Mythology in the Low Countries

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Mythology of Belgium
)

The

mythology of the modern-day Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg has its roots in the mythologies of pre-Christian (e.g. Gaulish (Gallo-Roman) and Germanic) cultures, predating the region's Christianization under the influence of the Franks in the Early Middle Ages.[1] At the time of the Roman Empire and in the Early Middle Ages
, some of the resident peoples of the Low Countries' included:

Anglo-Saxon missionaries to the region, medieval and modern folklore and legend, and local toponymy
.

Pre-Christian traditions

Deities

A tribute to pagan mythology illustrated in Emilia, Arcite, and Palamon worship at the shrines of the Gods - from the Théséide, circa 1460-70 by Flemish artist Barthélemy d'Eyck.

From ancient regional mythology, most names of ancient gods and goddesses in this region come from local tribal lore, particularly in the North. Many of the deities are the same as eastern Germanic Deities: Wodan is Dutch for Odin, the god of war and leader of the Wild Hunt. The Wild Hunt was retold in Dutch with Wodan leading under different guises: Gait with his dogs; Derk with his dogs; Derk with his boar; the glowing horse; Henske with his dogs.).[4] Donar is Dutch for Thor, the god of thunder.

In Dutch the

days of the week are named for Germanic gods, a custom derived from parallel Roman practice. Note that the following days were named through Roman influence, because the Romans found them to be (roughly) equivalent to their Roman deities:[5]

  1. maandag (Monday) named after Máni - compared to "dies Lunae" (Luna's day)
  2. dinsdag (Tuesday) named after
    Tyr - compared to "dies Martis" (Mars
    ' day)
  3. woensdag (Wednesday) after
    Wodan - compared to "dies Mercurii" (Mercury
    's day)
  4. donderdag (Thursday) is named after
    Jupiter
    's day)
  5. vrijdag (Friday) after Frîja - compared to "dies Veneris" (Venus' day).

However other ancient deities are

Celtic and Gallo-Roman in nature, particularly in the south and throughout Flanders: Erecura, the goddess of the earth, Rosmerta, goddess of fertility, and the deities mentioned by Saint Eligius
in Flanders (Jupiter, Neptune, Orcus, Diana, and Minerva).

Finally some deities were regional or specific to one clan:

Tanfana
is another more mysterious goddess recorded in the 1st century AD.

Other beings

The Dutch words

witte wieven and wittewijven in Dutch dialects means "white women". They were spirits of the women who died of heartbreak after their men had been untrue to them. They would live on in the mists and appear when it was night and misty. They would attack men who were untrue to their women by getting them lost in the mists.[7]

Nature spirits: The following beings may have originated as deities or supernatural beings in mythology, and later recharacterized as nature spirits during the Middle Ages; The Dutch like other Germanic people believed in elves, the Dutch words for them are elfen, elven, and alven. The moss maidens, who appear in Old Dutch and Southern Germanic folklore were known as tree spirits or wood elves, often chased in the Dutch version of the Wild Hunt. The Kabouter was the Dutch name for the kobold (gnome), a household spirit and earth spirit who usually lived underground.

Mythological heroes

The first epic heroes, kings and leaders of The Low Countries, considered mythological, in the sense of supernatural and foundational, include:

  • Tuisto (Tuisco) - the mythical ancestor of all Germanic tribes.
    • Mannus - ancestor of a number of Germanic tribes, son of Tuisto.
  • Redbad, King of the Frisians
  • Folcwald
    - hero of Frisian tribes.
    • Finn (Frisian) - hero of Frisian tribes, Frisian lord, son of Folcwald.
  • Merovech, semi-legendary founder of the Merovingian dynasty

Mythological objects

Objects considered magical or sacred in the Low Countries (7th century) included: Oak trees, springs and wooded groves had sacred and medicinal powers.

Corn dollies ("vetulas") were thought to hold the spirit of the corn in harvest rituals. Amulets and charms were worn on the head or the arms ("phylacteries
") for protection and veneration of the gods and goddesses.

Neolithic ground axes were collected, thought to be Donar's lightning. Farmers hung these axes in their homes to protect against lightning strike, in accordance with the belief that 'lightning never strikes the same place twice'.

Missionary accounts

Old publication of Karel ende Van Elegast, 12th century Dutch story of an "elf-guest" or "elf-spirit" who supports the Christian King Charlemagne.

After the influence of Christian missionaries, the original mythologies were lessened in power, and for the most part adapted into folklore and legends, often made

Cure of Folly, 1475-1480, the woman balancing a book on her head is thought to be a satire of the people wearing phylacteries.[8]

The written biographies of the Christian missionaries to the Netherlands, sermonizing against pre-Christian beliefs, are coincidentally some of the earliest written accounts of the myths that existed in the region. The missionary texts written by the incoming

pagan beliefs. The main missionaries of the Netherlands were Willibrord, Bonifatius and Saint Eligius
.

