationship is 'nonsense'". The Independent via NewsBank. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Pharo, Chris (12 December 1996). "West good friends - Exclusive". The Sun via NewsBank. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Longest-serving female prisoner Maria Pearson jailed for Hartlepool murder bids to be released". ITV News. 16 February 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
Bibliography
- Benfield, A. (1968), "The Moors Murders", Police Journal, 41 (4): 147–159, S2CID 143394543
- Bingham, Adrian (2016), "'Gross Interference with the Course of Justice': The News of the World and the Moors Murder Trial", in Brake, Laurel; Kaul, Chandrika; Turner, Mark W. (eds.), The News of the World and the British Press, 1843–2011, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 229–243, ISBN 978-1-137-39205-3
- Birch, Helen, ed. (1994), Moving Targets: Women, Murder, and Representation, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-08574-9
- Carmichael, Kay (2003), Sin and Forgiveness: New Responses in a Changing World, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-3406-5
- Cowley, Chris (2011), Face to Face with Evil: Conversations with Ian Brady, Metro Books, ISBN 978-1-84454-981-8
- Cummins, Ian; Foley, Marian; King, Martin (2019), Serial Killers and the Media: The Moors Murders Legacy, Palgrave Macmillan, S2CID 165763846
- Goodman, Jonathan (1973), Trial of Myra Hindley and Ian Brady: The Moors Case, David & Charles, ISBN 0-7153-5663-1
- Keightley, Alan (2017), Ian Brady: The Untold Story of the Moors Murders, Pavilion Books, ISBN 978-1861057549
- ISBN 978-1-84596-545-7
- Ritchie, Jean (1988), Myra Hindley—Inside the Mind of a Murderess, Angus & Robertson, ISBN 978-0-207-15882-7
- Staff, Duncan (2007), The Lost Boy (1st ed.), Bantam Press, ISBN 978-0-593-05692-9
- Topping, Peter (1989), Topping: The Autobiography of the Police Chief in the Moors Murder Case, Angus & Robertson, ISBN 978-0-207-16480-4
- Williams, Emlyn (1967), Beyond Belief: A Chronicle of Murder and Its Detection, Pan Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-330-02088-6
- Young, Alison (2005), Judging the Image: Art, Value, Law, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-30184-8
Further reading
- Boar, Roger; Blundell, Nigel (1988), The World's Most Infamous Murders, Berkley, ISBN 978-0-425-10887-1
- Gibson, Dirk Cameron (2006), Serial murder and media circuses, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-99064-0
- ISBN 978-0-684-12984-6
- Harrison, Fred (1986), Brady and Hindley: The Genesis of the Moors Murders, Grafton, ISBN 978-0-906798-70-6
- Hawkins, Cathy (2004). "The Monster Body of Myra Hindley". Scan: Journal of Media Arts Culture.
- Potter, John Deane (1967), The Monsters Of The Moors: The full account of the Brady-Hindley case, Ballantine Books
- Robins, Joyce (1993), Serial Killers and Mass Murderers: 100 Tales of Infamy, Barbarism and Horrible Crime, Bounty Books, ISBN 978-1-85152-363-4
- Smith, David; ISBN 978-1-84596-739-0
- West, Ann (1989), For the Love of Lesley, W. H. Allen/Virgin Books, ISBN 978-1-85227-160-2
- ISBN 978-0-752-50122-2.
External links