Nâzım Hikmet

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Nâzım Hikmet Ran
Selanik, Ottoman Empire
Died3 June 1963(1963-06-03) (aged 61)
Moscow, Soviet Union
Pen nameOrhan Selim, Ahmet Oğuz, Mümtaz Osman, Ercüment Er
OccupationPoet, playwright, memoirist, novelist, screenwriter, film director
LanguageTurkish
CitizenshipTurkey, Poland[2]
Signature
Turkish
literature
By category
Epic tradition
Folk tradition
Ottoman era
Republican era

Mehmed Nâzım Ran (17 January 1902 – 3 June 1963),[3][4] commonly known as Nâzım Hikmet (Turkish: [naːˈzɯm hicˈmet] ⓘ), was a Turkish poet, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, director, and memoirist. He was acclaimed for the "lyrical flow of his statements".[5][page needed] Described as a "romantic communist"[6][page needed] and a "romantic revolutionary",[5][page needed] he was repeatedly arrested for his political beliefs and spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile. His poetry has been translated into more than 50 languages.

Family

According to Nâzım Hikmet, he was of paternal Turkish and maternal German, Polish and Georgian descent.

Polish nobility. From his father's side, he had Turkish heritage.[12] His father, Hikmet Bey, was the son of Çerkes Nâzım Pasha, another Circassian,[13]
after whom Nâzım Hikmet was named.

Nazım’s maternal grandfather, Hasan Enver Pasha, was the son of the Polish-born Mustafa Celalettin Pasha and Saffet Hanım, the daughter, Omar Pasha, a Serbian, and Adviye Hanım, a Circassian who was the daughter of Çerkes Hafız Pasha.

Mustafa Celalettin Pasha (born Konstanty Borzęcki herbu

Półkozic) wrote Les Turcs anciens et modernes ("The Ancient and Modern Turks") in Istanbul in 1869. That is considered one of the first works of Turkish nationalist political thought.[11]

Nâzım Hikmet's maternal grandmother, Leyla Hanım, was the daughter of

Oktay Rifat Horozcu, a leading Turkish poet, and the statesman Ali Fuat Cebesoy.[15]

Early life

Nâzım Hikmet in 1917, at the age of 15

Nâzım was born on 15 January 1902, in Selânik (

First World War and was allied with Germany. For a brief period, he was assigned as a naval officer to the Ottoman Navy cruiser Hamidiye
, but in 1919 he became seriously ill and was not able to fully recover. That got him exempted from naval service in 1920.

In 1921, together with his friends

Russian Revolution of 1917 and arrived there on 30 September 1921. In July 1922, both friends went to Moscow, where Ran studied Economics and Sociology at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in the early 1920s. There, he was influenced by the artistic experiments of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Vsevolod Meyerhold, as well as the ideological vision of Vladimir Lenin.[6]

Style and achievements

Despite writing his first poems in syllabic meter, Nazım Hikmet distinguished himself from the "syllabic poets" in concept. With the development of his poetic conception, the narrow forms of syllabic verse became too limiting for his style, and he set out to seek new forms for his poems.

He was influenced by the young Soviet poets who advocated

Futurism. On his return to Turkey, he became the charismatic leader of the Turkish avant-garde by producing streams of innovative poems, plays and film scripts.[6]

In Moscow in 1922, he broke the boundaries of syllabic meter, changed his form and began writing in free verse.[16]

He has been compared by Turkish and non-Turkish men of letters to such figures as

Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Pablo Neruda. Although Ran's work bears a resemblance to these poets and owes them occasional debts of form and stylistic device, his literary personality is unique in terms of the synthesis he made of iconoclasm and lyricism, of ideology and poetic diction.[5]
: 19 

Many of his poems have been set to music by the Turkish composer

Manos Loizos and Thanos Mikroutsikos
.