Willibrord

sacred
to the native people. A sacred well existed, and people drank its spring water only in silence. Willibrord slew the sacred cattle he found there, and baptized three people in the well within a few days of arriving.

Willibrord took other mission trips on the Dutch mainland where he witnessed that the people considered clearings in woods, springs and wells sacred to their mythology and religion. Willibrord tried to erase their pagan shrines and landmarks. He built a church in a sacred heathen clearing in the forest, destroyed a sacred forest in Heiloo and renamed heathen wells as Christian wells. Many wells were renamed in his name.

In 714, the Frisian

King Radboud drove Willibrord and his priests out of the area. Willibrord returned about 719 after the Frankish troops had taken control of the area and the King Radboud had died. Willibrord continued to dismantle pre-Christian sanctuaries.[9]

Bonifatius

pantheon
of gods and were not that impressed with Christianity. He left the same year.

In 719 Rome appointed Bonifatius to convert "the savage people of Germania". Bonifatius joined Willibrord in Utrecht to receive a three-year missionary training, then in 721 travelled east of the Netherlands into Hesse, Germany. Bonifatius undertook a final preaching mission in Friesland in June 753 when he was attacked and killed by a group of Frisians with unknown (legend says resentful) intentions.[9]

Saint Eligius

One of the best glimpses of late

Saint Ouen). Eligius was the Christian missionary to the people of the Low Countries
in the 7th century. Ouen drew together the familiar admonitions of Eligius to the people of Flanders. Eligius in his sermons denounced "pagan customs" that the people followed. In particular, he denounced many Roman deities and Druidic mythological beliefs and objects:

"I denounce and contest, that you shall observe no sacrilegious pagan customs. For no cause or infirmity should you consult magicians, diviners, sorcerers or incantators. ..Do not observe

Jove's day in idleness. ... No Christian should make or render any devotion to the gods of the trivium, where three roads meet, to the fanes or the rocks, or springs or groves or corners. None should presume to hang any phylacteries from the neck of man nor beast. ..None should presume to make lustrations or incantations with herbs, or to pass cattle through a hollow tree or ditch ... No woman should presume to hang amber from her neck or call upon Minerva or other ill-starred beings in their weaving or dyeing. .. None should call the sun or moon lord or swear by them. .. No one should tell fate or fortune or horoscopes by them as those do who believe that a person must be what he was born to be."[10]

Dikke Boom: this is the largest oak tree in the Netherlands today. The Dutch thought oak trees sacred.

Procopius

Procopius in the 540s records a belief and/or funerary rite observed at the mouths of the Rhine involving the passage of the dead to the island of Brittia (Great Britain).

Folklore

In 1918, William Elliot Griffis wrote down and translated Dutch folk tales, and published the book, Dutch Fairy Tales for Young Folks. Among them, the story of The Legend of the Wooden Shoe, clearly begins with fragments of Druidic mythology in the ancient Netherlands retold for children:

"In years long gone, too many for the almanac to tell of, or for clocks and watches to measure, millions of good

Katharine...."[11]

The story outlines the following traditional beliefs in Holland:

Wodan (mentioned here as "God of Sun") is the deity the Dutch shared with other Germanic people, and is the Dutch name for Odin. Wednesday is named after him; Holland is from the phrase Holt Land which means "Land of Many Trees". The tale says the land was once covered with forests and people lived in the trees for a "thousand years" until they became an agricultural people. In fact, the trees kept the land firm otherwise it would melt or disappear under water and floods. Eyck is ancient Dutch word for oak (the modern spelling is 'Eik')that has become a popular Dutch surname. There is notable ambiguity in the tale if the Moss Maiden and Trintje were tree fairies, or a wood elf and tree elf
, respectively. As elves, they communicate the trees' promise to humans to "stand upside down" for the Dutch people. The oak trees in particular were the mythical life giving and medicinal tree and had many mythical purposes:

"Under its branches, near the trunk, people laid their sick, hoping for help from the gods. Beneath the oak boughs. ..wives joined hand in hand around its girth, hoping to have beautiful children. Up among its leafy branches the new babies lay, before they were found in the cradle by the other children. To make a young child grow up to be strong and healthy, mothers drew them through a split sapling or young tree. Even more wonderful, as medicine for the country itself, the oak had power to heal. The new land sometimes suffered from disease called the val [or fall]. When sick with the val, the ground sunk. Then people, houses, churches, barns and cattle all went down, out of sight, and were lost forever, in a flood of water."[11]

In this legend, the Kabouter and the elves show mankind how to turn the trees into piles to drive into them upside down into the ground and thus to make the land firm to build on, later how to make wooden shoes. Note that historically, Dutch land was low and prone to flooding, hence the land would sometimes flood and wipe out towns and villages, and the flooding was worse when forests were cut down to make way for agricultural and pastoral lands.

