Myxophaga

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Myxophaga
Temporal range: Carnian–Recent
Satonius kurosawai (Torridincolidae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Myxophaga
Crowson, 1955
Families

Hydroscaphidae

Lepiceridae

Sphaeriusidae
Torridincolidae
†
Triamyxidae

Myxophaga is the second-smallest suborder of the Coleoptera after Archostemata, consisting of roughly 65 species of small to minute beetles in four families. The members of this suborder are aquatic and semiaquatic, and feed on algae.

Description

Myxophaga have several diagnostic features: the antennae are more or less distinctly clubbed with usually fewer than nine segments, mesocoxal cavities are open laterally and bordered by a mesepimeron and metanepisternum, the hind wings are rolled apically in the resting positions. Internally, they are characterised by the presence of six malpighian tubules and the testes are tube-like and coiled.[1]

Beetles of this suborder are adapted to feed on algae. Their mouthparts are characteristic in lacking galeae and having a mobile tooth on their left mandible.[2]

Taxonomy

There are four extant families in the suborder Myxophaga divided between two superfamilies,[3] containing about 65 described species,[4] and at least one extinct family.[a]

Superfamily

Lepiceroidea Hinton
, 1936

Superfamily Sphaeriusoidea Erichson, 1845

Family †

Triamyxidae
Qvarnström et al. 2021

Unplaced in family

Distribution

Living members of Lepiceridae are confined to northern South America and Central America. Members of Sphaeriusidae occur on all continents except Antarctica, while Hydroscaphidae occurs on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Torridincolidae occurs in Africa, Asia, and South America.[10]

Fossil record

The fossil record of myxophagan beetles is sparse, likely due to their small size limiting

preservation potential.[5] The currently oldest myxophagan is Triamyxa, described in 2021 from numerous specimens of found in a coprolite found in Late Triassic (Carnian) aged sediments in Poland. It was placed in its own monotypic family Triamyxidae, and was resolved as either the most basal myxophagan or sister to Hydroscaphidae.[9] The next oldest is Leehermania from the Late Triassic (Norian) Cow Branch Formation of North Carolina, which had previously been interpreted as the oldest known rove beetle but in 2019 was reinterpreted as an early diverging relative of the family Hydroscaphidae.[5] A fossil impression assigned to the living genus Hydroscapha in Hydroscaphidae is known from the Yixian Formation in the Jehol Biota, dating from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian).[11] Fossils from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber from Myanmar, have been assigned to the extant genus Lepicerus and extinct genus Lepiceratus within Lepiceridae,[12][13][14] as well as the extant Sphaerius and Bezesporum and the extinct Burmasporum and Crowsonaerius, belonging to Sphaerusidae.[7][8][6]

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ † Denotes that the group is extinct

References

  1. ISBN 3-11-017130-9
    .
  2. ^ Beutel & Leschen 2005, p. 43
  3. ^ "Myxophaga". Tree of Life Web Project. 2007. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
  4. doi:10.5937/bnhmb1306071m
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 203407211
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 254440169
    .
  7. ^ a b Kirejtshuk, A. G. (2009). "A new genus and species of Sphaeriusidae (Coleoptera, Myxophaga) from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber" (PDF). Denisia. 26: 99–102.
  8. ^
    ISSN 2296-6463
    .
  9. ^
    PMID 34197727
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-12-804223-6
    , retrieved 2021-07-26
  11. S2CID 140170420
    .
  12. ^ Kirejtshuk, A. G.; Poinar, G. (2006). "Haplochelidae, a new family of cretaceous beetles (Coleoptera: Myxophaga) from Burmese amber". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 108: 155–164.
  13. doi:10.1163/187631210X537385
    .
  14. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561

External links
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