Because of his political views, his works were banned in Turkey from 1938 to 1965.[17]

Later life and legacy

Nâzım's imprisonment in the 1940s became a cause célèbre among intellectuals worldwide. A 1949 committee that included Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, and Jean-Paul Sartre campaigned for his release.[18]

Nâzım Hikmet

On 8 April 1950, Nâzım began a hunger strike to protest the Turkish Parliament's failure to include an amnesty law in its agenda before it closed for the upcoming general election. He was then transferred from the prison in Bursa, first to the infirmary of Sultanahmet Jail, in Istanbul, and later to Paşakapısı Prison.[19] Seriously ill, Ran suspended his strike on 23 April, National Sovereignty and Children's Day. His doctor's request to treat him in hospital for three months was refused by officials. As his imprisonment status had not changed, he resumed his hunger strike on the morning of 2 May.[18]

Nâzım's hunger strike caused a stir throughout the country. Petitions were signed and a magazine named after him was published. His mother, Celile, began a hunger strike on 9 May, followed by the renowned Turkish poets

Oktay Rıfat the next day. In light of the new political situation after the 1950 Turkish general election, held on 14 May, the strike ended five days later, on 19 May, Turkey's Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day, when he was finally released by a general amnesty law enacted by the new government.[18]

On 22 November 1950, the

International Peace Prize, along with Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, Wanda Jakubowska and Pablo Neruda.[18]

Later on, Nâzım escaped from Turkey to Romania on a ship via the Black Sea and from there moved to the Soviet Union. Because the Soviet bloc recognized the Turkish minority only in communist Bulgaria, the poet's books were immediately brought out in this country, both in Turkish originals[20] and in Bulgarian translations.[21] The communist authorities in Bulgaria celebrated him in Turkish and Bulgarian publications as 'a poet of liberty and peace.'[22] The goal was to discredit Turkey presented as a "lackey of the imperialist" United States in the eyes of Bulgaria's Turkish minority,[23] many of whom desired to leave for or were expelled to Turkey in 1950–1953.[24]

When the EOKA struggle broke out in Cyprus, Ran believed that its population could live together peacefully, and he called on the Cypriot Turks to support the Greek Cypriots' demand for an end to British rule and union with Greece (enosis).[25][26][27] Hikmet drew negative reaction from Turkish Cypriots for his opinions.[28]

Persecuted for decades by the Turkey during the Cold War for his communist views, Nâzım died of a heart attack in Moscow on 3 June 1963 at 6.30 a.m. while he was picking up a morning newspaper at the door of his summer house in Peredelkino, far away from his beloved homeland.[29] He is buried in Moscow's Novodevichy Cemetery, where his tomb is still a place of pilgrimage for Turks and others from around the world. His final wish, which was never carried out, was to be buried under a plane tree (platanus) in any village cemetery in Anatolia.[citation needed]

His poems depicting the people of the countryside, villages, towns and cities of his homeland (Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları, "Human Landscapes from my Country"), as well as the

Turkish revolutionaries (Kuvâyi Milliye, "Force of the Nation) are considered among the greatest literary works of Turkey.[citation needed
]

After his death, the Kremlin ordered the publication of the poet's first-ever Turkish-language collected works in communist Bulgaria, where a large and recognized Turkish national minority still existed. The eight volumes of these collected works, Bütün eserleri, appeared at Sofia between 1967 and 1972, in the very last years of the existence of the Turkish minority educational and publishing system in Bulgaria.[30]

The first-ever collected works of the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet, published in communist Bulgaria
Frontispiece of Volume 1 of the first-ever collected works of the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet

Nâzım had Polish and Turkish citizenship.[2] The latter was revoked in 1959 and restored in 2009.[31][32] His family has been asked if it wanted his remains repatriated from Russia.[33]

Patronage

During the 1940s, as he was serving his sentence at Bursa Prison, painted. There, he met a young inmate, İbrahim Balaban. Ran discovered Balaban's talent in drawing, gave all his paint and brushes to him, and encouraged him to continue with painting. Ran influenced the peasant and educated him, who had finished only a three-grade village school, in forming his own ideas in the fields of philosophy, sociology, economics, and politics. Ran greatly admired Balaban and referred to him in a letter to the novelist Kemal Tahir as "his peasant painter" (Turkish: Köylü ressam). Their contact remained after they were released from the prison.[34][35]

Selected works

"I Come and Stand at Every Door"

