Myriostoma

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Myriostoma
Myriostoma calongei, Bolivia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Geastrales
Family: Geastraceae
Genus: Myriostoma
Desv. (1809)
Type species
Myriostoma anglicum
Desv. (1809)
Species
Synonyms
  • Bovistoides Lloyd (1919)
  • Polystoma Gray (1821)

Myriostoma is a fungal

Geastraceae. Basidiocarps resemble earthstars, but the spore sac is supported by multiple columns (instead of a single column) and has multiple ostioles instead of a single, apical ostiole. Until 2017, the genus was thought to be monotypic with a single, widespread species, Myriostoma coliforme
. Recent research has, however, shown that at least six species occur worldwide.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

illegitimate renaming of James Dickson's original Lycoperdon coliforme).[1] In 1821 Samuel Frederick Gray described the superfluous genus Polystoma for it.[2]

Myriostoma was

Geastraceae until 1973, when British mycologist Donald Dring placed it in the Astraeaceae[nb 1] based on the presence of trabeculae (stout columns that extend from the peridium to the central core of the fruit body) in the gleba, and the absence of a true hymenium.[4] In his 1989 monograph, Stellan Sunhede returned it to the Geastraceae.[5] Molecular analysis of DNA sequences has confirmed the traditional belief that Myriostoma and Geastrum are closely related.[6][7]

Recent

DNA sequences, has shown that the genus, previously thought to be monotypic, comprises at least six species worldwide.[8][9][10]

Etymology

The generic name is from the Greek words μυρίος, meaning "countless" and στόμα, meaning "mouth" (the source of the technical term stoma).[11][12]

Description

The

pseudoparenchymatous layer (so named for the resemblance to the tightly packed cells of plant parenchyma) is fleshy and thick when fresh, and initially pale beige but darkening to yellow or brown as it matures, often cracking and peeling off in the process. The exterior mycelial layer, often matted with fine leaf debris or dirt, usually cracks to reveal a middle fibrous layer, which is made of densely packed hyphae. The base of the fruit body is concave to vaulted in shape, and often covered with adhering dirt. The roughly spherical spore sac (endoperidium) is supported by a cluster of short columns shaped like flattened spheres. It is grey-brown and often minutely roughened with small warts. There are several to many evenly dispersed mouths, the ostioles, mainly on the upper half of the endoperidium. They are roughly circular with fimbriate edges.[13][14]

Like earthstars, Myriostoma species use the force of falling raindrops to help disperse the spores, which are ejected in little bursts when objects (such as rain) strike the outer wall of the

nonamyloid, and are ornamented with irregularly shaped flaring protuberances.[14][nb 2]

Habitat and distribution

Myriostoma species are

mixed forests
, gardens, along hedges and grassy road banks, and grazed grasslands.

Species have been described from Europe,[8] Australia,[9] Africa,[8] South America,[8] and Mexico;[10] they are also known from North America[13] and Asia.[17][18]

Notes

  1. ^ Neither the family nor the order (Sclerodermatales) that Dring placed it in are recognized anymore: Astraeus is a member of Diplocystaceae and Sclerodermatales is a synonym of Boletales.[3]
  2. Scanning electron microscopy images of some Myriostoma spores can be viewed on page 256 of Suarez and Wright (1999).[16]

References

  1. ^ Desvaux NA. (1809). "Observations sur quelques genres à établir dans la famille des champignons" [Comments of a few genera needing creation in the fungus family]. Journal de Botanique, Rédigé par une Société di Botanistes (in French). 2: 88–105. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016.
  2. ^ Gray SF. (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. Vol. 1. London, UK: Baldwin, Craddock, and Joy. p. 586. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012.
  3. ^ Kirk et al. (2008), pp. 66, 622.
  4. ^ Dring DM. (1973). "Gasteromycetes". In Ainsworth GC, Sparrow FK, Sussman AS (eds.). The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise. Vol. IVb. New York, New York: Academic Press. pp. 451–78.
  5. ISBN 978-8290724059
    .
  6. JSTOR 3761759. Archived from the original
    on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  7. PMID 17486971
    .
  8. ^
    S2CID 10822374
    .
  9. ^
    S2CID 92488304
    .
  10. ^
    S2CID 244232789
    .
  11. ^ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: University Press. p. 39. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015.
  12. Perseus Project
    .
  13. ^
    JSTOR 3755257. Archived from the original
    on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  14. ^ a b Rees BJ, Taker F, Coveny RG (2005). "Myriostoma coliforme in Australia" (PDF). Australasian Mycologist. 24 (2): 25–8.
  15. ^ Spooner B, Döring H, Aguirre-Hudson B. "Plants & Fungi: Myriostoma coliforme (pepperpot earthstar)". Species profile from Kew. Kew Botanical Gardens. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  16. ^ Suárez VL, Wright JE (1999). "The status of genus Bovistoides (Gasteromycetes)". Mycotaxon. 71: 251–8.
  17. ^ Lange M. (1953). "Some Gasteromycetes from Afghanistan". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 50: 79–80.
  18. ^ Zhou TX, Yan YH (2002). 地星科的中国新记录属种 [New records of Geastraceae in China]. Mycosystema (in Chinese). 21 (4): 485–92. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Closed access icon

Cited texts

  • Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
    ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .



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