Landmarks and toponymy

Many regional legends exist in the Low Countries about the origins of natural landmarks such as hills, bodies of water, springs, wells, forests and the sea, that attribute creation to the ancient gods. Other legends tell where different witte wieven lived on as spirits in the Middle Ages, which are probably recharacterized stories of sacred sites. Many nice examples were collected in the book Veluwsche Sagen by Gustaaf van de Wall Perné (1877-1911). The Veluwsche Sagen was a historically researched collection of Dutch "sagas" from the legends and folk almanacs in the province of Gelderland:

The creation of the

Midgaardslang" (a giant snake monster) who strategically align against him. The giants throw hail down, while the snake climbs into a tall oak tree and blows poison into the air. Donar attacks, riding through the air on "his billy-goat wagon", the sky blazes and the earth trembles because of his "never missing thunderhammer." Donar strikes the snake on his head with such force on the head that not only was the monster crushed, the mighty thunderhammer went seven miles deep into the earth. The snake dies. However, in the attack the snake's poison scorches and stuns Donar. Donar crashes down, with his "steerless goats" and wagon onto the Donderberg (meaning Donar's hill or "Thunder-hill") in Dieren. Then the earth sank into the sea, the seagod blew a horn and a big black ship came to collect Donar's body. When the floodwaters receded, two lakes mark the spot that are "as deep as the world, the Uddelermeer or "Lake of Uddel" (Uttiloch), and the Godenmeer (God's lake)..." Later the legend continues that Thor's hammer surfaced from the depths. The grave of Midgaardslang became overgrown with the forest nearby, until in 1222 a bright flame shot out of the pool and the ghost of the snake wriggled up and fled north. The forest was burned and a moor near the lake remains where the forest once was.[12]

Perné notes that Donar was worshipped at the Godenmeer (lake of the Gods), although the translator thinks that the lake Godenmeer may be a Christian version of Wodenmeer, a lake originally dedicated to Wodan.[13]

Monuments

Carved stone votive for Nehalennia in Domburg, Zeeland, the Netherlands

An ancient stone altar dating from around the 2nd century CE found at

Batavians between present-day Netherlands and Cologne.[15]

Another ancient stone altar has also been found in Ubbergen, on the Hengstberg (Stallion-hill). It has the following inscription: "Mercurius Friausius (or Eriasus)". Mercurius is Latin for the Roman god Mercury, the Roman equivalent of Wodan. Friausius is suggested to refer to his wife Frigg.[16]

In the now flooded sites of

East Scheldte Estuary, there are the remains of temples each dedicated to a deity Nehalennia. Over 160 carved stone votives with her image have been dredged up at those sites and several inscriptions in Latin thank her for safe passage on the seas.[17]

In Empel there is the remains of a temple to Hercules Magusanus. This was the Romans' Latin name for the supreme god of the Batavians, Donar. Stone votives and broken weapons as symbolic offerings are at the location.[18]

List of toponyms

Holland: This place name derives from the words Holt Land which means "Land of Many Trees", "Forest Land." According to the tradition (The Legend of the Wooden Shoe), the trees were filled with good spirits, and kept the land firm otherwise it would melt or disappear under water and floods.[11]

Eyck names: The popular Dutch names, Eyck and Van Eyck, mean "oak" and "of the oak", respectively. Oak trees were venerated in Druidic religion and mythology.[11]

Many other place names in Netherlands have ancient mythological meanings, some named after Pre-Christian deities or reflecting other myths of the ancient people:[19]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Meijer, 1971.
  2. ^ per Tacitus (1st century CE) and Caesar (1st century BCE), and Willibrord (658 – 739).
  3. ^ Tacitus (1st century CE) and Caesar(1st century BCE) noted Celtic culture; Saint Eligius (588 to 660) noted both Celtic and Gallo-Roman deities.
  4. ^ Bissette, Elizabeth. Ghost Riders in the Sky. 2007
  5. ^ Reginheim, Donar (Thor) in Dutch Folklore, 2002.
  6. ^ Lendering, 2006.
  7. ^ Reginheim "Witte wieven", 2007.
  8. ^ Skemer 2006:24.
  9. ^ a b Reginheim, 2002.
  10. ^ McNamara's translation of the Vita Eligii.
  11. ^ a b c d Griffis, 1918 in Legend of the Wooden Shoe.
  12. ^ Perné, "The Veluwsche Sagen - Saga 2", as translated by Reginheim.
  13. ^ Reginheim, "The Veluwsche Sagen", 2002.
  14. ^ Reginheim, Forgotten Gods. 2003
  15. ^ Religiöse Kulte im römischen Köln: Vagdavercustis Archived 2005-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Reginheim, "Map of Heathen Sanctuaries", 2002
  17. ^ Green, Miranda (1998). Animals in Celtic Life and Myth. London, UK: Routledge, 1998. p 200-201.
  18. ^ "Empel, The sanctuary of Magusanus..." [1]. File retrieved 10-02-07.
  19. ^ Reginheim, "Map of Heathen Sanctuaries," "Heathen Sanctuaries" and "Heathen History of Achterhoek": 2002.

References

Further reading

External links