See also: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Nâzım's poem "Kız Çocuğu" ("The Girl Child") conveys a plea for peace from a seven-year-old girl, ten years after she perished in the US

atomic bomb attacks at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It has achieved worldwide popularity as a powerful anti-war message and has been performed and translated in many languages as a song by a number of singers and musicians both in Turkey and many countries. It is also known in English by various other titles, including "I Come and Stand at Every Door", "I Unseen" and "Hiroshima Girl".[36]

Turkish

Bengali

Greek

English

The song was later covered by

Nâzım Hikmet's children's tale, "Sevdalı Bulut" (A Cloud in Love), has been translated into English by Evrim Emir-Sayers for dePICTions, the annual critical review of the Paris Institute for Critical Thinking (PICT). The translation is open-access.[42]

Japanese

In 2005, famous Amami Ōshima singer Chitose Hajime collaborated with Ryuichi Sakamoto by translating "Kız Çocuğu" into Japanese, retitling it Shinda Onna no Ko [死んだ女の子] "A dead girl"). It was performed live at the Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima on the eve of the 60th Anniversary (5 August 2005) of Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The song later appeared as a bonus track on Chitose's album Hanadairo in 2006.

Nepali

Some of Nâzım's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel and are published in print and online literary journals.[43][44]

Spanish

Spanish avant-garde group Aguaviva covered it in 1971 as Niña de Hiroshima.

On the soldier worth 23 cents

How do you propose to get it? Do you want to get it through the cooperation of Turkey where the men in the ranks get 23 cents a month the first year and 32 cents the second year, or do you want to get an American division and equip it and send it over to Turkey which would cost you 10 times as much?

— John Foster Dulles, U.S. Secretary of State, 1955

He also opposed the Korean War, in which Turkey participated. After the Senate address of John Foster Dulles, who served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, where he valued Turkish soldiers at 23 cents a month[45] compared with the lowest echelon U.S. soldiers at $70,[46] Nazım Hikmet Ran wrote a protest poem criticising the policies of the United States. This poem is titled "23 Sentlik Askere Dair" (On the soldier worth 23 cents).

In popular culture

  • Nâzım's poem "We'll Give the Globe to the Children" was set to music in 1979 by Russian composer David Tukhmanov.[47]
  • Tale of Tales is a Russian animated film (1979) partially inspired by Hikmet's poem of the same name.
  • Finnish band Ultra Bra recorded a song "Lähettäkää minulle kirjoja" ("Send me books"))[48] based on a translated excerpt of Hikmet's poem "Rubai".[49][50]
  • The Ignorant Fairies is a 2001 Italian film, in which a book by Hikmet plays a central plot role. This is reprised in the 2022 TV serialization of the film.
  • Mavi Gözlü Dev (Blue Eyed Giant) is a 2007 Turkish biographical film about Nazım Hikmet. The title is a reference to the poem Minnacık Kadın ve Hanımelleri. The film chronicles Nazim Hikmet's imprisonment at Bursa Prison and his relationships with his wife Piraye and his translator and lover Münevver Andaç. He is played by Yetkin Dikinciler.
  • Hikmet's poem was quoted in the 2012 Korean drama Cheongdam-dong Alice.
  • In the grand-strategy video game "Hearts of Iron IV", Nazim Hikmet is available to hire in a "Revolutionary Poet" ministerial position for Turkey, boosting daily communism support.
  • The video game Suzerain opens with a quote from Hikmet, and the character Bernard Circas is based on him. The game has elements inspired by modern Turkish history.
  • Nâzım Hikmet's children's tale, "A Cloud in Love," was adapted into an animated short film in the Soviet Union in 1959[51] and into a children's opera by the Greek National Opera in 2022.[52] The tale was translated into English by Evrim Emir-Sayers for dePICTions, the open-access annual critical review of the Paris Institute for Critical Thinking (PICT), in 2023.[42]

Bibliography

Plays

  • Kafatası (1932, The Skull)
  • Unutulan Adam (1935, The Forgotten Man)
  • Ferhad ile Şirin 1965 (
    Ferhad and Şirin
    )
  • Lüküs Hayat (Luxurious Living) (as ghostwriter)

