Myriad

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Myriad (from

Sinospheric languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese), or when talking about ancient Greek numerals
.

More generally, myriad may be used in

History

The

Mycenaean civilizations included a single unit to denote tens of thousands. It was written with a symbol composed of a circle with four dashes 𐄫.[2]

In Classical

overbar
: M. Multiples were written above this sign, so that for example would equal 4,582×10,000 or 45,820,000. The etymology of the word myriad itself is uncertain: it has been variously connected to
PIE *meu- ("damp") in reference to the waves of the sea and to Greek myrmex (μύρμηξ, "ant") in reference to their swarms.[3]

The largest number named in

Sand Reckoner, Archimedes of Syracuse used this quantity as the basis for a numeration system of large powers of ten, which he used to count grains of sand.[citation needed
]

Usage

In English, myriad is most commonly used to mean "some large but unspecified number". It may be either an

Merriam-Webster Dictionary notes that confusion over the use of myriad as a noun "seems to reflect a mistaken belief that the word was originally and is still properly only an adjective ... however, the noun is in fact the older form, dating to the 16th century. The noun myriad has appeared in the works of such writers as Milton (plural 'myriads') and Thoreau ('a myriad of'), and it continues to occur frequently in reputable English."[4]

"Myriad" is also infrequently used in English as the specific number 10,000. Owing to the possible confusion with the generic meaning of "large quantity", however, this is generally restricted to translation of other languages like ancient Greek, Chinese, and Hindi where numbers may be grouped into sets of 10,000 (myriads). Such use permits the translator to remain closer to the original text and avoid repeated and unwieldy mentions of "tens of thousands": for example, "the original number of the crews supplied by the several nations I find to have been twenty-four myriads"[5] and "What is the distance between one bridge and another? Twelve myriads of parasangs".[6]

Europe

Most European languages include variations of "myriad" with similar meanings to the English word.

Additionally, the

myriaton appears in Isaac Asimov's Foundation
novel trilogy.

In

thousand million
is disekatommyrio (δισεκατομμύριο, lit. 'twice hundred myriad').

East Asia

In

Cantonese), man (Japanese and Korean), vạn (Vietnamese), and ម៉ឺន meun (Khmer).[citation needed
]

Because of this grouping into fours, higher orders of numbers are provided by the

tera-, and other larger prefixes. This has caused confusion in areas closely related to the PRC such as Hong Kong and Macau, where is still largely used to mean 10,0003.[citation needed
]

and are also frequently employed colloquially in expressions,

propaganda poster 主席万岁, meaning "Long live Chairman Mao", literally reads as "[May] Chairman Mao [live to be] 10,000 years old".[11]

Central Asia

A similar term is the

Tokharian tmān, which may have been borrowed in turn from Old Chinese tman 萬 > wan.[15]

West Asia

In

Hebrew the word רבבה (pronounced "revava") means 10,000, and is the highest number represented in Hebrew. Its sources go back to biblical times.[16] Its usage became very rare after the 19th century. The term 60 ריבוא ("60 ribo"), which literally stands for 600,000 is used several times in the bible to denote "a very large undefinitive number".[citation needed
]

See also

References

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, June 2003, s.v. 'myriad'
  2. ^ Samuel Verdan (20 Mar 2007). "Systèmes numéraux en Grèce ancienne: description et mise en perspective historique" (in French). Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 2 Mar 2011.
  3. ^ Schwartzman, Steven. The Words of Mathematics: An Etymological Dictionary of Mathematical Terms Used in English, p. 142. The Mathematical Assoc. of America, 1994.
  4. ^ a b Merriam-Webster Online. "Myriad". 2013. Accessed 1 November 2013.
  5. The History of Herodotus, VII.184
    . Translation by G.C. Macaulay, 1890. Accessed 1 Nov 2013.
  6. ^ Janowitz, Naomi. The Poetics of Ascent: Theories of Language in a Rabbinic Ascent Text, p. 118. SUNY Press (New York), 1989. Accessed 1 November 2013.
  7. ^ L'Histoire Du Mètre: "La Loi Du 18 Germinal An 3". 2005. Accessed 1 November 2013. (in French)
  8. ^ Nciku.com. "万能钥匙". Accessed 1 November 2013.
  9. ^ Wai Keung Chan, Timothy. Considering the End: Mortality in Early Medieval Chinese Poetic Representation, 23. Brill, 2012. Accessed 1 November 2013.
  10. ^ Chen Derong. Metaphorical Metaphysics in Chinese Philosophy, p. 29. Lexington Books (Lanham), 2011. Accessed 1 November 2013.
  11. ^ Yeh Wen-hsin & al. Visualizing China, 1845–1965: Moving and Still Images in Historical Narratives, pp. 416 ff. Brill, 2012. Accessed 1 November 2013.
  12. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language - toman Archived 2007-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Vietze, Wörterbuch Mongolisch - Deutsch, VEB 1988
  14. ^ The Silk Road And The Korean Language
  15. .
  16. ^ Genesis 24 60
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