Ballet libretto

Novels

  • Yaşamak Güzel Şey Be Kardeşim (1967, Life's Good, Brother)
  • Kan Konuşmaz (1965, Blood Doesn't Tell)

Poems

  • "Taranta-Babu'ya Mektuplar" (1935, "Letters to Taranta-Babu")
  • "Simavne Kadısı Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Destanı" (1936, "The Epic of Sheikh Bedreddin")
  • "Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları" (1966–67, "Human Landscapes from My Country")
  • "Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı" (1965, "The Epic of the War of Independence")

Poetry

Partial list of translated works in English

Partial list of translated works in other languages

See also

References

  1. ^ "Nazım Hikmet'in doğum günü yanlış biliniyormuş" [Nazım Hikmet's birthday is known (to be) wrong] (in Turkish). 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  2. ^ a b Zalega, Dariusz (13 July 2008). "Zalega - Pióro jak dynamit - lewica.pl" [Remains: Feather like dynamite]. lewica.pl (in Polish). Polish Section of the Communist International (Stalinowsko-Hodżystowskiej). Archived from the original on 15 July 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Nazim Hikmet - Turkish author". Britannica. 29 May 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  4. ^ a b "NÂZIM HİKMET". Archived from the original on 19 March 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2016. Note: 403 Forbidden error received 10 October 2022.
  5. ^
    OCLC 49356123
  6. ^
    OCLC 40417757
  7. ^ "Vera tulyakova hikmet nazım la son söyleşimiz". www.issuu.com. Hüseyin Şenol. Retrieved 2 May 2015.[permanent dead link]
  8. OCLC 21231691
    .
  9. OCLC 50540950
    – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Gündem, Mehmet (6 October 2004). "Atatürk'ü Samsun'da koruyanlar Çerkez'di". Milliyet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  11. ^ a b Guillet, Marc (15 January 2012). "Nâzım Hikmet's Tea Garden in Kadıköy". Enjoy-Istanbul.com. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  12. ^ Tulyakova Hikmet, Vera (1989). Nâzım'la Söyleşi (in Turkish). Translated by Behramoğlu, Ataol. Cem Yayınevi.
  13. ^ Lussu, Joyce. "Nazim Hikmet". Casa della poesia. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  14. ^ Kalyoncu, Cemal A. (12 September 2005). "Atatürk ile Paşaların arasını açmak istediler" [Desired to drive a wedge between Atatürk and pashas]. Aksiyon (in Turkish). Istanbul: Feza Publications. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  15. ^ Çilek, Özgür (18 February 2001). "Nâzım'ın gen haritası" [Nâzım’s gene map]. Hürriyet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  16. S2CID 162349806
    .
  17. ^ mphillips (22 September 2015). "Poetry's Place in the History of Banned Books". Poetry's Place in the History of Banned Books. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  18. ^ a b c d "Nazım Hikmet". Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  19. ^ "Life Story -5". Nazım Hikmet Ran. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  20. ^ Nazim Hikmet. 1951. Secilmis siirler [Selected Poems] (translated by Ludmil Stoyanof Людмил Стоянов). Sofia: BKP
  21. ^ Назъм Хикмет Nazim Hikmet. 1952. Стихотворения Stikhotvoreniia [Poems] (translated by Nikolai Tsonev Николай Цонев). Sofia: Bulgarski pisatel
  22. ^ Kamilef, H [Кямилев, X]. 1953. Nazim Hikmet - hurriyet ve baris sarkicisi [Nazim Hikmet: A Singer of Liberty and Peace] (translated from the Bulgarian into Turkish by Suleyman Hafizoglu). Sofia: BKP; Кямилев, Х. [Kiamilev, Kh]. 1953. Назъм Хикмет, певец на свободата и мира Nazim Khikmet, pevets na svobadata i mira [Nazim Hikmet: A Singer of Liberty and Peace] (translated from the Russian into Bulgarian by Кругер Милованов Krugev Milovanov]. Sofia: BKP.
  23. ^ Димитрова, Блага Николова [Dimitrova, Blaga Nikolova]. 1952. Назъм Хикмет в България : Пътепис Nazim Khikmet v Bulgariia: Putepis [Nazim Hikmet in Bulgaria: Travels]. Sofia: Bulgarski pisatel; Dimitrova, Blaga [Димитрова, Блага]. 1955. Nazim Hikmet Bulgaristanda: Yolculuk notlari [Nazim Hikmet in Bulgaria: Travel Notes] (translated from the Bulgarian into Turkish by Huseyin Karahasan. Sofia: Naorodna prosveta.
  24. ^ Kostanick, Huey. 1957. Turkish resettlement of Bulgarian Turks, 1950–1953 (Ser: University of California Publications in Geography, Vol 8, No 2). Berkeley : University of California Press
  25. ^ Greek newspaper I Avgi, 17 January 1955 and Phileleftheros, 31 March 2007:

    Nâzım sent a message to the Turks of Cyprus emphasizing that Cyprus was always Greek. [...] (The Turkish Cypriots) must support the Greek Cypriots' struggle for liberation from British imperialism. [...] Only when the British imperialists leave the island will its Turkish residents be truly free. [...] Those who encourage Turks to oppose Greeks actually only support the interest of the foreign ruler.

  26. ^ "Bloody Truth pg.218" (PDF). Movement For Justice And Freedom in Cyprus.
  27. ^ Hürsöz newspaper (in Turkish). 28 August 1951. Berlin Solcu Gençlik Festivali münasebetiyle Stalin uşağı komünist şair Nazım Hikmet, Kıbrıslılara şu mesajı göndermektedir: 'Kıbrıslı Rum ve Türk kardeşlerim! Aynı güzel adanın insanlarısınız! Adanızı İngiliz boyunduruğundan uzak tutunuz. Türk, Rum, Kıbrıslı kardeşlerim- hepiniz el ele vererek Kıbrısın hürriyetini kazanmak için mücadele ediniz.' (Bu Türk vatandaşlığından iskat edilen Stalin uşağı, Kıbrıs'ın hürriyetini adanın Yunanistan'a ilhakında mı buluyor. Yazıklar olsun!.) Bir basın toplantısında komünist şair 17 sene zındanda kaldığını -ne bir casus ve ne de vatanın bir düşmanı olduğunu; kendi halkını sevdiği için onun ekmeğini ve suyunu temin etmek hususunda mücadele ettiğini ve kendisini bu sebepten dolayı hapsettiklerini söylemiştir… Berlinde solcu gençler festivalinde aynı gazetenin bildirdiğine göre, Kıbrıs'ın Yunanistan'a ilhakı için temennilerde bulunulmuştur. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ^ Alasya, H. Fikret (9 October 1951). "Veyl kızıl şaire". Halkın Sesi newspaper (in Turkish). Kızıl uşak Nazım Hikmet Kızıl cennete göçtükten ve Türkiye Cumhuriyet Hükümeti tarafından vatandaşlıktan iskat edildikten sonra Kıbrıslılara 'Kıbrıslı Rum ve Türk kardeşlerim' diye başlayan bir mektup göndermiş ve Rumlarla Türkleri isyana teşvik etmiştir… Kıbrıs'ın 1571'de Türkler tarafından zaptını müteakip Türkiye'nin muhtelif vilayetlerinden Kıbrıs'a mecburi göç ettirilen 5720 hane halkı ile Kıbrıs seferine iştirak eden gazilerle Türkiye'den gönderilen kızların evlenip yuva kurmaları ile ortaya çıkan Türk nüfusu, bu tarihten itibaren Anavatanın bütün hareketlerini adım adım takip etmiştir… bir Kızılın sözlerine kıymet verecek kadar şuursuz ve milliyetsiz değildir… Onun bu hitabına Komünist Rum yoldaşları bir işaret olarak bakabilirler ve belki buna göre hareket tarzlarını tanzim edebilirler fakat Türkler asla!…
  29. ^ "Nazim Hikmet". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  30. ^ Nâzım Hikmet. 1967-1972. Bütün eserleri [Collected Works] (8 vols, edited by Ekber Babaef {Babaev}, illustrated by Abidin Dino). Sofia: Narodna prosveta. OCLC Number: 84081921.
  31. ^ "Nazım'la ilgili girişim iade-i itibar değil". CNN Türk (in Turkish). 10 January 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  32. ^ "Nazım Hikmet Ran'ın Türk Vatandaşlığından Çıkarılmasına İlişkin 25/7/1951 Tarihli ve 3/13401 Sayılı Bakanlar Kurulu Kararının Yürürlükten Kaldırılması Hakkında Karar" (Press release) (in Turkish). Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü. 10 January 2009. 2009/14540. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  33. ^ "Nazım yeniden Türk vatandaşı oluyor". Radikal (in Turkish). 5 January 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  34. ^ "İbrahim Balaban celebrates six decades of art in latest exhibition". Today's Zaman. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  35. ^ Genç, Türkan (8 April 2012). "Bursa: Tarihin İçinde Zamanın Ötesinde - Şair Baba Nazım'ın Köylü Ressamı: İbrahim Babaan" (in Turkish). Time Out Bursa. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  36. ^ "Talking History". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  37. YouTube
  38. ^ "stixoi.info: Πολιτικά τραγούδια ( δίσκος @ 1975 )". stixoi.info. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  39. ^ Seeger describes the story behind his version of the song in his Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Singer's Stories, Songs, Seeds, Robberies (A Musical Autobiography) (1993): "In the late '50s I got a letter: 'Dear Pete Seeger: I've made what I think is a singable translation of a poem by the Turkish poet, Nazim Hikmet. Do you think you could make a tune for it? (Signed), Jeanette Turner.' I tried for a week. Failed. Meanwhile, I couldn't get out of my head an extraordinary melody put together by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student who had put a new tune to a mystical ballad The Great Silkie from the Shetland Islands north of Scotland. Without his permission I used his melody for Hikmet's words. It was wrong of me. I should have gotten his permission. But it worked. The Byrds made a good recording of it, electric guitars and all."
  40. ^ "Pete Seeger Marks 68th Anniversary of Hiroshima Bombing By Singing..." YouTube. 9 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  41. ^ "Harvey Andrews – Harvey Andrews (1965, Vinyl)". Discogs. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  42. ^ a b c Hikmet, Nazim (28 June 2023). "A Cloud in Love". parisinstitute.org. Translated by Evrim Emir-Sayers. Paris Institute for Critical Thinking. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  43. Hikmet, Nazim (April 2015), Momila (ed.), "हृदयरोग (Angina Pectoris)", Kalashree, 5 (5), translated by Suman Pokhrel
    , Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepali Kala Sahitya Dot Com Pratisthan: 352
  44. ^ Hikmet, Nazim (22 October 2016). "मैले थाहा नपाएका मलाई मनपर्ने चिजहरू (Things I Didn'T Know I Loved)". setopati.com. Translated by Suman Pokhrel. सेतोपाटी. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  45. ^ United States Congress. Senate Committee on Appropriations (1955). Legislative-judiciary Appropriations. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 87.
  46. Committee on Foreign Relations (1951). Mutual Security Act of 1951
    . U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 60.
  47. YouTube
  48. ^ "Ultra Bra - Works - MusicBrainz".
  49. ^ "Mnemosyne's Memes".
  50. ^ "Juha Siro - Mitä tapahtuu todella - Kirjallisuus- ja kulttuuriblogi » Hirsipuussa vastustajat hiljenee".
  51. ^ Hikmet, Nazim. "A Cloud in Love". imdb.com. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  52. ^ Hikmet, Nazim. "A Cloud in Love". nationalopera.gr. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  53. ^ "(n.t.) Revista Literária em Tradução - Edições" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  54. Hikmet, Nazim; Qabbani, Nizar; Paz, Octavio; Neruda, Pablo; Plath, Sylvia; Amichai, Yehuda (2018). Manpareka Kehi Kavita मनपरेका केही कविता [Some Poems of My Choice] (in Nepali). Translated by Pokhrel, Suman
    (First ed.). Kathmandu: Shikha Books. p. 174.
  55. ^ Tripathi, Geeta (2018). अनुवादमा 'मनपरेका केही कविता' [Manpareka Kehi Kavita in Translation]. Kalashree. pp. 358–359. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

External links

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